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§ 1. Ceramics

The most mass category of finds on settlements is the ceramic material. B whole it makes more than 16 thousand fragments of clay vessels. The ceramics of settlements, is presented, as a rule, by very small fragments, not always suitable for processing.

The population of the Mari Volga region in XIII-XV was centuries at a stage of development of a potter's wheel. The considerable part of vessels is only corrected on a circle that is traced basically on a mouth and a nimbus. Therefore 2 289 fragments are entered into statistical processing only. As the basic source at the ceramics characteristic collections Vazhnangersky (a little - Sundyrsky) sites of ancient settlement (1983, 1999-2005), Red Selishcha II, III (1995 1998), Juljalsky (1987, 1988, 2002), Noselsky (1958, 2004) have served selishch. Mass character of collections of these monuments allows to track traditions and laws in ceramics manufacture. Ceramic collections selishch, surveyed as a result of prospecting works: Vazhnangersky, Ca - utkinskoe, Bottom SHelabolki, Shunangersky II, Shartnejsky I and II, Ho - rural I and II etc., owing to small number of a material, do not allow to track laws or seriality in types of vessels and registration of variants of nimbuses. B communications with it at the analysis indicators from these monuments are resulted in numerical expression without calculations of percentage parities.

Research of a prevailing part of ceramics was spent within the limits of the visually-intuitive approach, such indicators as technics formovki, test structure, processing of a surface, feature of roasting, the general outlines of the form and its feature were thus considered. Thus 77 fragments of ceramics have undergone to the tehniko-technological analysis spent in ceramic laboratory of Institute of history and archeology of the Volga region k.i.n. I.N.Vasilevoj (Samara).

The test structure was defined visually on presence or absence of the visible impurity traced in the presence of them in a break of a crock and on a surface of vessels. By results of the technological analysis in modelled and circular ware the impurity of sand and peschanikovoj dresvy is defined. Sand of very large fractions (to 3 mm), that not always allows to separate it from dresvy. Data of the technological analysis testify that as an impurity to the test the organic solution was used. Considering, that traces of an organic solution are difficult for finding out visually, the given impurity is not allocated separately. The analysis of registration of ceramics, an ornament is made opisatelno, by survey.

Consideration of morphological signs, in view of a fragmentariness of a ceramic material, is made at two levels. Ha the first versions of registration of edge of a nimbus, on the second - change of the form of a vessel are considered. At the characteristic of registration of edge of a nimbus the concept "variant" is entered, in a variant versions are allocated.

B a basis of classification of ceramics at the second level proportions of the top part of the vessel, giving representation about elongation on a vertical and a horizontal are put. Considering that fact, that the majority of existing techniques of processing of ceramics are developed on materials of funeral complexes and calculated on the whole forms, workings out A.M are most comprehensible to classification of ware of settlements.

Oblomsky (Oblomsky A.M. 1985. With. 90-106). Their essence that for calculation of proportions the vessel in a place of the greatest expansion tulova shares on two parts: bottom and top. Proportions of the top part of a vessel are described by three parities: Д1:Н2, Д2:Н2; ДЗ:Н2, proportions of the bottom part: ДЗ:Н1; Д4:Н1. First three indicators reflect a parity of diameter of a mouth on a nimbus (Д1) to height of the top part (H2), a parity of diameter of a mouth in a place of the greatest narrowing (Д2) to height of the top part of a vessel (H2), a parity of diameter of the greatest expansion tulova (DZ) to height of the top part (H2). Parities of the bottom part show degree of its prolixity in a place of the greatest expansion and at a bottom concerning height of the bottom part. On each of parities formation schedules (fig. 20) have been constructed. Ha all schedules of proportions top parts groups which represent strips of the points separated from each other by intervals which always exceed distance between points in the next groups are allocated. B a course of processing of a material it is established, that indicators DZ:H1; Д4:Н1 have very small interval and do not make separate groups. Therefore at allocation of groups on parities indicators Д1:Н2, Д2:Н2 and ДЗ:Н2 were considered. B result 4 groups (fig. are allocated 20).

B a final analysis the description of proportions of pots after the spent calculations is reduced to group instructions to which the point of value of proportions on each of three schedules of proportions of the top part gets. Thus, at allocation of type of vessels were considered a combination of parities of three proportions of vessels. B communications by that proportions do not reflect vessel protapering, in type subtypes in which basis change of the top part of a vessel is necessary are allocated.

On the technician of manufacturing the ceramics of settlements is subdivided on modelled and circular.

The modelled ceramics is presented by 302 fragments of nimbuses.

Variant 1 - 75 copies (VG - 44 copies; KCC - 24 copies; JUS - 4 copies; BC - 2 copies; NSHS - Іэкз.) [3]. The edge flat, is cut off in parallel a vessel bottom (fig. 21 7). The given registration is used at a mouth of the cylindrical form. Vessels are made of clay mainly with an impurity shamota or dresvy. The given variant of registration of edge of a nimbus is noted on Vazhnanger - skom (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement where in a complex of modelled ceramics makes 27,5 %, on Juljalsky selishche - 15,3 %, on selishche Red Selishche III-24,2 %. B quality of an independent impurity to the test prevail shamot from 6,1 % to 11,5 %. From the mixed impurity prevails shamot with dresvoj making on selishche Red Selishche II 15,1 of %, on Vazhnanger - skom (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement-6,9 of %, najuljalskom selishche 11,5 %.

Variant 2 - 138 copies (VG - 69 copies; KCC - 53 copies; JUS - 9 copies, SHS - 2 copies; HIIIC - 1 copy; CC - 4; HC - 4 copies). Edge roundish, sometimes narrowed in the top part. Meets mainly at vessels with rastrubovidnoj a mouth (fig. 212, and; 33 3). Ha the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement the given variant of a nimbus makes 43,1 %, on Juljalsky selishche - 34,5 %, on Red Selishche - 53,3 %. B quality of independent impurity on settlements Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) okrugi it was used mainly shamot (from 15,4 % to 21,9 %), on Red Selishche prevails dresva and sand (11,1 and 15,1 %, accordingly). From the mixed impurity on settlements prevails shamot with dresvoj which makes from 10,0 % to 15,1 %.

Variant 3 - 43 copies (VG - 24 copies; KCC - 10 copies; JUS - 7 ekz; BC - 1 copy; SHS - 1 copy). The short nimbus delayed outside with priostrennym edge, from vessels at which the neck is absent or it is poorly expressed (fig. 213, a-v). Ha the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement this variant of a nimbus makes 15,0 %, on Juljalsky selishche - 7,8 %, on Krasnoselishchensky selishche - 10,1 %. B quality of a prevailing impurity to the test are noted dresva (Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement - 6,3 %), shamot (Juljal - skoe selishche - 7,8 %), sand (selishche Red Selishche 3,0 %).

Variant 4 - 40 copies (VG - 17 copies; JUSS - 11 copies; KCC - 12 ekz). A nimbus from rastrubovidnoj or blokovidnoj mouths with kososrezannym in an outer side edge (fig. 214, in; 32 7). The given variant of a nimbus is noted on all settlements and in a percentage parity makes from 10,6 % to 42,4 %. At vessels with such registration of edge by a prevailing impurity is on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement and Juljalsky selishche shamot with dresvoj (5,0 % and 7,8 %, accordingly), on Krasnoselishchensky selishche - shamot with sand - 4,0 %.

