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2.1. A technique of definition of requirements of bank in re-structuring

One of the important problems, in our opinion, is delimitation of application of re-structuring, and also criteria of definition of requirement of bank in re-structuring.

Now there is a set of techniques of the financial analysis in banks, however, their basic lack — absence of the complex approach to an estimation of financial circumstances of bank.

We had been studied the following: Bank of Russia, Sheremeta/ShCherbakovoj, Kromonova, Peshchansky, Tjutjuny and ka, «Коммерсантъ-daily», under the published reporting, the express analysis.

Having studied a technique developed by Bank of Russia, we have found out, that 33 % of research of financial circumstances of bank are based on the vertical and horizontal analysis of the basic forms of its reporting, 50 % are devoted studying of problems of some kinds of bank risks, and at last, the remained 17 % have the purpose weighing of assets on risk levels and definition of surplus (lack) of the capital.

Thus, the basic attention recommends to give Bank of Russia to assets, in particular, to definition of probability of return before committed facilities. Sheremeta A.D., ShCherbakovoj G. N's technique though includes more than 60 finance indexations, inherently, is enough disputable, from the point of view of application by its banks. Unlike a technique of Bank of Russia, in the specified technique there is no procedure of payments bolshej parts of the initial

Indicators that complicates calculation of productive indicators. Besides the given technique is enough labour-consuming and provides calculation of duplicating factors.

Technique Kromonova does not possess the complex approach, she allows to estimate reliability of bank and does not consider others not less the prominent aspects of its financial circumstances providing this reliability in the long term.

The most interesting, in our opinion, is the technique «Kommersant - dayli» which provides the complex financial analysis of bank at calculation of a minimum of adequately picked up factors. The given technique is practical, convenient in use, but, as well as others, has the purpose no definition of requirement of bank in re-structuring.

As to recommendations of Bank of Russia about definition of requirement of bank in re-structuring their lack consists in absence of criteria of definition of a stage of problematical character. Bank of Russia together with the Government of the Russian Federation specify in the joint statement from 30.12.2001 years, that re-structuring should be carried out at the first stage of problematical character. Starting with logic of Instructions of Bank of Russia «About criteria of financial circumstances of banks» from 31.03.2000 №766-У, to the first stage of problematical character (all these stages two) it is necessary to carry the credit organisations testing serious financial obstacles, namely, not carrying out the specification of sufficiency of the capital.

But as the Russia offered by Bank and become traditional at an estimation of financial circumstances criteria, in our opinion, are not sufficient for the bank financial analysis, from the point of view of definition of requirement of bank in re-structuring, we had been developed the following system of financial ratioes (the scheme 2).

Along with legislatively established economic specifications, the factors offered by us allow to define a number

Essential criteria of financial circumstances of the credit organisation and problematical character stage on which it is.

In particular, it is effectiveness ratio of placing of borrowed funds, asset diversifications, shares of assets, income, and economic profitability.

Thus, at definition of requirement of bank in re-structuring, in our opinion, it is expedient to apply economic specifications, planned calculation which it is obligatory at drawing up business - of plans: HI, Н2, NZ, Н6, HI2, HI2.1. The specified specifications allow to estimate such aspects of financial circumstances of the credit organisation, as solvency, a financial soundness, quality of use of own sources of finance.

The scheme 2. System of financial ratioes for an estimation of requirement of bank in re-structuring

In addition to the listed specifications we recommend to count asset diversification factor, a share of productive assets in the general set of assets of bank, economic profitability and placing effectiveness ratio

Borrowed funds with a view of an estimation of efficiency of use of the involved resources, reliability and efficiency of bank business.

The asset diversification factor pays off under the formula:

Kda = 1 - shah OAO/APD,

Where:

Kda - asset diversification factor;

Open Society move - the maximum volume of profitable active operations of one kind (including intermediary) one kind, c.u.;

APD - size of assets, income, c.u.;

Move OAO/APD - a share of the maximum volume of profitable active operations of one kind in the general set of assets, income, shares.

The more low value Kda, the is more dependence of bank on a certain kind of active operations, that more low level diversifikatsii than business. And on the contrary, the above value of factor, the above level diversifikatsii.

The asset diversification analysis allows to establish the basic directions of business of a bank of commerce, and also degree of its dependence on a market condition on which it mainly works.

Quantity of profitable assets (the assets generating incomes) in relation to the general set of assets allows to estimate level of efficiency of placing of means.

Share APD = APD/AND,

Where:

Share APD - a share of assets, income, in the general set of assets of bank, shares;

And - total size of assets of bank, u.e.

Profitability of assets pays off under the formula:

Ra = P/Asr,

Where:

Ra - profitability of bank (assets);

P - net profit of the accounting period, c.u.;

Asr — mid-annual cost of productive assets (cumulative mid-annual cost of bank transactions), u.e.

