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Peptides - regulators of biological processes

In second half XX centuries, thanks to development and the further perfection of molekuljarno-biological methods of the research, allowed to study reguljatornye organism systems at subcellular level, there was possible a detection endogenous humoral reguljatornyh agents with rather small molecular mass which have been united in group under the general name "reguljatornye peptides" [Ashmarin I.P.

from co-workers., 1986].

Last decade before researchers new possibilities have opened. There was possible a carrying out of researches in culture of cells practically any tissues of animals and the person. It was possible thanks to application of a method "punctual" immunotsitohimii for biochemical kartirovanija fabric, cellular and subcellular sites of various organs. Occurrence of new technologies of molecular cloning

And genetic engineering has allowed to carry out researches at more and more thin levels of the organisation of cells and subcellular organellas. It has allowed to receive additional acknowledgement of that fact, that in community of natural information molecules (informonov) reguljatornye peptides play a role of universal carriers of the information all levels -

From cellular to organizmennogo.

Results of the researches spent with application of the newest methods of cellular and molecular biology, have essentially dilated our representations about reguljatornyh peptides. Now the full chemical and biological characteristic on more than biologically active 300 peptides and their analogues is made. It gives the basis to believe,

That reguljatornye peptides play a key role in homeostasis maintenance, and they first of all define key parametres of reactions of an organism on various influences. It is established, that it is reached thanks to accurately co-ordinated realisation of one of the most essential features of action, reguljatornyh peptides, namely - abilities to optimum and, the main thing, to a mobile combination of synthesis and-or secretion of a corresponding peptide in that place and at that time, where and when realisation of its effects [V. et al is necessary., 1999].

One of the directions most advanced and activly developed now in studying of biochemistry and physiology of peptides is research tsitomedinov - universal complexes reguljatornyh peptides of multicellular systems.

Among many vital molecules which are representing itself as bioregulators, tsitomediny - complexes reguljatornyh peptides occupy special position. By present time similar by the nature and fizikoyohimicheskim to properties, but differing on functional activity tsitomediny, are allocated practically from all organs, tissues and organism cells. Role definition tsitomedinov in system of biological regulation of a metaphyte represents one of the most important questions of modern physiology. There is an assumption of that,

That transfer and effect of action of any information arriving in an organism, are supervised by chemical "agents" of system of the bioregulation which action is referred on conservation of high degree of stability of functioning genoma. From this follows, that the primary goal of system of bioregulation consists in management of an expression of genes, that in turn defines a degree of activity of biosynthetic processes and expression of adaptic reactions. The information on change of external or internal medium is a major factor, initiating necessary changes in system the bioregulations promoting conservation of certain level of functional activity of cells.

Thus, is all bases to assume, that interaction of genes with information alarm molecules (in particular with tsitomedinami) has defining value for stability conservation genoma. There are the data specifying that tsitomediny realise the functions at level of intercellular interactions, carrying out communication between genomom and structurally - functional elements of neuroendocrinal regulation. Also convincing proofs of ability tsitomedinov are received to change

Functional activity genoma in various stages of a cellular cycle [Havinson V. H, Frosts of Century G, 1992, 2001; Havinson V. H, Anisimov V. N, 2000]. Besides, probably, that with the help tsitomedinov the certain parity of cells in the populations which are at various stages of development is supported, and received at means of information molecules signals stimulate the further cellular differentiation. Thus, along with other bioregulators, tsitomediny carry out an information exchange between genes and intercellular medium, that, certainly, is one of main principles of an ontogeny.

tsitomediny in the early seventies for the first time have been found out

V.H.Havinsonom and V.G.Morozovym as peptidnye the complexes participating

In reguljatornyh processes of the central nervous system. The name

(From Greek cytos - a cell and Latin mediator - the intermediary) these substances

Have received in 1981. For the first time these bonds have been allocated

From subthalamic area of a brain, an epiphysis and a thymus, then - from a vascular wall. Subsequently tsitomediny it was possible to identify practically in all organs and tissues [Kuznik B.I. from co-workers., 1998].

It is established, that tsitomediny represent complexes of polypeptides with rather small molecular mass (usually no more than 10 kd).

Already in the first experimental researches it was revealed, that tsitomediny, allocated of a thymic gland (thymus), possess antitumoral action. Also it has been established, that application of these peptidnyh complexes promoted augmentation of average life expectancy of animals and reduced frequency of occurrence of the tumours induced by chemical carcinogens or an ionising radiation [Havinson V. H, Frosts of Century G, 2001].

The major properties tsitomedinov are supplemented with their ability to inhibit processes perekisnogo oxidations of lipids. This property allows them to play the important role as natural antioxidants that is of great importance in realisation of endogenous mechanisms of antitumoral protection and retardation of ageing of an organism as it is known, that process of ageing of an organism includes both depression of the immune status, and ascending of risk of occurrence of neoplasms.

The action mechanism tsitomedinov definitively is not established. The mechanism which is carried out by influence of molecules of peptides on receptors of cells-targets, localised on their cytoplasmatic membrane is represented to the most probable. However there are bases and for the assumption of existence of immediate influence tsitomedinov on cells-targets through not receptor action on ionic channels.

