3.13. The weight loss mechanism at formation mi ι√∣) o ∕ιι a ιι o ιι rofi. і I surfaces
3.13.1. Agency initial on process of change of weight
Similar researches allow to instal to a time history of a thickness of a put layer, a true thickness of a covering and a size of a detail in the end of operation.
It gives the chance to gain at designing of processes pinpoint accuracy of details with a covering.As sull growth occurs at the expense of the metal that leads to change of a size of a detail, is of interest to define a weight loss of aluminium in the course of drawing ViHMOP. Schematically growth of sull is presented on fig. 3.45.
Fig. 3.45. The schematical image of growth vibrating himiko-mechanical oksidnogo coverings
Researches of roughness ViHMP on the basis of molybdenum disulphide were made as on the roughness indicator - the surface waviness recorder of model 201 of factory "Pass" on ГОСТ2789-59, and on electronic scanning zondovom a microscope; the surface aspect was studied on metallographical microscope MIM-8M. Experiments were spent on special samples from otozhzhennoj and chilled steel 45.
Weight it is exemplary 200 Machining it was made in the environment of the steel quenched spheres 0 2 - 8 mm and disulphide of molybdenum of brand МВЧ-1. Machining regimes: an amplitude of oscillation And = 2,5 mm; an oscilation frequency f = 33 Hz; duration of machining of 60 minutes roughness Indications were made on samples before machining. Covering МоБ2 left from samples careful washing in kerosene not to change the surface gained in the course of machining under a covering.
From profilogramm (fig. 3.46) it is visible, that as a result of machining of samples from a steel 45 in the environment of steel spheres with a powder of disulphide of molybdenum there is a martempering of a roughness with 7 to 8 class-rooms for chilled steel and with 7 to 9 class-rooms for the normalised steel, apexes of ledges have the big radiuses of a rounding.
Work Name | Sample | Operator | Mitutoyo |
Measuring Tool | SurfTest | Comment | Ver2.00 |
Standard | ISO 1997 | N | 5 |
Profile | R | Cut-Off | 0.8mm |
As | 2.5μm | Filter | GAUSS |
Ra | 1.024 μm | Rmr (c) 2 | 1.475 % |
Rq | 1.245 μm | Rdc | 0.945 μm |
Rz | 5.604 μm | Rt | 6.652 μm |
Rp | 3.148 μm | Rz1max | 6.105 μm |
Rv | 2.456 μm | Rk | 2.867 μm |
Rsk | 0.546 | Rpk | 1.625 μm |
Rk μ | 2.760 | Rvk | 0.720 μm |
Rc | 3.875 μm | Mr1 | 17.713 % |
RSm | 132.0 μm | Mr2 | 93.575 % |
RDq | 0.177 | A1 | 14.39 |
Rmr | 0.088 % | A2 | 2.31 |
Rmr (c) 1 | 0.675 % |
Copyright (C) 2013 Mitutoyo Corporation
a)
Work Name | Sample | Operator | Miitutoyo |
Measuring Tool | SurfTest | Comment | Ver2.00 |
Standard | BO 1997 | N | 5 |
Profile | R | Cut-Off | 0.8mm |
As | 2.5μm | Filter | GAUSS |
Ra | 0.414 μm | Rmr (c) 2 | 0.450 % |
Rq | 0.531 μm | Rdc | 0.355 μm |
Rz | 2.849 μm | Rt | 4.619 μm |
Rp | 1.326 μm | Rz1max | 3.835 μm |
Rv | 1.524 μm | Rk | 1.246 μm |
Rsk | -0.062 | Rpk | 0.596 μm |
Rk μ | 4.117 | Rvk | 0.732 μm |
Rc | 1.736 μm | Mr1 | 12.625 % |
RSm | 157.2 μm | Mr2 | 90.525 % |
RDq | 0.090 | A1 | ' 3.76 |
Rmr | 0.088 % | A2 | ,3.47 |
Rmr (c) 1 | 0.225 % |
Evaluation Profile
Work Name | Sample | Operator | Mitutoyo |
Measuring Tool | SurfTTst | Comment | Ver2.00 |
Standard | ISO 1997: | і N | F | 5 |
Profile | R і | I Cut-Off | 0.8mm | |
λs | 2.5μm | Filter | GAUSS |
Fig.
3.46. profilogrammy and a numerical value of a surface of a steel 45: and - initial;- After covering removal; in - with covering МоБ2
Record profilogramm the surfaces covered with disulphide of molybdenum, shows, that the greasing layer has the same roughness, as the initial surface, but is not present acute peak. Ledges have more roundish form and the big platforms of contact.
Operational properties of a surface depend not only on altitude of microroughnesses, they are connected with the actual square of contact of interfaced surfaces - a bearing area.
