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§ 1. An economy, trading and a cultural contact of the population of the Mari Volga region

The type of an economy of the medieval population is caused first of all by prirodno-geographical conditions. The Mari edge is located on a joint of two big landshaftno-geographical zones - wood and forest-steppe, as border between which serves p.

Volga (Horev B.S. 1964. With. 10). B a southern part of area which it is accepted to name a right bank, the forest-steppe landscape prevails. Here there is the Privolzhsky height divided p. Sura on two parts: the Mordovian and Chuvash heights with platoobraznoj, it is good drenirovannoj a surface with strong development of ravines, beams and the landslips dismembering it in all directions. The basic soil background is presented poorly - and srednepodzolistymi by soils with stains of grey forest-steppe loamy soils. Successful connection in soils of right-bank area of the high maintenance of organic substances with easy loamy structure has provided with it the big natural fertility.

Analyses of pollen from ancient monuments (XII-XIV centuries) testify to forest-steppe character of a landscape of this area. Prominent feature was the high maintenance shirokolistvennyh breeds. B a layer Ho - rural III selishcha oak disputes (34,6 %), lindens (24 %), leshchiny (8,6 %) are found out; on Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) oak sites of ancient settlement-disputes (16,8 %), lindens (6,8 %), leshchiny (15,3 %), and also orljaka and plaunovyh. Disputes of coniferous breeds are insignificant (SHalandina B.T., Shakirova D.R. 1995. With. 171). Valleys of the large rivers, wide, with good dernovo-podsolic soils created possibility to use them as pastures and arable grounds.

vat on finds of subjects of a life and the tools of work considered above. The economy of Maris was complex.

O agriculture development finds of millstones on Vazhnan - gerskom (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement (4 copies), Noselsky III (top and bottom), Krasnoselishchensky II selishche (a fragment of the top millstone), stone pesta for grain grinding on Noselsky III selishche, fragments of sickles, plaits, soshnika testify. Finds soshnika and millstones allow to speak about enough developed system of agriculture at local population. Soshnik it is close to products which belong, according to experts, dvuzubym soham (Krasnov J.A. 1987. With. 188), at Maris were called «the cook kurtnjan a step - vuj» and were used as the basic arable tool up to the middle of XIX century (Andreev I.A. 1989. With. 58, 65). These tips should be considered as the transitive form from kolovyh soshnikov to perovym and suitable for processing staropahotnyh the earths (Krasnov J.A. 1987. With. 191), that speaks about occurrence trehpolnoj systems of processing of soil.

Millstone use testifies to the general increase in II thousand AD quantities of grain: it can be connected with developed podsekoj or with pashennym agriculture. According to JU.A.Krasnov, iron sickles on the average the Volga region and Prikamye appear simultaneously with iron naralnikami, testifying to development here pashennogo agriculture (Krasnov J.A. 1971. With. 41). On ethnographic data, sickles also are characteristic only for agriculture with application uprjazhnyh arable tools (Arhipov G. A. 1978. C 19). Possibly, in first half II thousand AD the population of the Mari Volga region has already passed from the early Middle Ages traditional for an epoch podsechnogo agriculture to more developed forms of processing of the earth, a rebroad gull and, probably, to conducting dvupolnogo a crop rotation.

dvupolnaja the agriculture system is considered transitive from podsechno-fire to trehpolnoj to steam system. Feature steam dvupolja is that the arable land shared on two fields and was processed on trehpolnomu to a principle with periodic zapuskaniem one field under steam (Andreev I.A. 1986. With. 24).

Such system of agriculture practised Mari and Udmurt villages up to the end of XIX century (Andreev I.A. 1986. With. 24). B to the scientific literature also there is a point of view, that dvupolnoe and trehpolnoe the economy demands as top dressing of the earth of additional fertilizer by its manure (Kiryanov A.B. 1959) so, it is closely connected with cattle breeding development. Besides, introduction of new system of processing of soil demanded the greatest approach of arable fields to settlements to avoid distant transportations of manure on fields. We observe such system of moving within the Mari Volga region, especially in its right bank. If on boundary I-II thousands AD selishcha settled down mainly on sandy vsholmlenijah (dunes) in pojmah the rivers (55 %) and on the first nadpojmennyh terraces (33,3 %) (Nikitina T.B. 2002. With. 36.), the majority selishch XIII-XV centuries (Vazhnangersky, Noselsky, Sautkinsky, Red selishche IV, etc.) Settle down on the radical terrace most adapted for agriculture. The similar system is fixed by ethnographic sources up to XIX century «Each village is constructed at the deliberate river or on small river, or lake, and thus nearby to arable lands» (Miller G. F. 1781. With. 7). A necessary condition of new system of agriculture is presence of haymakings (Kiryanov A.B. 1959. With. 334-335).

