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«Methodological and theoretical bases of studying mezhpokolennyh relations»

In chapter 1 the research apparatus is defined conceptually-kategorialnyj, theoretical preconditions of the major conceptual ideas which will be taken as a principle models MPO are formulated. In the given chapter the initial bases of the decision of the research problems bound to a substantiation of the methodological approach to research and with definition of the conceptual apparatus are presented.
The basic theoretical positions of problem MPO in a context of a cultural-historical paradigm are formulated. The attention on mezhdistsiplinarnosti the declared problem is focused and at the same time the differentiation of this theme within the limits of psychological knowledge is proved.

We recognise that relations make a basis in understanding of essence of the person, are stimulus and a source of its activity, define character of activity of the person in world around, have conscious character (V.N.Bekhterev, M.A.Basov, A.F.Lazursky, V.N.Mjasishchev, V.N.Panferov, E.P.Ilyin, L.V.Kulikov, etc.). In turn, experience of interaction with world around is defining in formation of structure of internal relations of the person. It testifies to dynamism, variability of human relations, and, hence, and possibilities of their development in the course of an ontogenesis. Development of relations is caused by development of unity external and internal. These conceptual positions allow us to survey relations as process, underlining that their variability, the dynamism caused by activity of subjects of these relations and variability of world around.

The system of public relations in which the person from the moment of a birth to the mors is included, makes essential impact on formation of subjective relations to world around. Besides, in understanding of relations that they assume vzaimorazvitie co-operating objects is especially important. Relations are bound to structural components of the person, therefore character of relations is defined by personal features of subjects of these relations. At relations there is an integration of life experience of the person.

Unlike a category "relation" the category «mezhpokolennye relations» is designated only in domestic psychology. There is no definition of this concept, there is no its substantial filling, that substantially complicates complex studying of a problem. A serious obstacle of studying of psychological aspects MPO is also absence in modern psychology of definition of concept "generation". Therefore one of the primary goals of our research was its working out kategorialnogo the apparatus in a context of age psychology.

For the decision of the problem bound to definition kategorialnogo of the status of concepts approaches in scientific knowledge to definition of these concepts have been analysed. For example, for anthropologists and biologists in understanding of generation genetic characteristics of people and a step in a parentage from the general ancestor are important. Historians and culturologists notice, that each concrete generation characterises, first of all, its active participation in concrete historical events, presence in this connection at representatives of different generations of the general spiritually-moral ideals that allows to carry them to certain type of a subculture. Demographers survey generation as co-existing and reproduced one of another age groups: children, youth, adults, elderly, long-livers.
The most developed the category "generation" is in sociological knowledge. The analysis of approaches to definition of concept "generation" in modern scientific knowledge allows to speak with good reason about it polisemantichnosti, mezhdistsiplinarnosti and integralnosti.

In modern scientific knowledge methodological approaches to studying MPO are allocated some. The cores from them are the functional approach (T.Parsonz, R.Merton, etc.) and «the theory of conflicts» (C.R.Mills, M.Mid, etc.).

Scientific interest to a problem of the conflict of generations has arisen in the western psychology and sociology in second half HH of century. Followers (M.V.Vdovin, E.I.Ivanov, E.A.Smirnova, K.Lorentz, Z.Mendel, G.Markuze, V.Satir, L.Fojer, etc.) consider «theories of conflicts», that the conflict of generations is a natural, universal way of development of a human society and is defined by the human nature.

A number of researchers (N.K.Zyryanov, I.M.Ilinsky, Lebedev, S.N.Parkinson, P.Parsonz's h.p., etc.) aggravate a problem of the conflict of generations before irreversible rupture between them («generation gap»). Even more often and more acutely in a modern society elements ejdzhizma began to be shown.

In the western psychology interest to a problem of the conflict of generations (L is rather high and stable. Troll, B. Neugarten, R. Kraines; R. Berges; S. Minuchin, H. Fischman; J. Belsky and M. Rovine; E.M. Brody; C. Whitheck; Troll V. Satir; R. Bendler; J. Jackson; A. Schutzenberger; C. Whitaker, etc.).

The social psychology (especially foreign) studies patterns of generational behaviour, communications and activity of the people, their includings caused by the fact in generational groups; investigates types and mechanisms of their adaptations to various situations (to B.G.Ananev, E.J.Bobrova, T.Shibutani, G.Krajg, P. Nora, Y. Renouard). However individual age processes can be understood only in connection with the age analysis of generational cohorts to which these individuals belong. All it assumes studying of system of generational stratification and those factors under which influence it changes.

