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§1.3. Ecological safety and ecological quality as nature protection categories

Before passing directly to consideration of ecological requirements which it is expedient to specify in technical regulations, we consider necessary to consider the problem concepts «ecological safety of production» and «ecological quality of production».

Traditionally basic source of negative influence on environment are economic activities or various ways of operation of cars and the equipment. Nevertheless, it is impossible to deny, that the basic characteristics (including characteristics of ecological safety) are pawned at a production phase of cars and the equipment (and other kinds of production). All it can be shown and at an operation phase, but not to be a consequence of wrongful acts of the user. Most as a vivid example the situation when in September, 2015 in the American market the cars mismatching indicators of ecological safety have been revealed acts. At investigation carrying out it was found out, that the company established the software thanks to which it has appeared possible to falsify results of the tests showing level of emissions in atmosphere of harmful substances at use of several types of engines [51 [52]. Subsequently the company recognised the guilt. Thus ordinary users of motor vehicles did not suspect about presence of similar malfunctions up to the investigation beginning.

Thus, there is a direct necessity of definition of concepts «ecological safety of production» and «ecological quality of production» in a context of technical regulation so that, pamjatuja about ekologizatsii, they were not beyond the standard approaches within the limits of the ecological right.

The concept «maintenance of ecological safety» began to be used actively in Russia in the mid-eighties the last century. In 1992 the bill of the Russian Federation «About ecological safety» has been prepared, and then, in 1994 the Ministry of preservation of the environment and natural resources of the Russian Federation has prepared the project of the Concept of ecological safety of the Russian Federation [53].

Maintenance of ecological safety is recognised for a long time already by a necessary condition of existence, social and economic and ecological development of a human society [54].

However the question of interpretation of the given concept invariably causes till now attention of researchers, even despite appeals to that the given question more does not deserve additional discussions. Not without reason I.O.Krasnov notices, that definition «ecological safety» is formulated in the law so abstractly, that does not allow from all variety of relations in the field of preservation of the environment to allocate relations of ecological safety, to define the special rights and duties of subjects, to construct the effective mechanism of realisation of legal relations, including measures of legal responsibility. Ecological safety as an independent category to allocate it is not possible [55 [56].

Nevertheless because within the limits of technical regulation there is a separate approach to the maintenance of concepts "safety" and "quality", suggest to consider a discourse of ecological safety yet not ended and also suggested to consider possibilities of application of the given term within the limits of the conceptual device of technical regulation.

Ecological safety - one of the most scale categories of the ecological right. It is underlined by researchers, some of which even approve, that on value of the term ecological safety coincides with environment.

Ecological safety is the integral element of national safety, that only strengthens its special value in human lives and societies.

Maintenance of ecological safety, preservation of favorable environment are recognised, among other, a strategic target of a state policy in the field of ecological development. At the same time the concept of ecological safety can be used for a designation and smaller phenomena. In the Ecological doctrine of the Russian Federation it is a question of maintenance of ecological safety of potentially dangerous kinds of activity, rehabilitation of territories and the water areas injured with technogenic influence on

Environment.

In obshchebytovom the plan of concept "safety" and "quality" have strongly entered into a life of any person already enough. Really, for a private use consumers try to choose the most safe and qualitative material benefits.

Change of semantic loading by means of addition of "an ecological superstructure» changes also a lexical kind of concepts, and sense put in them, that is in this case it is a question already of «ecological safety» and about «quality of environment».

In the legislation as specifies V.J.Turanin there should be an indissoluble communication of legal concepts and terms corresponding to them which is expressed in their interdependence, therefore the major role at a formulation of rules of law should be taken away to research of the maintenance of each concrete term, an establishment of degree of its communication with designated concept [57 [58].

The similar approach to defining value of terminology used in the law is represented to us true.

Now in the legal doctrine the set of definitions of the term "safety" that is connected not only from it abstraktnostju, but also with fundamental nature and many-sided nature of the phenomenon of safety, plurality of substantial communications and forms of its external displays and interactions with other phenomena of the objective validity is developed. Such difficult character of a problem of maintenance of safety is shown in various under the maintenance the conceptual categories which working out assumes both differentiated, and integration approaches on the basis of use of complex data of philosophy, the right, history, sociology and other branches of scientific knowledge as

Teoretiko-methodological basis of knowledge [59].