For revealing of profitable and unprofitable directions it is necessary to study the internal documentation of bank in more details.

With a view of an adequate estimation of stability of a bank of commerce research of its resource base in comparison to directions of investment of capital will be useful. The most important indicator in this area, in our opinion, is proportionality of attraction and placing of means on due dates and placings, on level of risk/profitableness and cost of committed facilities.

Efficiency of placing of borrowed funds allows to estimate a corresponding indicator:

Ker = APD/PS,

Where:

Ker - effectiveness ratio of placing of borrowed funds;

APD - mid-annual value of assets, income, c.u.;

PS - mid-annual volume of borrowed funds, u.e.

If the given factor is equal or above 1, it testifies to effective placing of borrowed funds. If the considered factor is less 1 - it is necessary to recognise placing of borrowed funds inefficient. In the latter case at subtraction of effectiveness ratio of placing of borrowed funds from 1 and multiplication

The received size on 100 % we learn, what percent of borrowed funds has been directed to unproductive assets.

The system of factors offered by us represents interrelation of groups of the financial ratioes, subordinated to a principle of maintenance of a complex estimation of financial circumstances of bank. Financial ratioes are grouped in such a manner that allow to define financial circumstances of bank on the basis of exact characteristics of its separate aspects, such as solvency, efficiency of use of sources of finance, reliability and efficiency of bank business. With a view of maintenance of an effective utilisation of the specified system of factors with the author the technique of its application in the bank practice is offered, allowing to establish presence at analyzed bank of requirement for re-structuring.

In abbreviated form we name a technique of definition of requirements of bank in re-structuring MOPR. At the heart of the technique developed by the author use of following methods of the analysis is obligatory:

The spatial;

The horizontal.

Essence MOPR consists in tracing of three aspects of bank activity:

Performance of specifications;

The place analysis in the market;

The analysis of dynamics of development.

And it essentially distinguishes a technique offered by us from other techniques. The combination in MOPR horizontal and spatial methods of the analysis allows to estimate at technique application not only zakonoposlushnost bank, but also its competitive capacities and a life cycle stage. And on this basis to make the decision on re-structuring if the requirement for it has been defined.

Value of each factor in MOPR is estimated from the point of view of its conformity to standard requirements (if they are), a deviation from factors of banks-analogues and dynamics of development of factors. At default of standard values, a cumulative negative deviation from factors of banks-analogues and-or negative dynamics of values of factors within last three years the respective area of the analysis (their only 4 - see the scheme 2) becomes problem area. At will of bank each area of the analysis can be detailed. Thus, the system of factors offered by us, is opened.

We recommend to allocate a number of stages in working out and realisation MOPR (the scheme 3).

The scheme 3. A technique of definition of requirement of bank in re-structuring (in more details the third stage see the scheme 4)

Advantages of the technique offered by us are:

Adequate estimation of prospects of development of bank;

Revealing of problems of bank business;

Possibility of adaptation to practical work of banks under the analysis of own financial circumstances;

Possibility of a preliminary choice of prime measures on cancellation of problems of bank business or

To levelling of consequences of their occurrence.

The scheme 4. The analysis of factors within the limits of MOPR

Result of application MOPR is, first, allocation of problem areas of bank business, secondly, a formulation of the preliminary program of measures on re-structuring.

By results of application MOPR the requirement of bank for re-structuring is established and the preliminary program of measures on the re-structuring, directed on increase in a commercial value of the bank organisation is made. The decision on re-structuring carrying out, in our opinion, should be accepted on the basis of exact values of engineering.

The positive result of application MOPR is not the sufficient basis for start of a capital investment project of re-structuring.

Along with the program of measures on re-structuring, in our opinion, it is necessary to make the program of liquidation of bank (see the scheme 5). Presence of the similar program allows to establish expediency of re-structuring in comparison with liquidation.

The scheme 5. The scheme of decision-making on re-structuring (Zl - cumulative expenses for liquidation, Zr — cumulative expenses for re-structuring)

Decision-making on bank re-structuring opens a preparatory stage of re-structuring (see the scheme 6).

From the scheme 6 it is visible, that the preparatory stage of re-structuring of bank has three directions of an estimation of its potential:

Property complex;

Management efficiency;

Bank positioning.

Within the limits of studying of a property complex it is recommended to spend:

- Property inventory;

The property analysis;

Estimation of a commercial value of property.

The scheme 6. A preparatory stage of re-structuring of bank the inventory Purpose - an establishment of actual presence of material assets. The property analysis allows to define a physical and moral condition of property objects, ability to realisation, degree of utility for the organisation and on the basis of it prospects of their use. On the basis of results of the analysis we can define, it is necessary to get rid of what objects, in what relation to reconsider a direction and intensity of use with what to replace and also what to get. For the analysis of a property complex of bank the following form (table 3) can be offered.