Cattle breeding development proves to be true finds of bones of pets on a site of ancient settlement and settlements surrounding it. In total it is diagnosed on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement of 1683 bone fragments, Juljalsky selishche - 75; selishche Bottom SHelabolki I - 18; selishche Red Selishche II - 1663. Ha Juljalsky settlement of a bone of pets have made 100 % of the collected osteological collection, on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement - 86,2 %, on Krasnoselishchensky selishche - 90 %, selishche Bottom SHelabolki-100.* Maris planted during this period of horses, pigs, large and small horned livestock. The osteological rests have shown a following percentage parity of specific structure on

Definition of an osteological material is made kand. Veterinary naukg.sh. Asylgaraevoj

Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement: a horse - 16,4 %, a pig -

37.3 %, large horned livestock - 20,9 %, small horned livestock - 25,9 %; on Juljalsky selishche: large horned livestock and a pig on 33,3 %, small horned livestock and a horse on 16,6 %; on selishche Red Selishche: a pig - 43,2 %, large horned livestock - 11,4 %, small horned livestock - 27,3 %, a horse - 4,5 %. Such maintenance of bones as a whole reflects the traditions of the animal industries which have developed in region during a previous epoch. B structure of pets in I thousand AD leading place was occupied with a pig. Ee bones make on Odoevsky a site of ancient settlement of 77 % from bones of pets, on Bogorodsky - 71 %, on Somovsky II and CHortovom sites of ancient settlement - 50 %. The considerable role was taken away to a horse and large horned livestock (to Nikitina T.B. 2002. Tab. 26).

On the average the Volga region and Priurale on the basis of mapping of principal views of animals in the early Iron Age and the early Middle Ages is allocated by JU.A.Krasnov territorially limited 4 areas. The average Volga region and povetluzhe was included into IV region on which monuments in an osteological material the leading place is occupied with a pig and a horse, then large horned livestock and small horned livestock (Krasnov J.A. 1971. With. 131). B materials of settlements of the Mari Volga region the share of bones of a horse decreases and the percent of bones from small horned livestock increases. B particulars, on Red Selishche prevail pork bones - 43,2 % from all bones of animals and 50 % from bones of pets, large horned livestock - 11,4 % and 13,2 %, small horned livestock - 27,3 % and 31,6 %, a horse - 4,5 % and

5.3 % (Nikitina T.B. 2002. With. 135-137). Reduction of quantity of bones of a horse as a part of a kitchen waste in the middle of II thousand is quite natural and is connected, first of all, with change of a role of a horse in an economy which began to be used as draught force in pashennom agriculture. Certainly, that on settlements a "kitchen" waste on which, first of all, it is possible to make representation about a local population food remain basically. Calculation is made by the offered G.S.Asylgarae-'s technique howl and approved on osteological materials selishch Volga Bul - garii (Asylgaraeva G. SH. 2004. With. 158-159). For rough calculations, considering a wide scatter in the sizes and at large horned livestock, and at horses, is accepted, that on the average horses and cows/bulls were in seven and nine times it is heavier on weight, than sheep and goats. Accordingly the exit of meat products from large horned livestock was in six-seven times more, than from small horned livestock or a pig. Multiplying by the corresponding factor a share of bones of each kind, we receive specific consumption of meat of these kinds on layers. The share of bones of large horned livestock is multiplied on 9, a share of bones of a horse on 7, and the share of small horned livestock and a pig is multiplied on 1. B such case, it is obvious, that in a food of the population Vazhnangersky (a little - Sundyrsky) sites of ancient settlement the beef making 51,2 % from all meat diet prevailed. Pork (23,3 %), a horse-flesh (18,9 %) and meat of small horned livestock (6,6 %) further follow. Indicators with selishcha Red Selishche a little differ: beef made 69,2 %; a pig - 16,7 %; small horned livestock - 8,0 %; a horse - 6,1 %.