Thus it is necessary to recognise, that the term "safety" can be used as obshchepravovoe and the private-law concept reflecting specific reference points of safety, peculiar to this or that branch of law.

According to the definition established in the Federal act «About preservation of the environment», ecological safety is a condition of security of an environment and the vital interests of the person from possible negative influence of economic and other activity, extreme situations of natural and technogenic character, their consequences.

In the Dictionary of legal terms of the ecological right following definition of concept «ecological safety» is fixed. Ecological safety of the person and other objects (a society, the state) - a condition of security of the social, economic, ecological rights and legitimate interests of citizens; material, cultural and other values of a society and the state; economic and other interests of the enterprises, the organisations, establishments and businessmen from harmful influence of adverse factors of the surrounding environment caused by anthropogenous influence on it, and also from consequences of ecological failures and accidents [60].

O.S.Kolbasov defined ecological safety as «... System of the measures eliminating threat of mass  destruction of people as a result of such adverse anthropogenous change of a condition of an environment on a planet at which the person as the biological kind loses possibility to exist as cannot satisfy the natural physiological and social requirements of ability to live for the account

Surrounding material world »[61].

According to M.M.Brinchuka, in the ecological right concept «maintenance of ecological safety» acts in different qualities. It can be considered as one of main principles of wildlife management and preservation of the environment according to which, any ecologically significant activity, and also provided in the legislation and carried out in practice prirodoohranitelnye measures should be estimated from a position of ecological safety. To a certain extent in the scientific and practical plan concept «maintenance of ecological safety» at times is used as a synonym of preservation of the environment, meaning, that corresponding activity is directed on preservation and restoration of a favorable condition of environment. Maintenance of ecological safety can be considered also as the major purpose and an activity problem on restoration and preservation of a favorable condition of environment, first of all from the point of view of its cleanliness (nezagrjaznennosti) and resursoemkosti [62].

That is as a whole ecological safety is understood as activity on preservation of the environment and rational use of the natural resources, equitable to interests of preservation of a favorable condition of environment, and also on protection of the ecological rights and legitimate interests physical and legal bodies [63].

According to V.V. Verbitsky's approach, concept «ecological safety» means fastening in legal institutions of system of relations concerning environment which represents a basis of normal, stable existence of a society and creation of conditions at which the condition of environment does not represent danger to the person. Thus ecological safety - a condition of security of the person, a society and the state from the threats created by economic or other activity, having harmful influence on environment [64].

I.O.Krasnov [65] «ecological safety» marks certain unsystematic character of application of concept. In our opinion, the similar situation is caused not by absence of independent value on a plan of the legislator, and is a direct consequence razmytosti patrimonial general concept "safety" that extends as well on interpretation of concepts of the safety possessing private-law specificity (for example, concepts of ecological and industrial safety, safety of objects of technical regulation).

I.O.Krasnovoj's briefing approach to ecological safety is interesting also. According to this approach legal maintenance of ecological safety cannot be considered out of a context of the general requirements of the ecological legislation. At the same time maintenance of ecological safety pursues the special aims and the problems caused by raised degree of danger. Maintenance of ecological safety is connected with observance of ecological requirements of the legislation in the field of operation of economic and other objects, the reference with dangerous substances, microorganisms, nuclear objects, objects gennoinzhenernoj activity. The central direction of maintenance of ecological safety is activity on protection of the population and territories against failures and accidents of natural and technogenic character [66].

At first sight it is represented impossible to apply the approach according to which safety starts to get the brightest anthropological character which social nature is expressed in condition of security of the person actually developing and provided with public relations from a various sort of dangers and threats [67]. Basically because as the subject of protection the person in that case acts, and safety versions are defined by kinds of danger and threats. How to be in a situation when a protection subject is not the person in itself, and directly environment?

Nevertheless, despite such statement of a question, finally we come to the initial formulation - the person anyhow is interested in safety of environment as the first turn it is necessary for the person that environment was safe for its ability to live. Thus, the person acts as the definitive subject of all measures undertaken for maintenance and preservation of safety of environment.

Positive, at least directing at the further reflexions, it is possible to consider that ecological safety in the definition established in the Law on preservation of the environment, contacts the vital interests of the person (though also preservation of the environment is carried out for the sake of them) and with the extreme

Situations [68].