Long-term researches have allowed to formulate the concept organospetsifichnosti tsitomedinov according to which their efficiency is maximum concerning that organ from which they are allocated

[Havinson V. H, Frosts of Century G, 2001]. Leaning against the facts testifying to ubiquitous and constant presence tsitomedinov practically in all cells, tissues and organs, the new model of development of pathological processes in which mechanisms of disturbance tsitomedinovoj regulations play a key role [Havinson V. H, Frosts of Century G, 2001] also has been offered. Accordingly, correction of such disturbances by synthesis stimulation tsitomedinov in an organism or their additional entering from the outside, as a rule, leads to regress of pathological process and normalisation of the amazed functions. It is obvious, that a phenomenon constant genetically determined, that is natural, presence of these preparations at normally functioning organism is a reliable guarantee of safety of their application, at least, in physiological concentration.

tsitomediny enter into number of biologically active substances united in concept reguljatornye peptides, for the first time offered Polak and Bloom in 1989 for a designation of chemically same substances peptidnoj the nature - the intermediaries of the information realised in nervous system in quality nejrotransmitterov and neurohormones and operating

In the form of hormones (locally or distantno) in endocrine system. By then it has been established, that many biologically active peptides earlier wearing the name of "intestinal hormones», are present at neurones of the central and peripheric nervous system. On the other hand, typical «brain neuropeptids» have been found out in classical endocrine glands and some endocrine cells disseminated in various internal organs [Gut Hormones, 1978; Klimov P. K, 1986; Klimov P. K, Barashkova G. M, 1991]. The collecting facts did not keep within frameworks of the traditional

zz

Representations to hierarchical dependence within two basic regulating systems - nervous and endocrine also testified

About existence in an organism of uniform extensive system of cells of the chemical information. Became obvious, that a key link in the bioregulation mechanism is koordinirovannoe the functional interaction of endocrine, nervous and immune systems based on a chemical generality of perception and an information transfer at subcellular, cellular and fabric levels. All it was the reason of formation of representations

About existence in a human body and animals of diffusive neuroendocrinal system as uniform integrating and supervising system [A.G.E. Pearse, 1969].

Thus, it is obvious, that tsitomediny, allocated from a nervous tissue, a gastroenteric tract. And other organs and tissues contain a lot of well-known reguljatornyh peptides with the established chemical structure which in many respects and define various effects of action tsitomedinov.

If to accept as the basic postulate, that into structure tsitomedinov as the basic operating component enter reguljatornye peptides the wide circulation tsitomedinov in an organism of animals and the person becomes clear. It is known, that reguljatornye peptides are developed in cells of the diffusive neuroendocrinal system which basis of opening was the APUD-concept of English pathologist A.G.E. Pearse about existence in an organism diffusively rassejanyh in various tissues of the endocrine cells possessing uniform monoaminergicheskim type of a metabolism

[A.G.E. Pearse, 1969].

Clinical tests have shown, that application peptidnyh bioregulators is stopped by pathological processes of a various aetiology and promotes recover of patients. High therapeutic efficiency of the preparations framed on a basis tsitomedinov, is shown at diseases of cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, oporno-impellent, nervous systems; disturbances of functions of endocrine organs, immunodefitsitnyh conditions and a number of other pathological processes [Kuznik B.I. from co-workers., 1998].

Most brightly medical and preventive action tsitomedinov is shown at their use in quality geroprotektorov. In this case realisation of the basic properties of these bonds is most successfully combined: inhibition of processes perekisnogo oxidations of lipids (one of the major mechanisms of ageing of an organism), immunity stimulation (dying away at ageing) and anticarcinogen action (since with the years frequency of occurrence of neoplasms raises). Long-term clinical and experimental researches testify that application various tsitomedinov for retardation of processes of ageing is extremely perspective and mnogobeshchajushchim [Kuznik B.I. from co-workers., 1998].

One of such tsitomedinov is dipeptide lizil-glutaminova acid (vilon) which was developed on the basis of the amino-acid analysis of a complex preparation of a thymus - Thymalinum. Results of clinical tests vilona, spent on patients with various serious diseases, testify to perspectivity of its application as the medicinal substance possessing obshchereguljatornymi and reparativnymi properties, influencing processes of antioxidatic protection, nonspecific resistance of an organism and an angenesis

[Frosts of Century G from co-workers., 2000; Havinson V. H, Frosts of Century G, 2001]. Also it has been shown geroprotektornoe dipeptide action lizil-glutaminova acid (vilon) on organs of immune system of rats of various age [Knjazkin I.V;, 2002]. Normalising influence vilona on a mucosa of a gastroenteric tract has been received in experimental models of presenilation (the general gamma-irradiation in a dose 6 Gr) on rats [Trofimov A.V:, 2001; Trofimov A.V., Knyazkin I.V., 2002]. Influence of ionising radiation on rats causes in a mucosa strukturnoyofunktsionalnye the changes in many respects similar with involjutivnymi by changes ' at ageing (intensifying - apoptoznoj  destructions - of epitheliocytes ^ dysfunction. Neuroendocrinal cells, depression regeneratornyh abilities), that allows to survey the given radiative model as adequate at studying of processes of ageing. At introduction vilona the proliferative potential stvolovyh cells that stimulated, regeneratsionno-adaptable processes amplified, was restored, quantity of mast cells, the numerical and volume density of endocrine cells in a duodenum that testified about it geroprotektornom effect [Trofimov A.V., 2002] was normalised.

Available experimental data about application peptidnyh bioregulators, in particular vilona show expressed ' the compensatory; effect of these substances on the structurally-functional - organisation of endocrine cells of a mucosa of a zheludochnno-intestinal tract at ageing. It - allows to consider akgualnym its further studying as geroprotektornogo the preparation normalising broken structurally functional communications in a mucosa of a stomach, arising prsh ageing, that mozheg to find wide application for correction age izmenenijrazlichnoj an aetiology and a pathogenesis. Ishodja.iz the data presented in the review, the object in view - to study possible kompensatorno-adaptic action vilona on a cellular reparation, a stomach mucosa was us.

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A source: ANTSIFEROV Roman Vladimirovich. CLINICO-MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES of the CURRENT of the ATROPHIC GASTRITIS At PERSONS of the SENIOR AGE GROUPS. The DISSERTATION on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of medical sciences. St.-Petersburg - 2007. 2007

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