Besides, the Mari population, planted a bird: bones of a bird are found out on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement, Krasnoselishchen - skom selishche. Animal husbandry assumed preparation of forages. As the tool for a haymaking the plaits which overwhelming majority is made by plaits-gorbushi served. According to ethnographic data, the plait-humpback salmon could be used for preparation of forages, and also to cleaning of bad breads and oats and was applied on marshy and kochkovatyh soils. (Chelishchev P. N. 1896. With. 185) from what there was its second name "plait-humpback salmon" (Krjukova T.A. 1956. With. 17). Such work was unproductive: seven persons in three days mowed down one desjatinu (Krjukova T.A. 1956. With. 12, 17). With a collapsible edge, according to B.A.Kolchin, horsemen or coachmen for preparation of a forage to horses in a way (Kolchin B.A. 1959 used plaits. With. 74, fig. 61). Ha settlements there are finds of a horse harness: Bit (Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement, Noselsky III, Juljalsky selishcha), psalii (Juljalsky selishche), podpruzhnye buckles (Vazhnangersky (it is not enough -

Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement, selishche Red selishche II). A frequent find on settlements are horseshoes for horses and nails to them. The horse was used as means for riding, finds of stirrups (Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement, Shartnejsky selishche) therefore are numerous.

The small horned livestock, besides meat, brought, apparently, and the wool, the certificate to that is found on Juljalsky selishche a fragment of scissors which could be used for a hairstyle of sheep. Finds shilev testify to development of the crafts connected with processing of a skin. According to analyses of osteological materials selishcha Red Selishche is noticed the big percent of the lambs hammered at the age of 3-4 months that can is connected with reception from them skins of which leather products (were made by Asylgaraeva G. SH. 2004. With. 127).

C craft activity of the population connects 2 smithies on which products were made of ferrous metal. Here some tens preparations of the products necessary for Maris in a household life and industrial activity are found: skoby for boats, fixing nails, a lock fragment, door handles, horseshoes. Almost all products have break or spoilage in production traces. Here are found iron bruski the various sizes which, possibly, served as initial raw materials for small products. O existence of craft workshops on settlements finds of preparations and slags testify. B particulars on Juljalsky selishche in one of constructions it is found out clay obmazka and slags, preparation of a knife which allow to assume presence of an industrial workshop. Besides, chisels for metal cabin in a cold condition have been found on the Vazhnangersky site of ancient settlement, selishche Red Selishche; Here ferruterous slags and pieces kritsy are repeatedly found, but the workshop rests are not identified yet.

Hunting and fishery were subsidiary trades. Finds of fishing hooks, blesen and sinkers from networks, bones of fishes, the fish scales are direct proofs of this kind of activity throughout all epoch of the Middle Ages. Judging by the sizes of hooks, catching of large fish prevailed: sturgeon, catfishes, shuk. The percent of bones of fish, for example, on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement is insignificant, only 3,7 %, on selishche Red Selishche II - 1,1 %, and cannot reflect to the full a fishery share in economic activities. Fish was used in food to cattle both in the whole kind together with bones, and as the additive of a bone flour. Surprises small quantity of bones of wild animals as a part of an osteological material. Ha a site of ancient settlement 3 fragments of a bone from a wild boar and 1 from a hare are found only, on other monuments Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) okrugi bones of animals is not found in general, on selishche Red Selishche II bones from 2 foxes and one hare are found. On ethnographic materials it is authentically known, that Maris used in food zajchatinu up to the beginning of XX century, and earlier, besides, ate meat of bears, elks, badgers, squirrels, etc. (with Sepeev G. A. 1975. With. 223). Similar data are met and at other authors. T.A.Krjukova cites data about the use by Maris in pitttu meat of a deer, sohacha, a bear (Krjukova T.A. 1956. With. 93), and «meat of squirrels and hares at them is esteemed by a delicacy» (Fuks And. 1910. With. 55). Absence of bones of wild animals, possibly, it is necessary to explain the special relation to them. B a trade cult of hunters komi there was a belief, that the killed animal will revive, at least in the name of other individual, therefore its rests carefully collected and buried or left in a secluded place (Konakov N.D. 1983. C.190). Similar ceremonies are known and at other people of the North. For example, coastal chukchi after the termination of a seasonal craft of seals spend «a holiday of goals» in which end collect the rests of all eaten extraction and throw back in the sea for the purpose of their revival (the Current - revs.a. 1990. With. 238).

B quality of tools of hunting tips of the arrows which individual copies are found out on Vazhnangersky (A little - Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement, Siuhinsky and Juljalsky smithies, Juljalsky selishche were used. The majority of adaptations for hunting were from a tree and a bast (Krjukova T.A. 1956. With. 31-38; Sepeev G. A. 1975 With. 92-95).

