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1.4 Analysis of foreign experience of formation of the mixed portfolios of a bank of commerce


For the centuries-old history banks of commerce of foreign countries save up huge experience of service both corporate clients, and private persons. Banks offer the population the wide list of the services including various kinds of accounts, consumer and a farm-mortgage lending, services in plastic cards, mobile banking and services through the Internet, consultations on various money matters.
The market of retail banking services is characterised by a saturation and a keen competition. The majority of the population is already captured by banking services. On the average in Europe counting on soul of the population it is necessary more than 100 bank accounts. Despite a dominating role of banking establishments in population service, all becomes a competition from not bank financial institutions more intensively. Intrusion of large not financial corporations into a banking became one of displays of sharp competitive struggle in the market of banking services for the population. Such firms as IBM, GE, Ford Motors and others have gone on a way of creation own or purchases of already operating specialised financial institutions. In this direction the American companies more and more become more active. Are in the lead avtomobilestroitelnye the companies - Volkswagen and Toyota. In motor show Volkswagen it is possible, along with car, to receive a credit on mortgage, and it will manage more cheaply, than similar service in usual bank. Release of bank cards and credits for purchase of cars exist already for a long time, but now there it is possible to open the cheque account or the deposit. The financial division of other automobile company - Toyota Financial Services also plans to offer consumers the big set of services, including money market accounts. At General Motors and BMW already there are banks in the USA. Large trading networks also have the financial divisions rendering banking services (for example, trading network Nordstrom since 2001 offers cheque accounts and other products).
The traditional types of service, offered private persons, account management of clients and reception of contributions are. Now banks offer private persons various kinds of contributions. Banks of the Great Britain up to 70th years opened to individual clients only three kinds of accounts: flowing, depositary and savings. Now, competing to other financial intermediaries, banks give much wider choice of accounts. Book accounts are more attractive from - for possibilities of removal of money resources under the check and on certain conditions of reception overdrafta. Such accounts are intended for the clients having the income from which daily expenses should be financed. Last years banks have made these accounts more attractive, giving additional possibilities, such as casting interest on the daily rest under the account, cards of banking services (for cashing in cash dispenses). Some banks give book accounts with possibility automatic overdrafta. Thus at overdrafte, not exceeding a limit, interest are not collected, and in case of excess of the certain sum percent and commission fee are raised on more concessionary terms, than from clients who borrow without use similar счета63.
Savings contributions are intended for a liquid investment of small savings. Such contributions make sure the savings-bank book. Means from the account can be withdrawn as in the full sum, and partially. In some countries on them dividend credits are established.
In the Great Britain in 1991 the government had been established special system for encouragement of savings contributions. TESSA are free from the taxes, special saving accounts. Each person is authorised to have only one account TESSA, therefore clients should be registered. The maximum sum which can be invested for the 5-year-old period, makes 9000 pounds. If the enclosed sums are not discounted during all 5-year-old term the surtax is not raised. But, if before the termination of this term percent are removed, tax payments are subtracted from them, and any withdrawal of a principal sum leads to loss of all beznalogovoj privileges.
Banks of France practise such kinds of savings contributions, as credit-saving account and plans. Savings plans are dogovory, concluded between private persons and banks (or other savings establishments). On them dividend credits which are cancelled if treaty provisions are not carried out (for example, at preschedule deposit-taking) are provided. The person who has signed the savings plan, undertakes to store during certain time the savings on the bank account. At term approach, the client can remove all sum together with percent. Thus it acquires the right to reception in bank of a purpose loan for acquisition of habitation or enterprise creation.
In the USA savings contributions are the most traditional form of short-term and intermediate term accumulation, but last years popularity of these accounts decreases. In the early fifties on these accounts 30-40 % of all contributions of Americans in banks in the beginning 90 their share reached only 10-15%64 accumulated. The offer of new kinds of accounts and development of consumer crediting became Principal causes of outflow of contributions. In foreign countries wide development has received consumer crediting. Granting practises the countries of continental Europe banks to the credit population on individual kontokorrentnym to accounts. In the Anglo-Saxon countries the credit given to private persons in shape overdrafta under their personal book accounts is more strongly developed. After the Second World War in the Great Britain, Germany, Canada, the USA, France and other countries the renewed bank credit given to physical persons in shape overdrafta, the hypothecary housing credit has extended. Banks of France and Germany have started to give loans under savings on housing construction at a financial backing of the governments. Credits under card accounts, credits for acquisition of goods of long using, the service loans which are given out to private persons on fee, connected with treatment, the rest organisation, formation reception later began to develop. Now buyer's credits make 53 % from gross national product, on the average across the EU countries, 28 % in Poland, 74 % in the USA.