The variant 5 - 6 copies slightly unbent or direct nimbus from vessels with cylindrical or rastrubovidnoj a mouth, is cut off under a sharp corner from the inside. B to modelled ware it is presented only on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement where makes 3,8 % from modelled ceramics (fig. 215).

Let's pass to typology of vessels under the form and parities of proportions of the top part (level 2). B to modelled ware it is allocated two types of pots.

Tun I - 10 copies Vessels of the usechenno-conic form with the expressed coat hanger and the greatest expansion tulova in the top third of the vessel, having proportions Д1:Н2 = 3,58-4,00, Д2:Н2=3,38-3,80, ДЗ:Н2=4,08-4,45 (fig. 24; 33 3). Ha the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement it is presented by 6 vessels, on selishche Red Selishche - 4 vessels. At vessels of this type the mouth rastrubovidnoj forms, nimbus edge roundish - a variant 2 is noted. B one case on edge of a nimbus from an outer side the ornament in the form of slanting notches is noted.

Tun 2 - 14 copies Pots with smooth transition to slabovypuklymi to a coat hanger, with the greatest expansion are closer to the vessel middle having proportions: Д1:H2=2,15-2,80; Д2:Н2=2,18-2,50, ДЗ:Н2=2,90-3,29 (fig. 25; 32-7). Ha the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement 8 vessels of this type, on selishche Red Selishche - 6 vessels are noted.

For vessels of this group the mouth rastrubovidnoj forms and simple registration of a nimbus (variants 1-5) is characteristic.

The circular ceramics is presented by 1987 copies of the top parts of vessels. On registration of edge of a nimbus 17 variants (fig. 21) are allocated.

Variant 1 - 156 copies (VG - 111 copies; KCC - 38 copies; JUS-5 copy; SHS - 1 copy; GSHG - 1 copy). The edge flat, is cut off in parallel a vessel bottom (fig. 217). The given registration is used at a mouth cylindrical or rastrubovidnoj forms. This variant of a nimbus in circular ware on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement makes 11,9 %, on selishche Red Selishche

- 3,9 %, on Juljalsky selishche - 3,6 %. Prevailing impurity in this variant of a nimbus are dresva and shamot with dresvoj.

Variant 2 - 453 copies (VG - 183 copies; KCC - 210 copies; JUS - 53 copies; GSHG - 1 copy; SHS - 1 copy; BC - 3 copies; HC - 4 copies; NSHS - 2 copies). Edge roundish, sometimes narrowed in the top part (fig. 212; 32 4). Meets at vessels with rastrubovidnoj, is more rare with podtsilindricheskoj a mouth. It is the most widespread variant venichka which is noted on all settlements of an epoch of the Middle Ages. B a percentage parity in complexes of settlements makes from 19,7 to 37,9 % (fig. 22; 23). B structure of forming weight from independent impurity, are noted on Vazhnangersky (A little - Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement and Juljalsky selishche - a bowl, on Krasnoseli - shchenskom selishche - dresva. From the mixed impurity, on Vazhnangersky (Ma - lo-Sundyrskom) the site of ancient settlement absolutely prevails shamot with a bowl, on Juljalsky selishche and selishche Red Selishche - shamot with dresvoj.

Variant 3 - 39 copies (VG. - 19 copies; KCC - 12 copies; JUS - 6 ekz; BC - 1 copy, HlllC - 1 copy). The short nimbus unbent outside with priostrennym edge, from vessels at which the neck is absent or it is poorly expressed (fig. 21 3,). These vessels differ archaism, a surface, as a rule, the rough. The circular ware with such registration of a nimbus can be characterised as primitively circular, with use of a manual circle only for smoothing down of the top part. B ceramic complexes of settlements makes from 1,3 to 4,3 %. B quality of a prevailing impurity it is noted dresva (Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement and Juljalsky selishche) and sand (selishche Red Selishche).

Variant 4 - 117 copies (VG - 66 copies; KCC - 36 copies; JUS - 11 copies; NSHS

- 1 copies; BC - 1 copy; HC - 2 copies). A nimbus with kososrezannym in an outer side edge, mainly from vessels with rastrubovidnoj a mouth (fig. 214, a). B ceramic complexes of settlements makes from 4,1 % to 7,1 %. A prevailing impurity on Juljalsky selishche and Vazhnangersky (A little - Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement is the bowl, on selishche Red Selishche - dresva. From the mixed impurity on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement prevails shamot with a bowl, on Juljalsky and Krasnoselishchen - skom selishchah - shamot with dresvoj.

Variant 5 - 54 copies (VG - 12 copies; KCC - 35 copies; JUS - 7 copies). Slightly unbent or direct nimbus from vessels with cylindrical or rastrubovidnoj a mouth, is cut off under a sharp corner from the inside (fig. 215; 32 9). B complexes of settlements makes from 1,3 to 5,0 %. B quality of a prevailing impurity on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement the bowl, on Juljalsky and Krasnoselishchensky selishchah - dresva is noted; from mixed - shamot with dresvoj (on all settlements). Ha the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement shamot with a bowl and shamot with dresvoj it is noted in identical quantities.

Variant 6. - 622 copies (VG - 179 copies; KCC - 417 copies; JUS - 16 copies; SHS

- 2 copies; CC - 1 copy; NSHS - 5 copies; GSHG - 1 copy; HC - 1 copy). The nimbus unbent outside, which edge has flow from the inside. B section flow has podtreugolnuju or the oval form. B a place of an adjunction to a neck the groove is on occasion tracked. Meets at circular vessels with rastrubovidnoj or blokovidnoj a mouth (fig. 21-6, a-d\32-73, 8; 33 7-2, 4-5). The Most widespread variant of a nimbus: in a ceramic complex selishcha Red Selishche makes 48,4 %, on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement - 19,3 %, on Juljalsky selishche - 11,4 %. Prevailing impurity are: on Vazhnangersky (A little - Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement - a bowl, from mixed - shamot with dresvoj; on Juljalsky selishche - dresva and shamot with dresvoj; on selishche Red Selishche

- Sand, from mixed - shamot with dresvoj.

Variant 7 - 70 copies (VG - 55 copies; KCC - 9 copies; JUS - 3 copies; SHS - 1 copy; HlllC - 1 copy; HC - 1 copy). The edge Kososrezannyj of a nimbus having on the centre of a cut a small depression in the ground. Meets at vessels with rastrubovidnoj a mouth (fig. 217; fig. 33 6). B ceramic complexes the share of nimbuses with such registration of edge makes from 1,1 to 5,9 % (fig. 22; 23).

Prevailing impurity on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement are a bowl and shamot with a bowl, on Krasnoselishchensky selishche - dresva and sand, on Juljalsky selishche owing to small number of a collection of priorities it is not revealed.

Variant 8 - 83 copies (VG - 40 copies; KCC - 28 copies; JUS - 11 copies; HC - 1 copy; SHS - 1 copy; HTTTC - 2 copies). Horizontally cut off edge of a nimbus, on the cut centre is available the expressed depression in the ground. Quite often at depression in the ground drawing the internal edge of a nimbus is a little put forward inside, forming a ledge (fig. 2\-8; 33 7). Meets at vessels with rastrubovidnoj a mouth. B ceramic complexes the share of nimbuses with such registration of edge makes from 3, T to 7, 9 % (fig. 22; 23).