On fig. 3.47 curves of bearing areas initial () and processed () the samples counted under formulas are shown
141
The bearing area of processed samples increases, as in the course of machining there is an increase in radius of a rounding of apexes of ledges.
Fig. 3.47. Curves of a bearing area of samples. A steel 45: otozhzhennaja; the quenched. A surface: 1 - initial; 2 - after machining
Being based on results of the spent researches, it is possible to draw a leading-out that the increase in a roughness of a surface at one-two class-room as a result of a straining of combs of microroughnesses under the influence of blows of spheres, increase in radius of a rounding of apexes of ledges, growth of a bearing area of pairs the friction covered with disulphide of molybdenum is attained, on 25 30 %).
The square of actual contact of surfaces consists of assemblage of discrete small platforms in diameter from 3 to 50 microns, had on various altitudes. Between tangenting platforms there are the microcavities filled with air, a grit, chemically active
Solutions. In tangenting zones, depending on mechanical properties, will occur smjatie microroughnesses or their heading in a surface of softer body. The square of actual contact increases at loading increase, decrease of a roughness of a surface and growth of radius of a rounding of apexes of its roughnesses. This square diminishes with increase in elastic characteristics, a yield stress of a material and altitudes of roughnesses of surfaces.
Profound researches of a surface at microlevel were spent on scanning zondovom microscope Nanoeducator (NT-MDT). Necessity of these researches is caused by absence of data about the processes occurring on micro-and nanourovne at covering formation. Change of a surface contour of a covering in the course of machining and its geometry will show possibility of a heading of corpuscles of disulphide of molybdenum and its dimensions of a quantity. The understanding of these processes has huge applied value as many industrial factories use the greasings put manually by a brush or with use of paint sprayers. Also calls interest possibility of drawing of disulphide of molybdenum on oksidnye the coverings generated on the titan, aluminium both its alloys and other metals. Research spent on samples 10x10 mm. Thus, the permissible limit on sizes of samples was attained. For better scanning the surface of initial samples was polished. Thereof there was a possibility to track the changes occurring to a surface of a covering, on nanourovne. Research of a surface of a covering shows, that theoretical and practical leading-outs on formation tverdosmazochnogo coverings prove to be true and on nanourovne. It is necessary to note, that BD-visualisation of an initial surface of a steel 45 has more flat a profile, than samples with a covering. The surface of the initial sample without a covering has the maximum magnitude of peaks Rpmax from 0,75 to 0,95 microns (fig. 3.48).
Fig. 3.48. 3 D-visualisation of an initial surface (a platform 9x9 a micron)
For definition of the specified values of a profile of the initial sample it has been made profilogramma a surface section on the gated out line (fig. 3.49). It has shown, that, as well as on the image 3D, the rounded off termination, however their length on the gated out section have peaks has made from Rp from 450 to 855 nanometers, with average step S 11 microns.
144
Fig. 3.49. A microprofile of an initial surface of a steel 45: and - a profile of the diagonal section of a surface of covering Rp from 600 to 850 nanometers; - a profile of a vertical section of a surface of covering Rp 0,75 to 1,0 microns
Drawing ViHMTP on a surface of the initial sample was made by a technique stated above, in equal periods. The face-to-face image, BD-visualisation of a surface contour of a covering has been gained. At the first stage a covering put within 30 minutes. For this period the covering was formed, has changed a profile of an initial surface, light contrast sections, visible on fig. 3.50 were formed. The section of the square of a covering 9х9 a micron represents a surface with formed kristallitami molybdenum disulphide where microcrystalline forms of a surface course remain. Light sections of a surface of a covering show distribution kristallitov molybdenum disulphide. One of them have the roundish form a size from 1 to 4,5 microns, others flat in the length from 1 to 4 microns, thickness 0,3 microns.
Fig. 3.50. The image of surface ViHMTP (a platform 9х9 a micron, a time of a conversion coating of 30 mines)
On fig. 3.51 3O-visualisation vibrating himikoyomehanicheskogo tverdosmazochnogo the coverings, giving the chance to size up altitude and distribution kristallitov molybdenum disulphide on a surface of the sample is presented. The image analysis shows, that at the first stage of formation of a covering kristallity molybdenum disulphide are oriented on a twirl plane, acute peaks and body-section fragments of disulphide the molybdenouses shown by an arrow also are visible.
Fig. 3.51. 3-3-visualisation of surface ViHMP (a platform 9х9 a micron)
Profile of the gated out section has shown more exact parametres of a surface vibrating himikomehanicheskogo tverdosmazochnogo coverings: the maximum length kristallita makes from 6 microns, altitude Rmax of 390 nanometers (fig.
3.52).
Fig. 3.52. Microprofile ViHMTP of disulphide of molybdenum on a surface of a steel 45.