In domestic psychology studying of relations between generations is presented basically by problem research «fathers and children», family relations and family psychotherapy (M.A.Abalkina, V.S.Ageev, JU.E.Alyoshin, A.A.Bodalyov, V.N.Druzhinin, S.V.Kovalyov, L.F.Obuhova, L.A.Regush, A.S.Spivakovsky; V.V. Stolin, A.V.Tolstoy, O.A.Shagraeva, E.G.Ejdemiller, etc.). In these works results of studying of various aspects of mutual relations in a family are analyzed: types of family education, feature of mutual relations of children and their parents, the reasons of conflicts in a family and a way of their permission, the relation between spouses, problems of mutual relations at different age stages, etc. However are described, in a complex problem MPO in domestic psychology practically is not presented.

For definition of a field of value of concepts of "generation" and «mezhpokolennye relations» the research revealing of representations about generations and MPO was which purpose, people existing in consciousness, representatives of different age groups, and caused either everyday experience, or scientific knowledge is carried out. 317 persons have in total taken part in research at the age from 16 till 67 years, from them women – 181, men – 136; with higher education – 142 persons, with secondary education – 175 persons.

As a result of research carrying out it is revealed, that the most part of examinees understands group of people as generation. Respondents specify in a number of the factors uniting to people in certain generation:

1. Approximately identical age (К=0,31) (for example, «people of one age», «age generation» etc.).

2. Approximately identical historical period of residing (К=0,25) («people, who were born approximately during one period of time (approximately 5 years)», «the people living during this or that period of time», «the people living in one historical conditions», etc.).

Besides age and time factors respondents allocate deeper factors (К=0,13), such as: ideologically-cultural, political, economic, a uniform educational system, a generality of interests, customs, the traditions, certain model of behaviour (К=0,14).

Studying of was following step to research what generations are allocated with respondents. The task for examinees consisted that they should list generations.

The analysis of names of generations which were noted by respondents, has shown, that the interrogated specify the age periods of development of the person ("childhood", "youth", "vzroslost", "old age") (К=0,22). Inexact names of the age periods (type "childhood", "vzroslost") are frequently given, and the adjectives describing the person at a certain age stage, such as "young", "old", etc. (К=0,3) are used. There is also a mixing of these terms in one classification of the periods, for example, "childhood", "youth", "adults". The age periods of ontogenetic development by respondents settled down practically in correct sequence, since early age till an old age.

Among answers meet such where the periods bound to certain historical epoch (К=0,05), for example, «generation 60 h» are specified, «generation 70 h», «generation 80 h», etc. There are names of generations such, as "modern", "future", "left" (К=0,05).

Thus, the analysis of results of studying of representations of respondents about generations, allows to draw a conclusion that the interrogated have certain notions about generations. As a whole, the generation is surveyed as certain age group of the people living during the certain period of time and being under the influence of certain social and economic, of ideological, cultural and other conditions. In answers of respondents it is possible to find out various classifications of generations in which basis the different bases are put.

Then the task to name 10 associations which arise at them in connection with MPO was given. Results of the content-analysis of an associative array with a word-combination «mezhpokolennye relations» testify: 27,7 % interrogated could name all 9-10 associations. The appreciable part of respondents (37,7 %) has given 5-7 associations. 34,6 % of respondents could name less than four associations. In total respondents had been gave 508 associations.

Carrying out the content-analysis of associations with a word-combination «mezhpokolennye relations», us have been allocated following categories: "Experience", «the Family. Members of a family», «Training. Education», "Mutual relations", "Generations", «Morals. Culture», «the Person. Mentality of the person», "Epithets".

Results of the carried out research testify that MPO at interrogated positive associations as a whole cause. Relations between generations assume an establishment of certain contacts (frequently between members of an expanded family). Each generation comprises certain norms, customs and the traditions distinguishing one generation another. Mutual relations between representatives of different generations assume transfer to rising generation of knowledge, skills to various forms of translation of experience of generations (more often as rendering assistance), and thus can be accompanied by certain complexities, conflicts, quarrels and misunderstanding each other. In ordinary consciousness the basic criterion of allocation of generations is the age, and MPO correspond with interaction of representatives of different generations in a family. This interaction finds rather strong emotional response (both positive, and negative) at subjects MPO that testifies to the high importance in a life of the modern person of these relations.