Prevailing independent impurity on Vazhnangersky (A little - Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement and Juljalsky selishche is the bowl, from mixed - a bowl with shamotom; on selishche Red Selishche - sand, hardly less, dresva, from mixed - shamot with dresvoj.

Variant 9 - T46 copy (VG - T23 copy; KCC - T8 copy; JUS - 2 copies). The nimbus edge has the expressed flow inside and a depression in the ground on external slantwise - or prjamosrezannomu to edge. B dependences on degree otognutosti a nimbus, meet at vessels with rastrubovidnoj and blokovidnoj a mouth (fig. 219). B ceramic complexes of settlements makes from 1,4 to 13,4 %. The greatest quantity of vessels with such registration of edge is noted on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement.

Absolute prevalence as impurity to the test for the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement the bowl, from mixed - a bowl with shamotom is noted; on Juljalsky selishche - the bowl and sand, on selishche Red Selishche prevails dresva, from mixed - shamot with dresvoj.

Variant 10 - 60 copies (VG - 29 copies; KCC - 28 copies; JUS - 1 ekz; SHS - 1 copy; HlllC - 1 copy). The unbent nimbus, which edge is cut off in an outer side, thus a part of clay weight is from the inside delayed upwards. There are two versions: with a depression in the ground on external edge (fig.

2110, without a depression in the ground (fig. 2110, α, β). Meets at vessels with rastrubovidnoj or blokovidnoj a mouth. The share of vessels with such registration of edge on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement makes 3, 1 %, on selishche Red Selishche - 3, 1 %, on Juljalsky selishche - 0, 7 % (it is presented by one copy). Among independent impurity on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement the bowl and sand, among mixed - shamot with a bowl prevail; on Krasnoselishchensky selishche as an impurity prevail dresva and sand.

Variant 11 - 56 copies (VG - 34 copies; KCC - 19 copies; JUS - 2 copies; GSHG - 1 copy). Slabootognutyj or a direct nimbus with roundish external edge and internal priostrennym a peak (fig. 2177). Meets at vessels with cylindrical or rastrubovidnoj a mouth. B ceramic complexes of settlements makes from 1,4 to 3,7 %.

B quality of an impurity to the test for the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement prevail sand and shamot with a bowl, on Krasnoselishchensky selishche - dresva. Ha Juljalsky selishche vessels with the given registration of a nimbus are presented in duplicate: with shamotom and shamotom with dresvoj.

Variant 12 - 25 copies (VG - 22 copies; KCC - 3 copies). The nimbus from blokovidnoj mouths which internal edge has the form utolshchennogo the platen (fig. 2172). It is noted in complexes of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement (2,4 %) and Krasnoselishchensky II selishcha (0,2 %). B quality of impurity to the test sand (Krasnoselishchensky II selishche, Vazhnan - gerskoe (Few-Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement) and sand with dresvoj (selishche Red Selishche) is fixed.

Variant 13 - 17 copies (VG - 4 copies; JUS - 8 copies; KCC 5 copies). Nimbus edge will delay in an outer side, from the inside there is a flow in such a manner that from the external and internal parties in junction C the neck formed cracks (fig. 2173). It is noted on Vazhnangersky (A little - Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement (0,4 %), Juljalsky selishche (5,7 %), on Krasnoselishchensky selishche (0,6 %).

B quality of an impurity to the test are fixed shamot with peschanikovoj dresvoj (Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement), dresva and sand (Juljalsky, Krasnoselishchensky selishcha).

Variant 14 - Ъ1 copy (VG - 16 copies; KCC - 16 copies; JUS - 1 copy; SHS - 4 copies). The direct nimbus having a thickening from an outer side, thus external edge of a nimbus of a straight line or kososrezannyj (fig. 2174). B quality of an impurity to the test sand is noted.

Variant 15 - 6 copies (VG - 4 copies; JUS - 1 copy; NSHS - 1 copy). Nimbus edge kososrezan from above and from below in such a manner that the edge (fig. 2175) was formed. It is noted in ceramic complexes Vazhnangersky (a little - Sundyrsky) sites of ancient settlement (0,4 %) and Juljalsky selishcha (0,7 %). B quality of an impurity to the test were used a bowl (Vazhnangersky (A little - Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement) and sand (Juljalsky selishche).

Variant 16 - 41 copies (VG - 25 copies; KCC - 11 copies; JUS - 4 copies, NSHS - 1 copy). The edge of a nimbus delayed in an outer side from vessels with blokovidnoj a mouth, edge kososrezan inside (fig. 2176). It is noted in complexes of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement (2,7 %), Juljalsky selishcha (2,9 %), selishcha Red Selishche (1,2 %). B quality of prevailing impurity sand (Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement, selishche Red Selishche) and dresva with a bowl (Juljalsky selishche) was used.

The variant 17 - 5 copies the Short nimbus, is unbent in an outer side, has flow inside (fig. 2177). B quality of an impurity it is noted dresva with a bowl. It is presented in a complex of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement (0,5 %).

On parities of the top part of vessels in circular ceramics 4 types are allocated.

Type I - 38 copies Vessels of the usechenno-conic form with the expressed coat hanger and the greatest expansion tulova in the top third of the vessel, having proportions ДГН2 = 3,58-4,16; Д2:Н2=3,28-3,78; ДЗ:Н2=4,00-4,45.

Vessels of this type are prevailing. On protapering of the top part pots of this type share on 2 subtypes:

Subtype 1 - 28 copies C sloping, smoothly passing in tulovo, plechikom (fig. 26; 32 7-3; 33 7, 2, 4-7). At vessels of this type the mouth rastrubovidnoj (17 copies), podtsilindricheskoj (6 copies) and blokovidnoj forms (5 copies) is noted. B registration of edge of a nimbus following variants were used: 2 (6 copies), 3 (1 copy), 4 (3 copies), 5 (1 copy), 6 (10 copies), 7 (3 copies); 8 (2 copies), 9 (2 copies).

Subtype 2 - 10 copies C high abrupt plechikom (fig. 27). A mouth rastrubovidnoj (6 copies), podtsilindricheskoj (1 copy) and blokovidnoj (3 copies) forms. B registration of edge of a nimbus following variants are noted: 2 (Іэкз.), 4 (1 copy), 6 (6 copies), 7 (1 copy), 9 (1 copy). At vessels of this subtype in 4 cases the ornament is revealed. Ha two vessels Vazhnangersky (a little - Sundyrsky) sites of ancient settlement the wave, and, in the second case, the slanting lattice put not on all shoulder, and a fragment (fig. 27 2) is noted chetyrehrjadnaja. Ha selishche Red Selishche vessels ornamentirovany the strips drawn on a shoulder and tulovu.

Judging by deposit presence on internal and external walls of vessels, in this type kitchen and table pots are presented.

Type II - 12 copies Gorshkovidnye vessels with the greatest expansion is closer to the vessel middle, smooth transition to slabovypuklym to a coat hanger, having proportions: Д1:Н2=2,15-2,60; Д2:Н2=1,90-2,45; ДЗ:Н2=2,70-3,20 (fig. 28; 32-4-9.). Vessels of this type are presented on 3 copies on Vazhnanger - skom (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement and Juljalsky selishche, 6 copies on selishche Red Selishche. For vessels simple registration of a nimbus (variants 1-4) and a mouth rastrubovidnoj (7 copies), podtsilindricheskoj (3 copies), blokovidnoj (2 copies) forms is characteristic.