At the same time it is difficult to agree that the concept of ecological safety is frequent communicates exclusively with special circumstances: influence of extreme situations, accidents

Technogenic character and so forth In definition, statutory about preservation of the environment, besides these, possible negative influences of economic and other activity also are specified.

Maintenance of ecological safety can be considered as the major perspective purpose and an activity problem on restoration and preservation of a favorable condition of environment, first of all from the point of view of its cleanliness (nezagrjaznennosti) and resursoemkosti.

Thus, ecological safety in Russia can be provided by consecutive realisation of system scientifically proved legal, organizational, economic, technical,

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Educational and other measures on preservation of the environment.

Definition of concept the "safety", specified in the Federal act «On technical regulation» extends only on objects of technical regulation. Safety of objects of technical regulation is their such condition at which there is no the inadmissible risk connected with causing by these objects of harm to protected interests.

According to the Contract on the Euroasian economic union, safety - absence of the inadmissible risk connected with possibility of injury and (or) aggrieving.

The width of the specified definitions allows to consider as inadmissible risks - risks for environment as preservation of the environment is one of the lawful purposes of acceptance of technical regulations, and thus allows to consider more particularly a category of ecological safety in a context of technical regulation.

Process of transition from a condition accompanied by risks to a static condition of ecological safety of production is unidirectional. It means, that ecological risks of production should not "be reproduced", that is should not appear again or provoke occurrence of new similar risks.

Thus ecological safety of production is considered by us as an ideal which should be accurately [69 [70]

It is regulated. Ecological safety of production in the given process occupies special position is a result of application of ecological requirements, the natural purpose and the termination of process of production.

According to such approach, ecological safety of production does not act as something amorphous and indistinct. This total, accompanied by ideal physical, chemical and other characteristics production condition, and it should be first of all steady as production corresponding to technical regulations, should not be unsafe. On achievement of this purpose inclusion is directed to technical regulations ekologizirovannyh positions.

"Addressees" of ecological safety of production are environment and the vital interests of the person.

Environment in this case is named by us the first not casually - it is security of the vital interests of the person defining for maintenance. The reason is simple: in the absence of safety of environment, no less than in the absence of atmosphere, human life positively is represented impossible.

In the definitions fixed in the Federal act «About preservation of the environment» there are no criteria of an estimation of a condition of security which would allow during the necessary moment to establish a condition of ecological danger. From safety definition also follows what to reach and support such condition of safety it is possible by simply appropriate execution of ecological requirements, i.e. measures of preservation of the environment as a whole provided that such requirements are ideally balanced in the whole legal system.

At the same time in the certificates forming system of technical regulation of the Russian Federation and the Euroasian economic union concept of "ecological safety» it is not established.

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Krasnov I.O.ecological safety as a legal category. Lex russica, 2014, № 5

By us it is earlier established, that within the limits of technical regulation ecological safety can be considered as one of characteristics which production corresponding to certain requirements can possess. Nevertheless, in official rhetoric and in mass media even more often there is a concept «harmless production». Whether there is between the specified concepts any difference?

The concept «harmless production» is repeatedly used in «Bases of a state policy in the field of ecological development of the Russian Federation for the period till 2030» (utv. The president of the Russian Federation on April, 30th, 2012) in a context of formation of the market of harmless production, technologies and the equipment, and also nature protection services as one of mechanisms of the decision of a problem of development of economic regulation and market tools of preservation of the environment.

It is expedient to allocate two differing vectors of a problem: a vector, concerning food consumer production and a vector covering production in sense, the established Federal act «On technical regulation». This division is carried out on the basis of distinction of "radical" characteristics of both concepts.

Allocation of the first vector is justified because of some mess connected with concept of "ecological cleanliness» production. This concept («ecologically a net production») owing to wide use, including in the mass media, some time represented itself as the tool of manipulation with a consumer demand by drawing by manufacturers of corresponding marks on packing of the food production which ostensibly is meeting the requirements of "ecological cleanliness».

As a result in Moscow at the initiative of the Union of consumers of the Russian Federation the governmental order of Moscow from September, 16th, 2003 № 783-1111 «About measures by an ecological estimation of production realised in the consumer market of a city of Moscow» by which creation of the Moscow system of voluntary certification «Harmless products» was marked was accepted. In spite of the fact that one of the purposes of the given system is stimulation of manufacture and a turn of production which is not rendering harmful influence on health of the population and environment, directly nature protection potential of the given initiative raises certain doubts. The reasons for this purpose the following.