In the eighties relative density of the loans which have been given out on purchase of the goods and services, in assets of banks of commerce made in the Great Britain of 23 %, Canada-27 %, the USA-25 of %. In 90 th years the share of credit transactions in assets of banks (including credits to the population) was reduced at the expense of growth of consulting services and zabalansovyh operations. Corporations aspired to serve the majority of banks and got rid of private clients. But in the beginning of the XXI-st century banks sped up again work with private persons.
Historically in the different countries there was a various practice of the organisation of a buyer's credit. We will consider its features on an example of the several economically developed countries. In English bank practice there are personal book accounts with a various mode overdrafta. For some types of book accounts it is provided automatic overdraft in certain limits and at the established interest rate. By some kinds overdrafta percent are not raised by banks (for example, for students).
The British banks open to private persons of the account of the family budget. These accounts are intended for realisation of regular payments, for example, for household services. In bank practice budget accounts often name personal loan accounts. Personal loans with the fixed monthly payments are given by banks of the Great Britain to private persons on definite purposes, for example, acquisition of goods of long using, house reconstruction etc. As credit maintenance the life assurance policy serves, as a rule. Loans are given for the term up to 5 years. The credit is repaid by the monthly fixed payments which include a principal sum of a debt and a part of percent.
In Germany small credits concern personal loans without instructions of the purposes of use. On terms it sredne - and shortterm credits. The credit is repaid by equal payments which include a part of the basic debt and interests on credit. The bank raises also the commission for credit registration. Dresdner bank offers the clients credits from 1500 Euros for the term from 6 till 72 months. For drawing upon a credit it is necessary to present data on solvency, the certificate
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Persons or the tourist passport. Volumes of crediting of the population in France increase from year to year. Within 15 years (till 2002) volume
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Buyer's credits increased on the average on 7,1 % a year. Forms of buyer's credits and loans are various, but have a number of general characteristics: their sum should not exceed 21,5 thousand euro; they should be given for the term of not less than three months; banks, credit establishments and large trading networks can give them only. The main forms of credits are personal loans, the purpose loans, renewed (revolving) credits, credits by cards. Usually Frenchmen prefer to receive the personal credits which sum in 2002 has increased by 5,1 %, having reached almost 50 billion euro, and their share in a total sum of buyer's credits has made 46%69. Personal loans are given to the persons receiving incomes or having considerable savings. Having received the personal credit, the borrower can spend it at own discretion.
The purpose loan (le credit affecte) unlike personal is given on definite purposes: leisure payment (rest, travel), on purchase of the new car etc. the Purpose and drawdown conditions accurately make a reservation in the contract and if the contract is not observed the credit is cancelled. Recently the share of banks in granting of purpose loans decreases, all of them are more often given by motor shows and travel companies.
In the USA to personal loans carry individual loans without security. Banks america give such loans only to the persons having the certain revenue. The typical size of the poor credits which are given out by banks of the USA, does not exceed 2500 dollars, and a due date — till two years.
Wide development was got abroad by loans for education payment. Such loans are given to parents of children, pupils at schools, colleges and universities, and to students. As a rule, it is long-term loans. The cancelling a credit deadline can make 30 years. Borrowers — parents can raise finances under the loan for a long time - till 10 years - for payment of consecutive training of children at school, college, university. The maximum size is not established. The amount of credit is defined by bank individually in coordination with the client in the contract. For the students studying certain disciplines, for example, medicine, banks can establish side benefits.
There are special credit programs for students of business schools. Bank ABN AMRO gives to students French business - of school INSEAD credits for a period of 6 years under the rate approximately 10 % - LIBOR plus of 3 %. The Cancelling a credit begins in half a year after diploma reception. The most known program operating in the USA, is CitiAssist, carried out schools together with Citibank. Credits stand out for the sum covering cost of training and residing and stand out for 13 15 years. Reception and repayment conditions differ in different educational institutions.
After the Second World War in the USA, Canada, the Western Europe, Japan were extended housing loans. Credits for financing of housing construction or house acquisition do not join statistics of the developed countries in a category consumer and are allocated in separate group of credits - mortgage loans. Now in Europe more
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50 % of habitation are got on credit. In practice of foreign banks term of the housing credit fluctuates from seven to twenty, sometimes thirty years. As a rule, floating or reconsidered interest rates are applied. In many countries the state establishes certain privileges for borrowers, proceeding from a social status. In the Western Europe more than 50 % of credits on mortgage are given by full service banks. In the various western countries there are national features of allotting credit.