Vessels as a whole, differ bolshej archaism. The ornament is absent.

Type III - 21 copies Vessels with expressed plechikom and the greatest expansion hardly below the top third of the vessel, having proportions

Д1:Н2=2,88-3,28; Д2:Н2=2,70-2,91; ДЗ:Н2=3,36-3,80 (fig. 20). A mouth podtsilindricheskoj (6 copies) or rastrubovidnoj (15 copies) forms. At the expense of increase in diameter tulova, at vessels of this group their impression bolshej stockiness in comparison with the first type is made.

Among vessels of this type meet primitively circular (2 copies) and circular. On protapering tulova pots share on 2 subtypes:

Subtype 1 — 7 copies C convex plechikom and sharp transition to a bottom (fig. 29).

Mouth rastrubovidnoj forms, in one case podtsilindricheskaja. At vessels of this subtype following variants of registration of edge of a nimbus are noted: 2 (1 copy), 6 (2 copies), 7 (1 copy), 9 (3 copies).

Subtype 2 — 14 copies C smooth transition to a shoulder (fig. 30).

Mouth rastrubovidnoj forms, in registration of edge of a nimbus are noted variants: 5 (1 ekz), 9 (4 copies), 6 (7 copies), 8 (2 copies).

Judging by absence of a deposit, vessels of this type were used as dining rooms, for storage of products. He it is casual in the given type vessels of mainly large sizes (Д1 24-26, height of vessels - about 30 sm) enter. The ornament is tracked in one case in a kind dvuhrjadnoj a wave and a number kaplevidnyh notches. It was put on crude clay therefore surpluses of clay are visible.

Type IV - 11 copies Vessels with the greatest expansion hardly above the top third of the vessel, having proportions ДГН2 = 4,26-5,15; Д2:Н2 = 4,00-4,59; ДЗ:Н2 = 4,60-5,59. At transition to a narrow coat hanger on occasion there is an expressed edge (fig. 31). The mouth is closer to podtsilindricheskoj, in three cases the neck is inclined inside. Nimbus registration variously: a variant 2 (2 copies), a variant 6 (2 copies), a variant 8 (3 copies), a variant 13 (2 copies), a variant 4 (1 copy). Vessels of this type of mainly grey colour, a thickness of a crock of 4-5 mm. The ornament is absent.

Proceeding from typology, it is obvious, that on settlements there is a ceramics with various potter's traditions. Correlation of all characteristics has allowed to allocate some groups of ceramics.

The modelled ware which in ceramic complexes of settlements makes from 10,28 % to 14,71 % is most archaic. K to a regret, it in bolshej degrees fragmentirovana.

The general for all settlements in modelled ceramics is the steady and mass tradition of use shamota, dresvy, bowls as a part of forming weights as is independent, and in combinations (the Appendix. Table 1-3). Vessels with an impurity shamota make from 14,1 % (selishche Red Selishche) to 61,7 % (Juljalsky selishche); dresvy from 3,8 % (Juljalsky selishche) to 13,8 % (the Vazhnangersky site of ancient settlement); bowls from 3,8 % (Juljalsky selishche) to 6,1 % (Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement); on Nosel - skom selishche the share of vessels with a bowl impurity makes 46,1 % [4]. From the mixed impurity in modelled ware are noted shamot with dresvoj from 19,3 % to 36,4 %, shamot with sand 8,1 - 16,2 %, shamot with a bowl 6,8 - 11,4 % (the Appendix. Table 1-3). Ha selishche Red Selishche and Vazhnangersky (A little - Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement as a part of forming weights sand (the Appendix is fixed. Table 1-3).

The surface of modelled vessels differs bugristostju because used as impurity dresva, shamot, sand have average (fractions of 1-1,9 mm) and large (fractions of 2-2,9 mm and more) the size.

Ha the basis of visual survey and taking into account data of the technological analysis, to which 13 fragments with Vazhnangersky have undergone (a little - Sundyrsky) sites of ancient settlement, it is possible to say that vessels are made spiral nalepom, apparently, by means of short plaits. Designing was spent to some stages: the top part of vessels (nimbus) was stuck separately in last turn as the part of vessels has spai on a mouth place. Formoobrazovanie it was made by expression without potter's wheel use. Studying of benthonic parts of vessels has shown application of ground and donno-capacitor programs of designing nachinov from plaits. Ha an external surface of the bottoms of vessels traces podsypki from ashes are revealed.

Surface processing was made by simple smoothing down, manually by means of fingers, soft materials (a skin, a fabric) and a wooden knife.

The ceramics is presented by flat-bottomed pots of two types: the usechenno-conic form with smooth transition to expressed plechiku and the greatest expansion tulova in the top third of vessel - type I (fig. 24; 33 3) and vessels with slabovypuklymi a coat hanger and the greatest expansion is closer to the vessel middle - type II (fig. 25; 32 7).

For modelled ware the mouth, simple registration of edge of a nimbus, typologically enough monotonous (variants 1-5) among which nimbuses of a variant 2 prevail are characteristic cylindrical or rastrubovidnaja.

The given ware keeps the basic lines of Mari ceramics of the previous period: the form (flat-bottomed gorshkovidnye vessels usechennokonicheskoj forms with a short neck, with the greatest expansion of a coat hanger in the top third of vessel and vessels with smooth transition to plechiku and expansion are closer to the middle tulova), nimbus registration (roundish, slantwise - or prjamosrezannyj), an impurity (shamot and dresva). Such ware is found out on Mari settlements of the middle of I thousand and a boundary I and II thousand AD: the Share - gusovskoe, Somovsky II sites of ancient settlement, Ivanov's site of ancient settlement mountain, selishche Galanki - on Mountain etc. (Nikitina T.B. 2002. With. 112-116, fig. 30, 32, 33), also it is connected with the volzhsko-Finnish potter's tradition (Grishakov B.B. 1993. A Fig. 10, 73; 14.3, 15; Smirnova L.I. 1987. A Fig. 1, 2, 3; Samojlovich N.G. 1989. With. 108-128). Local manufacture of the given ware does not raise the doubts.

Traditions of modelled ware are inherited by primitively circular ware making from 32,19 % to 49,40 % in the general ceramic complex posele - ny. The ware share in complexes of circular ceramics is presented in tables (the Appendix. Table 1-3). B to the tehniko-technological analysis 24 fragments have undergone to the given group.

As well as modelled, this ceramics is made by manual way, probably spiral nalepom of plaits. Clay were used mainly in

The humidified condition, however there are crushing signs in a dry kind

2

For clay P5M1. Ha separate vessels signs formoobrazovanija a nimbus with partial vytjagivaniem on a circle are fixed. However for the basic part of ceramics potter's wheel use only for surface smoothing down is characteristic. Ha the bottoms of 3 vessels it is noted podsypka ashes. On perimetre of the bottoms flows are visible. B quality of reception of manufacturing nachina technologists note the donno-capacitor program.

The surface of vessels has traces of smoothing down of the top parts with potter's wheel application, at the same time there are sites smoothed down manually (naklonno, vertically). Hands of the potter, a soft material and a wooden knife were the basic tools of smoothing down.