Table 3 column 7 contain the information on a commercial value of property object that allows to make an adequate picture about cost of credit and financial business as a whole. It is necessary to notice, that the commercial value can be established for those objects of property of bank which address on a secondary market. If organisation assets do not address on a secondary market, their cost is defined by settlement way (on actual expenses). Table 3 № Inven Naime Answer - Naprav Registration Rynoch the Way Perspe Pr p/tare novanie stven - lenie stoi naja nost to ktivy it p object number? oe ispol most, r stoi realiza ispol scha the person zovanija most, R tsii zovanija I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Data on bank property

Table 3 column 8 allows to define level of liquidity of property object. If the commercial value exceeds registration, it is necessary to recognise ability of the given asset to realisation enough high, that is it can be realised with a full recoupment of the means spent for its acquisition. Lower size of a commercial value of property object in comparison with its registration cost testifies to occurrence of the losses connected not only with its realisation, but also with its maintenance.

The second block of a preparatory stage of re-structuring is presented by the management efficiency analysis. The management efficiency should be estimated from two positions:

1. The results of administrative activity expressed in finance indexations (the factors counted within the limits of MOPR) can be used;

2. The organisation of administrative activity (by means of the organizational-administrative analysis).

The organizational-administrative analysis allows to reveal directly lacks of a control system and to define directions of increase of its efficiency. The Organizational-administrative analysis is spent to two stages:

Revealing and documenting of the purposes and strategy;

*> about

The analysis of functions.

Originally the attention is necessary for accenting on the analysis of conformity of organizational structure of bank to its purposes. Results of this analysis allow to reveal ability of existing organizational structure to provide achievement of the purposes of activity of bank. The essence of the analysis consists in the description of problems which are carried out actually by an element of organizational structure of bank. If each of elements in full carries out the problems assigned to it, it means, that the bank reaches the purposes of the activity. Otherwise it is necessary or to reconsider the purposes of activity of bank, or to change organizational structure, redistributing and co-ordinating work of its separate elements or to debug work of separate links.

The analysis of functions allows to define ability of bank in whole and its separate divisions in particular to carry out tasks in view, to estimate level of an optimality of distribution of functions and validity of their fastening to corresponding links. It is necessary to notice, that at carrying out of the analysis of functions by an important point is not only an estimation of distribution of functions, but also revealing of concrete physical persons (employees of bank), responsible for performance of each function. Thus occurs some kind of inventory of functions. The analysis of functions

38 Kondratyevs V.V., Krasnov V. B. Re-structuring of management by the company. - M.:Инфра-М, 2000

Can be detailed also in the analysis of business processes (reengineering procedure).

Further results of the organizational-administrative analysis should be used at designing of a new control system by bank.

The third block of a preparatory stage of re-structuring - bank positioning - is necessary to define an actual and potential place of a bank of commerce in the market of the given services, let out bank products. For this purpose it is necessary to spend a complex of marketing researches in four basic directions:

The let out bank products, rendered services (for definition of an actual task force of consumers);

The market (for definition of a potential task force and a market niche);

Competitors (reference point definition);

Suppliers of resources (an estimation of volumes and sources of creation of resource base).

Researches are recommended to be finished the SWOT-analysis by which results we recommend to form the block of internal and external problems of bank. Similar generalisation of problems along with allocation of strong positions of bank allows to estimate its potential adequately. And further on the basis of an adequate estimation of potential of bank, and also the conditions which have developed at the moment of the analysis of an environment it is necessary to start working out of its new strategy.

After the behaviour of bank in long-term prospect will be defined, we recommend to start working out of a capital investment project of re-structuring.

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A source: Chapkina Elena Gennadevna. Features of the restructuring of Russian banks at the present stage of the reform of the banking system. Thesis for the degree of candidate of economic sciences. Moscow - 2004. 2004

More on topic 2.1. A technique of definition of requirements of bank in re-structuring:

  1. 3.1.A role of a technique of definition of requirements of bank in re-structuring in working out of the business plan of re-structuring
  2. 2.3. A technique of an estimation of efficiency of introduction of the project of re-structuring
  3. 2.2. Working out of the business plan of re-structuring of bank
  4. the Plan-schedule of measures on Bank re-structuring
  5. Table 1 Calculation of an actual commercial value of Bank before re-structuring
  6. 3) Definition of motives and re-structuring criterion functions
  7. § 1.1. Company re-structuring: definition and an estimation of its efficiency
  8. § 4. Requirements to legal certificates of Central bank of the Russian Federation
  9. § 4. Requirements to legal acts of the Central bank of the Russian Federation
  10. 2) Definition of requirements of managers in the information
  11. 2.3. Re-structuring of a banking system and creation krupnyhregionalnyh banks - as a condition of the decision of a problem of the investment by bank.