English banks have started to give actively to private persons of the loan for acquisition of apartment houses in the early eighties and now compete to building associations in sphere of hypothecary housing crediting. Hypothecary housing loans stand out to physical persons under mortgages on houses which grant to banks the right to dispose of this real estate. The maximum loan value can reach 95 % from cost of habitation and is limited to the revenue of the borrower. Mortgages are given by banks for long terms - till 25 years or till the moment of an exit of the borrower on pension (looking what term will come earlier).
In Germany the most known model of contract savings realised through building-savings bank, which operates are one of the basic institutes of investment of housing sphere in the country. Building of everyone of three of four units of habitation is financed with
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System participation strojsberezheny. The Farm-mortgage lending quickly develops and in France. In 2000-2002 the share of the loans received by the population on habitation acquisition for term over 20 years in total amount of the loans given on fixed percent, has increased with 6 to 26 %. Housing crediting is considered by banks as one of the most reliable ways not only attraction, but also deduction of clients. It conducts to a competition aggravation between banks which offer more and more crediting concessionary terms. Credits on mortgage are given, as a rule, for 20 years under the fixed and variable interest rates. The size of the fixed rates fluctuates from 4,5 to 5 %. These rates can differ depending on the size of an initial contribution. At bank Credit lyonnais the interest rate on a credit on mortgage for the term of 20 years at payment of 20 % of cost of habitation makes 4,8 %, and in the absence of an initial contribution — 5 %. The same rule operates and at administration of loans under variable rates, but interest rates annually or are quarterly reconsidered taking into account change of the base interest rate, in which quality more often rate Eribor acts.
The increasing development is received by the credits given on credit cards. In the USA to 90 % of all sum of consumer loans
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It is given within the limits of the credit on bank credit cards. As a rule, each bank offers several kinds of credit cards with a various spectrum of services, and the payment for using cards essentially differs.
Last decades more and more a wide circulation such form of bank service as receives Internet banking. Generally Internet banking is a rendering of banking services through the Internet. Such definition means, that the main criterion of, whether is the banking service Internet banking, is use of reports and standards of the Internet for interaction of a bank of commerce with the clients.
At first sight, the concept Internet banking associates with the following technology of management of the account: the client of a bank of commerce by means of an Internet browser comes on a web-site of the bank, enters a name and the password (for autentifitsirovannogo access to the account and establishments of safe connection with a server) then before it opens web - page with the list of the accounts opened to it and accessible bank transactions over them. In the USA the first Internet bank was Security First Network Bank, begun the operations on October, 18th, 1995. For first one and a half years
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Existence in bank it has been opened more than 10 thousand accounts. In Europe the first virtual bank became Advance Bank — affiliated bank of the Dresden bank group.
By data statisticans, by present time not less than 60 % of the European banks render Internet banking services, and for the Scandinavian countries this indicator makes 90 %, and for the USA fluctuates from 75 to 85 %. The share of the clientele using Internet banking, in the USA makes 15

20 %. On types of accessible operations bank and client interaction can be broken into two levels conditionally: information and tranzaktsionnyj (or settlement).
The first level of operations concern: viewing of history of operations with the account (i.e. actually account statement reception for the demanded period); viewing of current values of the rests under accounts; viewing of the help information on the exchange rates, operating tariffs of bank, etc.
Tranzaktsionnyj level is directly connected with carrying out of calculations, i.e. realisation of payments from the account, and consists in creation and sending by the bank customer of financial documents of payment. Here it is possible to allocate become already classical set of bank settlement services: realisation of payment operations in roubles (for legal bodies it means input and sending in bank of money orders and requirements, for physical persons - orders on payment of various services, for example, municipal, telephone, etc.); remittance from one own account on another (for example, from the book account on special card); other operations connected with official registration of papers under clearing settlements (for example, conversion currency transactions, payments in foreign currency).
In view of distinction of character of the information transferred on a network different levels of interaction show also different requirements to safety of data transferred on a network: for viewing and reception of extracts about a condition of the account there is enough establishment of standard safe connection between a browser of the client and a bank web-server. If to speak about tranzaktsionnom level before processing financial documents of payment of the client the bank should be assured, that the information has arrived from the client and has not been deformed in a transmission time of data.
If to speak about the Internet as about Wednesday of granting of banking services with which help the bank of commerce can organise interaction with the client the following set of models which as a whole reflect evolution of systems of Internet banking is looked through:
Interaction by means of e-mail. Theoretically the Internet - it is possible to consider as banking an exchange of messages and files of a free format between bank and its client with e-mail use though it and does not keep within a stereotype represented at a word "Internet banking". This variant can be used for dispatches of the general help information to bank customers. For dispatch of individual extracts under accounts and furthermore receptions from clients of documents of payment, this way is of little use as demands performance of a considerable quantity of routine operations by employees of bank at the lowest degree of safety of data transmission. However some systems of remote bank service support automatic regular dispatch of extracts, rates, etc. to clients on e-mail or to a fax.