Colouring of vessels spotty, basically is dark-brown-grey, sometimes brownish, in a break is tracked lamination: superficial prolayers brown or brown, and a core of dark grey or black colour. By definition of technologists it is possible to assume roasting with short endurance at temperatures kalenija (650-700°С).

Vessels of this group meet mainly in types I and II (fig. 26 7; 27 2; 28; 32 6, 9) together with modelled vessels, and 2 copies in type III (fig. 30 2; 32 4). Pots almost have no ornamentatsii, in one case on tulovu the wave is tracked. As well as modelled, vessels of this group have rastrubovidnuju or a cylindrical mouth and registration of nimbuses of variants 1-5. Most rasprostranenny nimbuses of variants 1-4, among koto - 2 P5M1 - it is conditional vysokoplastichnaja, nezapesochenaja ozheleznennaja the clay incorporating: inclusions of ferruterous breeds in the form of amorphous soft particles of red-brown colour of 1-2 mm; lumps of not dissolved clay in the size of 4-5 mm; the individual rests in a kind detrita - small scraps of a vegetative fabric less than 1 mm.

ryh the variant 2 (a Fig. 22-23) absolutely prevails. B to ware of this group on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement, selishchah adjoining to a site of ancient settlement (Noselsky, Juljalsky, Sautkinsky, Vazhnangersky), selishche Bottom SHelabolki as prevailing impurity are used a bowl from 20,97 % to 31,71 %, dresva 12,79 % - 28,05 %. From the mixed recipes prevail shamot with a bowl (from 12,19 % to 32,74 %) and shamot with dresvoj or sand (from 19,51 %, to 27,37 %). SHamot, as an independent impurity, practically it is not used, and makes in primitivnokrugovoj to ware on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement of 0,76 %. Ha selishche Red Selishche prevailing impurity in ware are dresva (28,06 %) and sand (18,71 %), from the mixed impurity prevails shamot with dresvoj (21,61 %) and shamot with sand (16,45 %). The similar picture is observed and in a left bank of the river of Volga (the Gornoshumetsky site of ancient settlement, Sutyrsky selishche).

B whole, the set of impurity in forming weight is close to the test of modelled ceramics, but the parity of impurity changes. B a pure kind the additive shamota though shamot continues to remain as one of components in the mixed recipes as with dresvoj, by sand, and with a bowl practically ceases to be used. The share of the vessels made of clay with an impurity of a bowl in ware Vazhnangersky (a little - Sundyrsky) okrugi a little increases. Little change of a percentage parity of impurity does not involve morphological changes. Most likely, here there can be a speech not about cultural injection of other population, and about internal change of the technological process connected with application of a circle, change of roasting of ware or other innovations.

B whole, analyzing ceramics of settlements of the Mari Volga region it is possible to notice, that for local potter's technology (both in modelled, and in primitively circular ware) following receptions are characteristic: use of raw materials from different deposits, both approached to reservoirs, and removed from them; receptions of selection both nezapesochennyh, and zapesochennyh glin;

Mass and steady tradition of drawing up of forming weights with shamotom; absence of working methods on a potter's wheel and potter's wheel introduction obviously from the outside; roasting in the unstable regenerative environment. Here all spectrum of sources of raw materials (9 conditional areas and places of extraction of initial plastic raw materials) is presented, and use of deposits approached to reservoirs is an archaic sign for Middle Ages epoch; typologically monotonous registration of edge of a nimbus, rastrubovidnaja or podtsilindricheskaja a mouth, ashes use in quality podsypki. B whole, the given ware can be characterised as handicraft, made by local population at a stage of development of a circle.

Ha medieval Mari settlements the group of the potter's ware made with an impurity of sand or dresvy, with registration of edge of a nimbus in the Old Russian tradition having more dense crock is allocated. B ceramic complexes of settlements such ware makes from 12,05 to 33,12 %, the ware share in circular ceramics of settlements is presented in tables 13 (Appendix).

Data of the technological analysis on materials of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement (12 fragments) allows to say that for this ceramics one tradition of selection of raw materials is characteristic, namely plastic (practically not containing visible sand) ozheleznennoj clay. Use cases neozheleznennoj clay it is not revealed. B whole, 5 conditional areas of extraction of the initial raw materials, noted and in local group are allocated. The clay, used as initial plastic raw materials, were in the humidified condition directly ahead of drawing up of forming weights to what absence of signs of crushing of the raw materials testifies, full promeshannost forming weights and uniformity of distribution of particles of artificial impurity.

B to the given group of ceramics preliminary preparation of the materials used as artificial impurity was spent. Sand was exposed to sifting. B to forming weight of ceramics it is revealed very large okatannyj the calibrated sand of fraction of 1-3 mm, on the average about 2 mm. A sieve which were applied to sifting - sand calibrations, of 1-3 mm possessed cells in the size. The experimental works spent by expedition on experimental studying of ancient pottery on the basis of Institute of history and archeology of the Volga region (Samara) under a management k.i.n. I.N.Vasilevoj and k.i.n. N.P.Saluginoj have shown, that, for example, in the Samara Volga region to receive such fraction very difficultly. As a rule, the sand having the sizes of fractions less 1 mm prevails. Particles more are individual the than given size. Experiment has shown, that is necessary to sift very much a sand considerable quantity to receive its considerable enough volume. B communications with it, the assumption that natural exits of large sand were available in vicinities of the settlements is come out, otherwise the given operation of preparation of raw materials occupied a lot of time. Dresva also it was used after preliminary preparation. B to ceramics of this group it is noted two kinds dresvy: peschanikovaja and, to a lesser degree, the quartz. B the core dimension dresvy did not exceed 3 mm, however there are vessels in which it reached 5 mm.

All ware of this group is made by ways of a sculptural moulding, in some cases signs of designing of vessels spiral nalepom from the plaits which diameter did not exceed 2 are tracked see Formoobrazovanie occurred on a potter's wheel to some vytjagivanija, i.e. the pig which has been stuck together manually from plaits, "was corrected" by partial vytjagivanija. Designing of a hollow body occurred also on a circle. Ha an external surface of the bottoms traces podsypki large dresvy and sand are fixed. B one case on the bottom roughnesses of a wooden potter's wheel are tracked. Research of two benthonic fragments of vessels has shown probability of manufacturing nachina under the donno-capacitor program. Hands of the potter, a soft material (fabric) and a wooden knife were the basic tools of smoothing down.

Colour of vessels is presented by two kinds: 1) dark grey, practically monophonic, but in the middle of a crock brown prolayers or stains are traced; 2) spotty brown-grey sometimes brownish, in a break lamination. B communications with it, I.N.Vasilevoj are defined following features: 1) application of roasting with insufficiently long endurance at temperatures kalenija (650-700°С), that was showed available a dark core in a crock; 2) roasting carrying out in special obzhigovyh devices (furnaces or forges) for ceramics of the first kind of colouring, and less qualitative roasting for the second group.

Heterogeneity of ceramics is tracked and in a thickness of a crock: the ware most part has a thickness 4 - 5 mm, at the same time are present ware with more thin crock 3 - 4 mm; absence or ornament presence.

Vessels are presented I and IV types (fig. 26 7; 27 3; 31; 32 7). For ware of this group it is characteristic bolshee a variety in nimbus registration. The variant of a nimbus 6 absolutely prevails, following variants of nimbuses are besides noted: 7, 9, 10 (and,), 11 (), 12, 13, 15, 16 (and,).