Objects of marking by a conformity sign «Harmless production» can be: the potable water packaged in capacity, products of an animal or a phytogenesis, made from the natural food raw materials which have been grown up with observance of all established sanitary norms and rules, and safety corresponding on indicators to the requirements established to a foodstuff for children of early age. In aggregate all it can be consolidated the general concept «food production».

In the Federal act from January, 2nd, 2000 № 29-FZ «About quality and safety of foodstuff» the characteristic of safety of foodstuff is put in pawn already in definition: it is understood as a condition of the proved confidence that foodstuff under usual conditions of their use is not harmful and do not represent health hazard present and the future generations.

Apparently from definition, it is a question exclusively of protection of a life and health of the person and the ecological compatibility characteristic in this case does not contact necessity of application of measures of preservation of the environment, and designates the fact of "a natural origin» specified production more likely.

As a result it is possible to conclude, that concept «harmless production» means safety of food production for a life and health of the person.

Within the limits of research of the second vector of a problem we will note the following.

Allocation thereupon any separate kind of production (food or other) is represented inexpedient as for each kind of production the separate technical regulations are accepted. In an ideal if production can represent risk for environment, in case of its conformity to safety requirements of technical regulations, it is ecologically safe.

On concept of risk it is necessary to stop separately.

The ecological risk represents any adverse event for environment, that is any event which can make environment unsafe. Differently, the ecological risk is threat for ecological safety. Allocate the basic threats for ecological safety we can, using the general approach defined by Strategy of national safety of the Russian Federation till 2020 (utv. The president of the Russian Federation on May, 12th, 2009) where threats for national safety are listed. As a result of the analysis it is possible to draw a conclusion, that risk which is represented by ecologically unsafe production - direct or indirect possibility of drawing by such production of a damage to environment, to the constitutional ecological rights, freedom, and also quality and a standard of living of citizens.

In the ecological right the concept of quality of environment closely corresponds with concept of ecological safety. The federal act «About preservation of the environment» in definition of the given concept uses much more accurate approach, than to the term «ecological safety». As well as safety, quality is a certain condition of environment. In the law there are also accurate instructions that this condition should be characterised by physical, chemical, biological and other indicators and (or) their set.

It is necessary to note some vagueness inherent in interpretation of concept "quality" in a various sorts to the special literature on quality management.

Concept «ecological quality of production» and its interpretation are absent including in the literature by the ecological right, on ecology

Industrial production. For the purpose of its definition and interpretation it suggested to take advantage of an analogy method.

According to the standard of GOST R ISO 9000-2015 «quality management Systems. Substantive provisions and the dictionary», quality - degree of conformity of inherent characteristics to requirements.

The inherent characteristic represents available a priori the characteristic which is present at production constantly, and, thus, is inseparable from object. Requirements in the resulted definition mean requirements or expectations which are established, usually, are assumed or are obligatory. Usually prospective practice is the standard practice of the organisation, its consumers and other parties in interest. Such requirement which is defined, for example, in any document including in the standard is established.

How the specified can matter for preservation of the environment?

In our opinion, the inherent characteristic necessarily should correlate to the certain requirement. Ecological characteristics of quality, within the limits of the developed system of technical regulation, are established by numerous standards.

In the specified context we especially underline, that ecological requirements of quality are specified in standards. Obligatory requirements are resulted in technical regulations, and in this case it is a question of requirements of quality which in technical regulations are not established. Usually prospective requirement hardly can be considered in such context as leaves the big possibilities for abusings from the manufacturer. The standard has the regulated procedure of working out and acceptance that provides presence more or less constant, not subject to momentary influences of the market to requirements to ecological characteristics of production.

Thus, we can define ecological quality of production as degree of conformity of ecological characteristics inherent in production to the established ecological requirements.

The term "quality" can usually be applied in a combination to type adjectives "bad", "good", "excellent", that reflects known pluralism of degrees of quality. In aspect of preservation of the environment it means completeness of conformity of ecological characteristics to the ecological positions established in standards.

As it is already noted - definition of concept "quality" is represented no more accurate, than definition of concept "safety". However it is expedient to note and its basic lack: indicators (physical, chemical, biological and others) can be expressed safety and, as a rule, are expressed in abstract numerical values (and are defined by means of exact formulas). In itself such indicator cannot be neither positive, nor the negative characteristic of a condition of environment.