Use of "classical" programs "Client-bank" for formation of files of a special format and their transfer through the Internet (under report TSRLR). Today the majority of the Russian banks uses the classical systems "Clients-banks" constructed on information technology «thick client» where as the transport environment the network the Internet is used.
Interaction through a bank web-site — a way of management obvious and natural to constant Internet users the account. The Internet banking system is under construction on the information technology of the thin client meaning, that the necessary information and the program on its processing are located on a bank server, and users of this program get through various communication networks access to these data and means of their processing. «The thin client» in this case means concept, that at the user of system the minimum software on volume (called by the program-terminal) is established. In a case the Internet - of banking the program-terminal role carries out a usual Internet browser.
Interaction through a web-server of the intermediary (a settlement portal on which tens banks offer the clients banking services), offering to banks of service of outsourcing on the Internet banking organisation. For the bank customer management of the account to similarly work with a bank web-site. Difference that the client gets access to the accounts in all banks-participants of the project «from one point» (from one web-portal). The bank in this case buys completely the ready decision "on a turn-key basis" and shifts on autsorsera cares on support of servers and maintenance of safety of transfer and a data storage. Last way of the organisation of bank service through the Internet has appeared rather recently, it is presented to Russia by the settlement module of portal Factura.ru (www.factura.ru) and a subsystem of Internet banking of system of Slow motion. Initially portal Factura.ru has been created in June 2000г. As system e-commerce class В2В on which suppliers and consumers from various branches can "meet and conclude the bargain of snabzhenchesko-marketing character. Of services of this system the registered organisations can take advantage only. Later the portal has been added by the settlement module on which banks and the various organisations having the accounts in these banks are registered. By the end of March 2003г. Of services of this portal has taken advantage more than 90 banks from various regions of Russia. If settlement service of system Factura.ru is focused on granting of banking services to the organisations (legal bodies) the Slow motion system offers banks service on service mainly physical persons. As a whole for today it is possible to allocate following
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A source: MELNIKOVA Olga Vladimirovna. INCREASE of EFFICIENCY of FORMATION of the MIXED GROCERY PORTFOLIOS of the BANK OF COMMERCE. Dissertatsijana competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Econ.Sci. Moscow -. 2008

More on topic 1.4 Analysis of foreign experience of formation of the mixed portfolios of a bank of commerce:

  1. 3.1 Working out of a tariff policy for the mixed portfolios of services of a bank of commerce
  2. MELNIKOVA Olga Vladimirovna. INCREASE of EFFICIENCY of FORMATION of the MIXED GROCERY PORTFOLIOS of the BANK OF COMMERCE. Dissertatsijana competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Econ.Sci. Moscow -, 2008 2008
  3. 2.3 Working out of algorithm of formation of the mixed portfolio of services of a bank of commerce
  4. 2.2 Classification of services of a bank of commerce for formation of portfolios
  5. CHAPTER 2 WORKING out of STRATEGY of FORMATION of PORTFOLIOS of SERVICES of the BANK OF COMMERCE
  6. CHAPTER 3 REALIZATION of STRATEGY of FORMATION of PORTFOLIOS of SERVICES of the BANK OF COMMERCE
  7. formations of the mixed portfolio of services of a bank of commerce:
  8. 1.3 Role and a place of portfolios of banking services in activity of a modern bank of commerce
  9. 1.2 Revealing of base tendencies of development of the market of banking services on the basis of the analysis of foreign experience of development of bank sector of economy
  10. the Analysis of foreign experience of formation of strategic alliances and its applicability in the Russian conditions
  11. § 1.1. The mixed system of private law in Scotland: features of formation and development in comparison to other mixed systems
  12. 1.2. The analysis of foreign experience on regulation of activity of banks on a securities market
  13. the analysis of foreign experience on regulation of activity of banks on a securities market
  14. the Fourth paragraph is devoted the analysis of foreign experience in the organisation of law-enforcement service.
  15. the Comparative analysis of the Russian and foreign experience of creation and development of industrial parks
  16. 1.3. Effective management methods expenditures: the analysis of foreign and domestic experience.
  17. 1.3. The ANALYSIS of DOMESTIC And FOREIGN EXPERIENCE of USE of LEASING TECHNOLOGIES AT UPDATING of the FIXED CAPITAL of the ENTERPRISES
  18. 2,1 portfelnyj the approach as a way of improvement of quality of services of a bank of commerce
  19. 1.3. The analysis and an estimation of experience of formation of free economic zones