Used variants of registration of a nimbus have wide analogies on monuments of the Rostovo-Suzdal, Vjatsky earth, the Nizhniy Novgorod princedom. The variant of a nimbus 6 widely occurs at Russian population Volga Bulgarii with XII on XV century (Polubojarinova M. D. 1993. With. 38; Hlebnikova T.A. 1988. With. 36), on monuments of the Nizhniy Novgorod Volga region (Dmitrievsky C.M. 1999. With. 82, fig. 5-1, 7-1, 2), on materials of ancient Novgorod the given variant of a nimbus meets till XIV century (Smirnova of Item 1956. With. 244245, fig. 7), on Moscow suburbs materials the similar variant of registration of a nimbus is dated within second half XV - XVI centuries (CHernov C.3. 1996. With. 73, With. 91, fig. 15 (№ 94-133-134)). The variant 7 on materials of ancient Novgorod meets with XI on XV century (Smirnova of Item 1956. With. 237-246). The nimbus of a variant 10 is close on materials of the Rostovo-Suzdal and Vjatsky earth (Kadieva E.K. 2002. With. 24, fig. 3-5, 5-4), the variant 11 is extended in XII - XIII centuries in Nizhniy Novgorod Zavolzhe (Arhipov G. A. 1982. With. 28, fig. 4 8), on monuments of the top Oka in XI - XV centuries (Boldin I.V. 2005. With. 101, таб.1, with. 106-107); the variant 12 is noted in territory Rostov kremlja from second half XI prior to the beginning of XIV century (Kadieva E.K. 2002. With. 34, tab. 3, fig. 97,8), in ware XIV (Old Russian) groups on materials Volga Bulgarin (Hlebnikova T.A. 1988. With. 34, fig. 16-7,9,10), in the Novgorod materials at pots of type 5 since XIV century (Smirnova of Item 1956. With. 244). Registration of edge of a nimbus of a variant 13 meets at vessels of a fortress mountain Olenja in the Nizhniy Novgorod Volga region (Tchernikov of Century of Item 1967. With. 149), nimbuses of a variant 14 are extended in ceramics of Moscow and Moscow suburbs (Ravdina T.B. 1991. With. 66, tab. 3; CHernov C.3. 1991. With. 96, tab. 33-39), a variant 15 in complexes of Rostov Great (Kadieva E.K. 2002. With. 23, fig. 2-2), pool of the top Oka (Boldin I.V. 2005. With. 106, fig. 1-А II 4).

Ornamentatsija the given group of ceramics in materials of settlements Vazh - nangerskoj (Few-Sundyrsky) okrugi it is presented poorly: a single-row wave in the field of a neck and dvuhrjadnaja a wave on plechiku; in ceramics Krasnoseli - shchenskogo selishcha vessels of this group ornamentirovany the direct drawn strips put on a shoulder or all tulovo; single-row or dvuhrjadnoj a wave.

The given group of ceramics under the form, structure of forming weight, nimbus registration is closest to ceramics of Russian population Volga Bulgarin, allocated T.A. Hlebnikovoj in XIV group (Hlebnikova T.A. 1967. With. 170) also can be defined as Old Russian.

At its comparison with ware of the Old Russian population it is necessary to note a number of differences. First, weak ornamentirovannost ceramics on medieval Mari settlements. Secondly, in zolotoordynsky the period on monuments of Ancient Russia and in XIV group Volga Bulgarin along with vysokoplastichnymi glinami are used neozheleznennye, belozhgushchiesja clay (Vasileva I.N. 1993. With. 117), on the investigated settlements of the Mari Volga region use such glin is not revealed. Uncharacteristically for Old Russian ware of this period and introduction of large sand in structure of forming weights. Attracts attention also heterogeneity of ceramics from the point of view of roasting where along with ware good gornovogo roasting, there is less qualitative roasting that can be connected with kostrovym roasting, or imperfection special obzhigovyh devices.

Ha settlements of the Mari Volga region in 1965 the original group of ceramics, which T.A has been allocated. Hlebnikova for the first time under the name "slaejanoidnoj" has entered into a scientific turn in 1967 at the first generalisation of archaeological monuments XIII - XV centuries located on territory of the Marijsko-Chuvash Volga region. T.A. Hlebnikova has given the following characteristic of the given ceramics: potter's «... Ware of the local invoice (with a pounded bowl, with shamotom), but not the local form. It bears on herself characteristic lines of late slavic ceramics XIII - XIV centuries of northeast areas of Russia in the general proportions of a vessel, in an abrupt bend of a mouth, the form of the nimbus acting plechika» (Hlebnikova T.A. 1967-a. With. 89-90). Later, at generalisation of ceramic materials Volga Bulgarin, T.A. Hlebnikova has defined it in XVI ethnocultural group (XVI electrocardiogram) (Hlebnikova T.A. 1984. With. 200-201).

B a percentage parity "slavjanoidnaja" the ware makes from 18,67 to 36,98 % in ceramic complexes of settlements. Among impurity to the test, in the given group of ware for settlements Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) okrugi are characteristic a bowl (39,80 - 45,16 %), shamot with a bowl (16,13 - 39,80 %), shamot with dresvoj (21,39 - 25,81 %), dresva in a combination to a bowl (7,96 - 12,90 %). For selishcha Red Selishche prevailing impurity are shamot in a combination with dresvoj - 44,69 %, and shamot in a combination to sand - 34,51 %.

The analysis of ceramic complexes allows to say that "slavjanoidnaja" the ceramics makes a considerable share in circular ceramics of settlements. For example, in ware of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement the share "slavjanoidnoj" ceramics in circular ware makes 43,37 %, on Juljalsky selishche - 22,14 %, on selishche Bottom SHelabolki - 33,70 %, on selishche Red Selishche-26,16 % (the Appendix. Table 1-3). Thus the ware in which is present shamot (at a combination to a bowl or dresvoj), makes on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement of 52,24 % from "slavjanoidnoj" ceramics, on Juljalsky selishche - 42,11 %, on selishche Red Selishche - 81,41 %.

According to the technological analysis of ceramics Vazhnangersky (Ma - lo-Sundyrskogo) sites of ancient settlement (28 fragments are analysed) for ceramics of this group 4 conditional areas of places of extraction of the raw materials, coinciding with sources used in local group of ceramics, but not characteristic for Russian ware are characteristic. B the core, it is places approached to reservoirs. Before formovkoj clay were in the humidified condition, at the same time there are some signs of crushing of initial raw materials in a dry kind (for clay P5M1), that pulls together the given group of ceramics with primitivnokrugovoj ware of local tradition.

By preparation of artificial impurity the same receptions, as in ware of Old Russian traditions (impurity calibration) were used. At bowl use preliminary roasting was applied, that subsequently facilitated its crushing. The large not shattered particles were cleaned by means of manual selection or through a sieve.