Studying a problem of relations between generations in modern Russia, we have allocated questions, not having answered on which competent construction of an experimental research, in our opinion, is impossible: how many generations are necessary for simultaneous studying for the purpose of reception of the fullest and objective characteristic of relations between generations? What criteria of differentiation of generations? For the answer to these questions it is necessary to address to philosophical views, in particular, to Platon's ideas in which books positions about the generational organisation of a society are formulated. One of the cores in its concept, from our point of view, is position about «the patrimonial person». Patrimonial integrity (five generations) – the main thing, a link between the person and a society since comprises indissoluble unity of individual and collective life of the person. The methodological and theoretical bases of problem MPO which has been put in pawn in works of philosophers of an antiquity, developed and sated with the scientific maintenance on an extent not one millenium and continue to excite minds of scientists of the present (G.Gegel, G.A.Kondratov, K.Kierkegaard, P.A.Florensky, V.N.Sagatovsky, P.Sorokin, etc.). These positions allow to declare idea unity of five generations for reception of as much as possible objective characteristic of generations, both at family level, and at society level.

The teoretiko-methodological analysis of approaches existing in scientific knowledge to studying of relations and relations between generations, research kategorialnogo the status of these concepts definitions of concepts of "generation" and «mezhpokolennye have given the chance to formulate relations» in a context of age psychology: Generation – the group of people limited to frameworks of age, living during the certain historical period, in certain sotsio-cultural conditions. mezhpokolennye relations is difficult multilevel and multicomponent system, mediated cultural-historical development societies, the process which short consists in realised, tsennostno-comprehended and emotionally painted intra and interpsihicheskoj activity of subjects – representatives of different generations – people of different age. It, in turn, has allowed to define starting positions and criteria of differentiation of generations:

• age / the age period;

• a historical epoch (a birth of the person and the period of formation of its consciousness);

• a social role in a family (children, grandsons, great-grandsons, parents, primogenitors).

The differentiation of generations allows to speak about age of generation which corresponds to ontogenesis stages, is defined by society historical development, the epoch-making events influencing development of consciousness of the person, its tsennostno-semantic sphere. The age of generation is the period during which in certain sotsio-cultural conditions the generality people (generation) with distinctive from the previous and subsequent generations the psychological characteristics is made out, carrying out a certain social role in a family and a society. The age of generation can vary during different historical epoch, also the quantity of generations simultaneously functioning in a society accordingly varies. On a measure evoljutsionirovanija the person, acceleration of rates of social development, life expectancy augmentation, there is an augmentation of quantity of generations living simultaneously – children, parents, primogenitors etc. Dynamics and rate of public changes reduces age of generations. «More and more fractional (fine from the point of view of quantity of years) social estrangement of generations is the new phenomenon of modern history which has the specific implications to Russia caused by specificity of economic, political and cultural development of the country for last 25 years» (D.V.Sochivko). Accordingly the age of modern generations, according to the designated criteria of differentiation of generations, makes 14-16 years.

Having allocated on the basis of the historical analysis the epoch-making periods in history of Russia which have affected development of consciousness of people and have defined the characteristic of generations, according to the criteria of differentiation of generations chosen by us among which the age period is defining, and also considering average life expectancy of the person in Russia, we allocate five generations, people living in a modern Russian society:

1 e generation (a late maturity) – people are more senior 61 years ("pre-war" and "military" generation; there are children, grandsons, great-grandsons);

2 e generation (maturity) – people, which from 46 till 60 years ("post-war", "thaw" generation; there are children, grandsons);

3 e generation (an early maturity) – people, which from 31 till 45 years (generation of an epoch of "stagnation"; there are children);

4 e generation (youth) – people, which от16 till 30 years, (generation of an epoch of "reorganisation", "transition period", «the beginning of market relations»; are children, grandsons);

5 e generation (childhood) – children from a birth till 16 years (generation of "a new century», «market relations»; are children, grandsons, great-grandsons).

Thus, in a modern society 5 generations co-operate. Representatives of these generations – people of different age. Their age features are mediated sotsiokulturnym by a context and a generational accessory. Allocation of criteria of differentiation of generations, definition kategorialnogo the status of concepts "generation" and «mezhpokolennye relations», «age of generation», definition of character of interaction between generations of a steel for us the initial theoretical bases by working out of substantive provisions of concept MPO.
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A source: Postnikova M. I.. Psychology of relations between generations in modern Russia. 2011

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