Time of a conversion coating of 30 mines
Profile of the gated out section has given the chance to specify data about character of sizes of a landform of a surface of a covering. The maximum altitude of peak has made 250 nanometers, a thickness 0,2 microns. At increase in a time of a conversion coating to 60 mines the surface contour has changed. It is visible, as the covering surface has changed, horizontal lines, sizes kristallita have disappeared have increased to 9 microns, the maximum altitude - to 1,4 microns (fig. 3.53).
Fig. 3.53. The image of surface ViHMTP. A platform 10х10 a micron; a drawing time
Coverings of 60 mines
On the BD-image (fig. 3.54) are visible the changes which have occurred as a result of affecting of actuating medium, on a covering surface were formed 8 peaks, the flat horizontally had fragments of disulphide of molybdenum have disappeared. Acute peaks have got the roundish form, the size has increased to 1,4 microns.
Fig. 3.54. 3 D-visualisation of surface ViHMTP. Площадка10х10 a micron.; a time
Conversion coatings of 60 mines
The surface contour (3.55) the gated out section has shown fig., that the maximum altitude of peak has made Яр=600 nanometer, S = 5 microns, the form roundish.
Fig. 3.55. Microprofile ViHMTP of disulphide of molybdenum on a surface of a steel 45.
Time of a conversion coating of 60 mines
Researches of a microsurface contour himiko-mechanical tverdosmazochnogo have shown coverings, what occurring changes over the range sizes 10? 10 microns match to the model of formation ViHMTP offered in chapter 2. Considering sizes of actuating medium and corpuscles of a powder of disulphide of the molybdenum, participating in process of formation of a surface of a covering, it is quite natural. However practically there are data about formation of a profile of a covering over the range no sizes 200? 200 nanometers. It is thus installed, that a heading in a surface nanoporoshkov allows to increase antifrictional properties of coverings by 10-20 %. In this connection researches nanoprofilja covering surfaces as in the course of its formation there is a crushing of a powder of disulphide of molybdenum as a result of actuating medium affecting are actual. It is possible to assume, that the part of the comminuted powder gets to pores and cracks of a surface of metal, thereby changing a submicrorelief. Submicrorelief researches (nanoprofilja) vibrating himikomehanicheskogo tverdosmazochnogo by means of a scanning tunnel microscope spent coverings on the same samples, as for microprofile definition (fig. 3.56).
Fig. 3.56. The face-to-face image (); Ze-visualisation (); nanoprofil
The initial
Metal surfaces () (a steel 45, a platform - 200x200 nanometer)
Fig. 3.57. Nanoprofil samples with tverdosmazochnym a covering: the Platform 200x200 nanometer; a conversion coating time: and-30; b-60 minutes
On fig. 3.57 3O-visualisation, a surface contour of the steel sample with vibrating himiko-mechanical tverdosmazochnym a covering are presented.
At comparison of Zo-visualisation and a profile of an initial surface without a covering and after ViHMTP it is visible, that after 30 mines of machining (fig. 3.57,) on a surface are formed kristallity coverings which are clearly visible on 3D - visualisation in the form of one acute peak a size of 4,65 nanometers which have been rounded off from 2 to 4 nanometer in length to 40 nanometers. The further conversion coating has essentially changed a submicrorelief and its surfaces (fig. 3.57,), after 60 mines of machining were generated larger structures in altitude Яр=14,7 nanometer, length L to 200 nanometers. Thus it is visible, that the covering density has changed, on a surface of the sample regular repetitive structures were generated.
On the basis of the gained results of morphology of surface ViHMTP of disulphide of molybdenum and a profile it is possible to draw a leading-out that activation of a surface of parent metal for the account vibrovolnovogo affectings occurs not only on makro - but also on nanourovne to what the changes which have occurred to a surface testify. Hence, kristallity molybdenum disulphide have such size that are capable to fill mikro/nanoprofil metal surfaces. Proceeding, from this it is possible to draw a leading-out, that the composition of a put covering includes corpuscles with sizes less than 100 nanometers.
Leading-outs under chapter 3
1. It is developed generalised kriterialnaja model combined himikoyomehanicheskoj the machining, generated on the basis of power balance of affectings of uniform process that has allowed to gate out typical installations of researches, to create the control mechanism process.
2. Ordering of aspects of himiko-mechanical coverings where in a basis mechanisms of their formation are assumed that has allowed to classify coverings taking into account their technological and operational possibilities is executed.
3. Formation mechanisms vysokoresursnyh coverings on which baseline the methodology of designing of processes has been developed for modern products of created technics are observed.
4. For the first time the mechanism of a weight loss of a material under the influence of a mechanical component of process is in details opened at actuating medium impulse excitations, agency of an initial roughness and technological parametres that has given the chance to specify calculations of technological regimes is shown and to raise accuracy of details after drawing of the combined coverings.
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