The ware is made by ways of a sculptural moulding, signs of designing of vessels spiral on - lepom from plaits are in most cases fixed. Diameter of plaits did not exceed 3 see Formoobrazovanie occurred on a potter's wheel to some profiling and vytjagivanija the top part of vessels. Ha the bottoms of two vessels traces podsypki ashes are fixed. Ha the bottom of one vessel the print of the brand which have been cut out on a surface of a wooden potter's wheel is fixed. On perimetre of the bottoms the flows formed at their fastening on a potter's wheel are visible. It is possible to assume presence of receptions of manufacturing nachinov under the donno-capacitor program. Surface processing was made by simple smoothing down, basically on a potter's wheel. Hands of the potter, a soft material (fabric) and a wooden knife were the basic tools of smoothing down.

Colouring of vessels spotty, basically is dark-brown-grey sometimes brownish, in a break is tracked lamination that is characteristic for roasting with short endurance at temperatures kalenija (650-700°С), in closed from access of air conditions.

Pots have averages (diameter 14 - 22 sm, height to 22 sm) and the large sizes (diameter 26 - 28 sm, height 28 - 30 sm). "Slavjanoidnye" vessels are presented by types I, III: the usechenno-conic form with the expressed coat hanger and the greatest expansion tulova in the top third of vessel, (type I subtype 12) and vessels with expressed plechikom and the greatest expansion hardly below the top third of vessel, podtsilindricheskoj and rastrubovidnoj a mouth (type III) (fig. 26 2-4; 27-7, 2; 32 7, 3, 8; 33 7, 4-7). The given group of ceramics differs the big variety in registration of edge of a nimbus. The variant 6 (versions and, a variant all 9 versions, a variant 7 and a variant 8 prevails. It is Less noted variants 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15, 16 and 17.

Nimbuses of a variant 6 have numerous analogies in Russia and at Russian population of the Volga Bulgaria with XII on XV century (Polubojarinova M. D, 1993. With. 38; Hlebnikova T.A. 1988. With. 36), a variant 8 on monuments of the Tver Volga region and Novgorod (Olejnikov O.M. 2002. With. 43; Smirnova of Item 1956. With. 237-238), a variant 10 on monuments of the Rostovo-Suzdal earth (Kadieva E.K. 2002. With. 24, fig. 3-5, 5 - 4; Olejnikov O.M. 2002. With. 58, fig. 20-86), a variant 11 at Russian population Nizhniy Novgorod Zavolzhja (Arhipov G. A. 1982. With. 28, fig. 4-8, Dmitrievsky C.M. 1999. With. 84, fig. 7-3, 4) and the top Oka (Boldin I.V. 2005. With. 106, fig. 1).

Vessels with nimbuses of variants 1-5 to the given group are not carried, as they are not logical for connecting with influence of slavic potter's traditions. B the Old Russian city centres the given variants of nimbuses basically cease to be used by XIII century (Olejnikov O.M. 2002. With.

52, tab. 15; Smirnova of Item 1956. With. 236 (type 1)). Ha ordinary Old Russian monuments such nimbuses meet from early before the late Middle Ages, however their quantity is reduced, and they are not prevailing while in Finno-Ugric antiquities the given nimbuses are leaders up to the late Middle Ages (Grishakov B.B. 1992. With. 139, tab. V-5, Dmitrievsky C.M. 1999. With. 82, fig. 5-10, 12, 13; fig. 6 - 19; Nikitina T.B. 2002. With. 123; Miheeva A.I. 2004. With. 147). Vessels with similar nimbuses are considered in group of local primitively circular ware.

Ornamentatsija on "slavjanoidnoj" to ware practically is absent, the ornament is noted in three cases.

Certainly, that the given group of ceramics was formed at strong influence of Old Russian potter's tradition which was showed in nimbus registration. B whole, in "slavjanoidnoj", as well as in ceramics of local group (modelled and is primitive-circular) the mass and steady tradition in use shamota, dresvy, bowls remains. The comparative analysis in selection of initial plastic raw materials testifies that for ceramics of this group, as well as for the local use of different traditions is characteristic. Along with plastic (practically without visible signs of sand) ozheleznennoj clay are used neozheleznennye which deposits settle down near to a reservoir.

Crushing signs glin in a dry condition are tracked in "slavjanoidnoj" and local ceramics at use of clay P5M1. B to ceramics of Old Russian traditions such clay was not used.

On structure of forming weights the ceramics of this group has no any general indicator with Old Russian ware, at the same time, the structure of impurity coincides with is primitive-circular ware of local tradition. B "slavjanoidnoj" to ware such sign used in modelled and is primitive-circular ware, as podsypka from ashes is fixed also.

At the same time, at this ceramics there are signs vytjagivanija the top part of a vessel that pulls together it with Russian ware, as well as character of manufacture of the given ware, defined mainly as craft.

The form of vessels unequivocally to name slavic also it is impossible. Vessels of the usechenno-conic form with expansion in the top third or are closer to the middle of a vessel with the expressed shoulder in Mari ceramics were I thousands prevailing from the middle AD (Nikitina T.B. 2002. With. 112).

B present time the monuments containing "slavjanoidnuju" ceramics, are known in territory of the Marijsko-Chuvash Volga region, Volga Bulgarin (Kokorina H.A. 1994; Rudenko K.A. 2004), Average Vyatka (Makarov L.D. 2004) (fig. 34). B monuments of the Marijsko-Chuvash Volga region «slavjanoid - naja» the ceramics makes from 18,67 to 36,98 %. B monuments Volga Bul - garii "slavjanoidnaja" the ceramics occupied small percent from 1 % in Bol - gare to 11,6 % on CHakme and the Sjukeevsky site of ancient settlement (Kokorina H.A. 1994. With. 191; Kokorina H.A. 1999. With. 91; Kokorina H.A. 2004. With. 70-71). Only on Balynguzsky (Toretsky) III settlement of its find have made 22 - 30 % (Ba - liulina C.A. 2004. With. 158). The Considerable quantity of finds of such ceramics is made also H. Nabiullinym on III Donaurovsky selishche, located in the neighbourhood with site of ancient settlement Dzhuketau, but they are presented by an elevating material from the destroyed part, therefore it is difficult to speak about its percentage parity in a ceramic complex as a whole. Individual finds of this ware are found out on medieval monuments of the Nizhniy Novgorod Volga region (Mountain Olenja, the Uspensky site of ancient settlement). B last years the similar ware in mass quantity is found out on monuments on a right bank of Vyatka in district of Kotelnicha to a mouth p. Vatomy. Its greatest percent on Carpets - skom a site of ancient settlement (43,7 %) (Salangin D.A. 1999. With. 154), considerable percent on the Spark (with a bowl - 32,5 %, with a bowl and shamotom - 16,2 %) (Makarov L.D. 1984. With. 106), on Shabalinsky settlements and on settlement Poksta II (Salangin D.A. 1999). B to group of the monuments located round small towns Nikulchina and Hlynova, percent of this ceramics a little bit more low. Ha Radio - novskom a site of ancient settlement only 6,7 %, no more than 10 % give Slobodsky, Hlynovsky and Krivoborsky sites of ancient settlement (Salangin D.A. 1999).