By physical, chemical, biological indicators absolutely any condition of production, even absolutely poor-quality (and, moreover - unsafe for environment, the person) can be characterised. Interpretation of this or that indicator depends on a method taken as a principle of the analysis. The leading role belongs to legal maintenance.

The system of the legal acts accepted by legislature, should provide an ekologo-legal mechanism, capable to provide achievement of preservation or restoration of a favorable condition of environment. Result of action of these norms and simultaneously criterion of their efficiency will be conformity of a condition of environment to the characteristics defining its usefulness. It is a question about qualitative (cleanliness of air, water, soil) and quantitative (resursoemkost natural resources) characteristics of environment,

Its aesthetic riches and presence of a specific variety.

The status of ecological safety of production also should have indicators (physical, chemical and others) even if it is not reflected in available definition.

Thus it turns out, that quality of production is not less dim concept, than ecological safety, and they are more likely similar among themselves, than are various.

We cannot avoid a question of a parity of ecological quality and ecological safety of production. It is necessary, as technical regulation just operates with a parity of concepts "safety" and "quality" which concern environment as in the Ecological doctrine of the Russian Federation it is specified, that national safety of the country can be provided only under condition of preservation of natural systems and maintenance corresponding

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Qualities of environment.

In technical regulation there is a conformity presumption according to which if production corresponds to the standard (which is included in lists to standards to technical regulations), it corresponds also to technical regulations.

It is obviously possible to recognise, that ecological safety of production is primary in relation to ecological quality.

Hence, maintenance of ecological quality of production is impossible without maintenance of its safety. This position is one their corner in technical regulation. Differently, safety is a basis of quality. In such a way we come to the following formula:

Quality of production = safety of production + H, [71 [72]

Where H are additional characteristics, for example, the expanded set of ecological indicators of production which observance allows to reach and keep a necessary degree of quality. Variants of ecologically qualitative production can be a little, the variation from less qualitative condition to better in the established limit is supposed, and thus all these conditions of environment will be ecologically safe. The characteristic of ecological safety in this case will be only unique.

Safety requirements are stated in technical regulations, and requirements of quality of environment can be specified in standards. Above we have noticed, that in connection with carrying out of reform of technical regulation, standards have got the status of documents of voluntary application.

In system of the ecological right is the closest with functions of technical regulations the institute of ecological rationing corresponds

In the educational scientific literature of opinion concerning mutual relations of technical regulation and rationing differ, but more often the question of technical regulation is considered within the limits of a rationing theme.

For example, S.A.Bogolyubov includes technical regulation (within the limits of ecological rationing) as in section «Organizational mechanism of preservation of the environment», and (only regarding standardization) in section «Legal regulation of the economic mechanism of preservation of the environment» though usually technical regulation concerns not tariff measures of influence.

The organizational mechanism of preservation of the environment is intended for realisation obligatory for citizens and managing subjects of standard instructions, by observance, execution, application, use, maintenance of action and efficiency of the right and

Legislations.

Within the limits of the economic mechanism of preservation of the environment quality management of economic activities which assumes first of all the law-making directed on management by a condition, by quality of environment, filling of any economic and other activity by ecological requirements and values [73 [74] is especially allocated.

O.I.Krassov considers technical regulation within the limits of the separate chapter under the name «Technical rationing of quality of production, processes of manufacture and preservation of the environment». The author also speaks about necessity of definition of legal bases of system of obligatory requirements to production - to the material objects taken from an environment, to spheres of its manufacture and the further reference with it [75 [76]. Thus there is a double impression - like speech further would go directly on technical regulation and technical regulations, and at the same time used heading technical regulation concerns rationing institute.

M.M.Brinchuk allocates ekologo-legal bases of technical regulation as the separate chapter. Also he notices, that for achievement of the purposes of the ecological right technical regulation is important in that degree in what creation and use of various production can have harmful influence on an environment condition.

In our opinion, technical regulation is not a part of institute of ecological rationing.

Rationing subject is influence of economic and other activity on environment; the approach of technical regulation differs from it.

Requirements of technical regulations are obligatory for observance by the manufacturer: the economic activities which result is creation of objects of technical regulation, should be carried out so that characteristics of objects of the technical regulation, provided by technical regulations, have been realised properly and did not put harm to environment.