Chronological frameworks of an existing of ceramics of this circle are approximately identical in all territories. B the Marijsko-Chuvash Volga region such ware meets in monuments XII - XV centuries, K.A. Rudenko on bulgar - skih selishchah marks its occurrence not earlier than the middle of XIV century (Rudenko To. 1998. With. 22; Rudenko K.A. 2004. With. 147). T.A. Hlebnikova and H.A. Kokorina on the basis of the ceramics analysis on Dzhuketau, Christmas and Kajbelsky selishchah define its occurrence XII - XIII centuries, and the greatest distribution in zolotoordynskoe time (Hlebnikova T.A. 1984. With. 200-201; Kokorina H.A. 1994. With. 191; Kokorina H.A. 2002. With. 30-31, 95-96). Ha p. To Vyatka such ware meets on monuments XII - XV centuries, and the great bulk concerns the period XIV - XV centuries (Salangin D.A. 1999. With. 154; Makarov L.D. 1985.). Thus, it is necessary to notice, that the greatest distribution of this ware on enough wide territory is necessary on XIV - XV centuries

Features of technological and morphological properties «slavjano - idnoj» ware, combination of traditions have caused discrepancy in interpretation of the given group of ware.

B present time in the scientific literature there are two opinions concerning an origin and an ethnic accessory so-called "slavjanoidnoj" ware: 1) marijsko-Chuvash; 2) slavjano-finnopermskaja.

T.A. Hlebnikova has carried "slavjanoidnuju" ceramics to the second group of local ware, having limited a circle of its distribution Marijsko-Chuvash, and partially, Nizhniy Novgorod (separate monuments) the Volga region (Hlebnikova T.A. 1967), having connected an origin of this ceramics «... With the population Mari and partly the Chuvash Volga region» (Hlebnikova T.A. 1984. With. 200-201). Its occurrence in Volgo-Kame has explained penetration on the east in the end domongolskogo the period of the western Volga region neighbours of Bulgarians »(Hlebnikova T.A. 1984. With. 200-201). H.A. Kokorina divides point of view T.A. Hlebnikovoj about local Finno-Ugric, in particular povolzhsko-Finnish, a basis of this group of ware (Kokorina H.A. 1994. With. 192). On materials Kamayev - skogo sites of ancient settlement H.A. Kokorina has divided XVI electrocardiogram into subgroups. Ceramics XVI - 1 it names"slavjanoidnoj", and ceramics XVI - 2 Mari, belonging ethnographic group meadow mari (Kokorina H.A. 2004. With. 70).

B communications with accumulation of considerable materials XII - XV centuries on Average Vyatka L.D.Makarovym had been put forward other point of view on an origin and an ethnic accessory of this ceramics, that the ware of XVI group was made on the mixed slavjano-finno-Perm monuments, but already at a stage obrusenija the finno-Perm component (by Makarov L.D. 1985. With. 50; Makarov L.D. 2001. With. 11). He considers, that the group of monuments with such ceramics concerns to arskoj to group of Udmurts (Makarov L.D. 1984. With. 112), and in the marijsko-Chuvash Volga region and povetluzhe such ceramics has appeared with natives of the Old Russian earths, in particular from the slavjano-Perm Vyatka (Makarov L.D. 2004. With. 122). This point of view is in more details developed subsequently by D.A.Salanginym (Salangin D.A. 1999).

It is close enough to last point of view K.A. Rudenko who originally assumed verhnekamskie sources of this ware (Rudenko K.A. 1992. With. 46). B manuscripts of dissertational work it once again comes back to this problem. It finds sources of XVI group of ceramics «in characteristic forms prikamskoj the ware which has appeared in the end of XIII century, and can be and hardly earlier across Vyatka in the bottom current of Kama», and also on Average Vyatka (Rudenko K.A. 2004. With. 148). Further, agreeing with D.A.Salanginym (Salangin D.A. 1999. With. 148), the author asserts, that «the ceramics form could come from Vyatka, together with Russian captured and immigrants». Thus, the author is declined, as well as the previous two researchers, to the slavjano-finno-Perm nature of this group of ceramics. There is one more point of view about an Old Russian origin of the given ware, the stated L.D.Makarovym. B particulars, characterising Old Russian rural ceramics of pool p.

Vyatka, as prevailing impurity, along with sand and dresvoj, he marks a bowl (Makarov L.D. 2001. With. 15) and otozhestvljaet this group of ceramics with Old Russian ware of group In, the allocated M.D.Polubojarino-howl on materials of the Volga Bulgaria (Makarov L.D. 2001. With. 11). At the same time, it is necessary to notice, that M.D.Polubojarinova is not so categorical in definition of manufacturers of this ceramics. The description of ceramics of group B «... Old Russian under the form the potter's vessels having in the test an appreciable impurity of a pounded bowl, sometimes shamota...» (Polubojarinova M. D. 1993. With. 35) practically coincide with the characteristic of ware of XVI group T.A. Hlebnikovoj (Hlebnikova T.A. 1984. With. 200). He it is casual M.D.Polubojarinova manufacturers of the given ware has defined local Finno-Ugric potters (polubojarinovam.d. 1993. With. 52). Mapping of the monuments having in complexes "slavjanoidnuju" ceramics, spent by T.B.Nikitinoj convincingly shows, that the territory of the most active distribution "slavjanoidnoj" ware coincides with territory of moving of Mari ethnos (fig. 34).

Ha the basis of that "slavjanoidnaja" the ware keeps many elements of traditional Mari pottery in vessel forms, impurity, technological features I consider logical its allocation in the special group of the local ceramics which has developed under the influence of Russian potter's tradition.

The ceramics of the bulgaro-Tatar traditions is presented mainly by walls of brick-red colour. Turns on itself small quantity of nimbuses, and practically full absence of disorders in this connection it is not obviously possible to allocate types of vessels. B whole bulgarskaja the ceramics makes from 0,32 % to 7,23 % in circular ware of settlements. The handles found on settlements allow to assume, that the part bulgarskoj ceramics has been presented by jugs.

It is necessary to notice, that there are local differences in tradition and receptions of manufacturing of ware for settlements of the Mari Volga region. B to ceramics Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) okrugi in circular ware the bowl has the leading part, in ware Krasnoselishchensky selishcha and Gornoshumets - whom a bush a prevailing impurity are dresva and sand. B to ceramics selishcha Red Selishche along with an ornament in a wave mode, meets and the drawn straight lines put on a shoulder or all tulovo, in ware of settlements Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) okrugi such ornament is absent. Approach of borders of the earths of the Nizhniy Novgorod princedom, certainly, has influenced material culture of the Krasnoselishchensky bush which was showed first of all in a ceramic complex. The ceramics of Russian traditions Krasnoselishchensky selishcha on ornamentatsii, to registration of edge of a nimbus is close to ware of monuments Nizhniy Novgorod Zavolzhja (Arhipov G. A. 1982. With. 8-10).

Thus, on materials of ceramic complexes of settlements of the Mari Volga region some groups of ceramics are allocated: the local ware presented modelled (from 10,28 - 15,66 %), primitively circular (from 32,19 - 49,40 %), "slavjanoidnoj" (18,67 - 36,98 %) - the local ware made of Russian potter's tradition; Old Russian (12,05 - 33,12 %); bulgarskaja (0,27-7,22 %).

The local ware keeps earlier developed traditions of Mari ceramic manufacture, however pottery development in territory of Mari Volga region XIII-XV centuries has tested strong influence of Russian culture. Strengthening of influence of Russian potter's traditions has coincided with change of the technological tradition connected by introduction of a potter's wheel.

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A source: MIKHEEVA AURIKA IVANOVNA. Settlements of the Mari Volga region in the Middle Ages epoch (KhPI-X & # 1140; centuries). Thesis for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. Izhevsk-2006. 2006

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