Within the limits of technical regulation the harm put to environment by objects of technical regulation can be considered also. As object of technical regulation this or that production acts. In itself it can harm in the limited cases. More important that within the limits of activity (including - economic activities) this or that subject production can harm to environment. The harm put by economic activities as those, cannot be prevented by technical regulations.

At the given stage the reason for rigid division of terms of reference of technical regulation and ecological rationing is the problem having more likely ethical character: whether it is possible to make ecologically safe production not harmless methods. The answer to the given question is represented to us it is represented to the following: ecologically safe production it is not simple the end production characteristic, but also the characteristic of process of manufacture so, ecological rationing and technical regulation have one overall aim and can represent itself as two different parts of one process.

It is not necessary to forget and that in the course of economic activities realisation objects of technical regulation can be used.

Proceeding from the definition established in the Federal act «About preservation of the environment», following signs are inherent in rationing:

It is one of state regulation kinds; a regulation subject is influence of economic and other activity on environment;

The rationing purpose is the guarantee of preservation of favorable environment and maintenance of ecological safety.

Technical regulations and specifications have also general lines. For example, as well as specifications, technical regulations are accepted by certificates of corresponding enforcement authorities. Observance of the norms established in specifications and in technical regulations is a duty of managing subjects. Both kinds of documents can contain ecological requirements.

The ecological purpose of acceptance of technical regulations and documents in rationing sphere is similar: it consists in an establishment of certain indicators at which observance the condition of environment and its components is provided safe for the person.

Let's bring short results.

Ecological safety is one of base concepts of the ecological right, represents the purpose of regulation of all which branch of law of realisation all available tools and methods of the ecological right should be subordinated. Ecological safety as a legal category should have practical reflexion and the corresponding real indicators, allowing to estimate, whether the current condition of environment is safe. In such context the concept of ecological safety can be applied concerning technical regulation.

Ecological safety of production means, that production is designed and made according to requirements of technical regulations so that while in service not to worsen favorable for ability to live of the person an environment condition. That is at operation negative influence is in

Limits of the accepted specifications in the field of preservation of the environment.

Ecological safety and quality of production - two conditions closely connected among themselves. They correspond not as the general and private, and as two equivalent categories.

Ecological safety of production is considered as base, and ecological quality of production is a "superlinear" category, that is provides presence of the indicators exceeding inherently indicators of safety.

Technical regulation and ecological rationing are different institutes, each of which pursues the aims of regulation distinct from another, and are directed on regulation of various objects, but, nevertheless closely connected among themselves as regulate consecutive stages of human activity, let and from the different parties.

As a whole, bringing the general result of the researches spent by us and reflected in the given chapter, it is possible to conclude, that ekologizirovannye norms of technical regulations closely correspond with adjacent institute of ecological rationing and can be applicable for the decision of some the problems arising by consideration of theoretical questions of the ecological right, connected with concepts of ecological safety and quality of environment.

Application of technical regulations, proceeding from the investigated theoretical preconditions, can become effective way of the decision of some practical problems of the ecological right peculiar aktualijam «centuries of consumption».

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A source: Shakirova Diana Ildarovna. LEGAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BY MEANS OF TECHNICAL REGULATIONS. Thesis for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. Moscow, 2017. 2017

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  3. § 1. Ecological safety and the international humanitarian customs
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  6. § 1. Theoretical sources of the concept of ecological safety
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  8. § 3.1. The account of requirements of maintenance of ecological safety in documents of the state strategic planning of the Russian Federation
  9. § 1. The concept of ecological safety and international law
  10. the Chapter III. The INTERNATIONAL MODE of ECOLOGICAL SAFETY
  11. the Chapter II. ECOLOGICAL SAFETY In SEPARATE BRANCHES of INTERNATIONAL LAW
  12. § 1. The crimes encroaching on is social-ecological relations on protection of an environment
  13. Chapter 3. Features of legal regulation of maintenance of ecological safety nedropolzovanija in northern territories of the Russian Federation
  14. Kuzmin Valery Nikolaevich. Legal forms of maintenance of ecological safety. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Moscow - 2001, 2001
  15. § 3 Ecological aspects in international legal certificates of the right of the international safety
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  17. HARES Michael Ivanovich. ECOLOGICAL SAFETY of MODERN Russia (OBSHCHEPRAVOVOJ the ANALYSIS). The DISSERTATION on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Nizhni Novgorod - 2006, 2006
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