As one of kinds of crafts it is possible to consider weaving to which existence numerous finds prjaslits testify. K to spinning accessories the iron pins used for fastening to the blade of a distaff of a tow of flax concern also. Fabrics were sewed by means of iron needles. The role of this craft in economic activities mari was very high, therefore «In XVII century mary, except jasaka, have been imposed still podushnoj by a tax which was equaled lp. 10 to. From the person and, by words, CHenedy (1657) there is no country house which would not bring annually to the state in treasury 3 pounds prjadenogo to the flax, twisted in cords: each of them of pounds contains 15 ordinary» (Egorov F.E. 1925. With. 82).

The tree was the basic podelochnym a material in a life and building in Mari edge. K to a regret, the tree in a layer of settlements Mari ЕІоволжья does not remain, therefore samples of products are not found out. Only separate tools for work on a tree have remained. Ha Vazhnanger - skom (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement are found out a chisel for work on a tree and a cutter which usually intended for turning works on a tree, and also it used kovshechniki for manufacture internal vyemov. Ha to the Siuhinsky smithy fragments of a working part of a chisel (Halikov A.X are found. 1958. The report... Л.104).

Living on the large river, Maris were able to build boats to what finds fixing skob for boats testify. Kazan letopisets contains data on a ship host cheremisov (the Kazan history. 1954. With. 132).

For ware manufacturing local clay to which in quality otoshchitelej were added shamot, a bowl, sand and dresva was used. B XIII-XV centuries Mari potters have kept traditional recipes of manufacturing of ware in the modelled way. Ho new technologies start to take root into this period in ware manufacturing: the manual potter's wheel is used. The first vessels made with application of a potter's wheel are very difficult for distinguishing from the modelled: tulovo a vessel it is made by technics nalepa, and on a potter's circle the nimbus edge is corrected only. B same time there are vessels of more perfect shape from local clay with use of Old Russian potter's tradition.

The population of the Mari Volga region supported constant trading and cultural contacts as inside okrugi, and with the people surrounding them, first of all, with Russian and bulgarami. B the scientific literature can allocate some forms of trade: local, interstate, regional, external or international (Valeev P.M. 1995. With. 40). So-called local trade had household, daily value, was carried out in the form of an exchange of craft products for grain and livestock products. As a place of such trade the public centre on which the exchange between agricultural population of nearby villages was made usually served. Realisation of operations at domestic trade occurred on the basis of the barter which is not demanding presence of money. Such centre for the population Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) okrugi was Vazhnanger - skoe (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement in which occupation layer products both local manufacture are found out, and brought for sale.

Ha the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement, Juljalsky, Saut - kinskom selishchah Russian and Tatar coins are found out also. Coins had no apertures and were used as monetary units. Ha a Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement scales for fast weighing of coins are found also. Presence of these finds testifies to foreign trade existence.

B quality of shopping centre could act as a site of ancient settlement, and selishcha. For example, for Vazhnangersky (few-Sundyrsky) okrugi a trading trading station could be Juljalsky selishche. A favourable geographical position: prirechnoe the arrangement, presence of convenient bays, affinity of the Volga trading way, a settlement openness - allow to say O volume, that Juljalsky selishche could be a trading trading station. B the advantage of it is spoken and, for example, by percentage imported "bulgarskoj" ceramics in circular ware which in the general ceramic complex on the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement makes - 0,27 %, and on Juljalsky selishche - 7,22 %. O existence on a place Juljalsky selishcha fairs "torgotsy" testify written sources and national legends (Ivanov A.G. 1994. With. 214-221). Still Spiridon Mihajlov, referring to national legends and written sources XVII-XVIII centuries Wrote about existence in these places of the main path connecting Nizhni Novgorod with Cheboksary and Kazan (Mihajlov S. 1972 With. 239-240). O existence of a trading way across Volga written sources of XV century testify also At a direction of embassy of grand duke Ivan Vasilevicha to Kazan tsar Magmet-Eminu in 1489 the order «the Prince great has been given ordered to you govoriti: and you to Kazan through Mordvu and through CHeremisu to Murom and Meshcheru do not go anybody, and would go from Kazan all Volgoju to Novgorod nanizhnej» (the Kazan history. 1954. With. 59).

Character of things and ceramics of settlements testify to two directions of trading contacts of the Mari population. East direction of commercial relations was carried out through Volga Bulgariju and further up to zolotoordynskih cities of the Average Volga region. The western direction of commercial relations was carried out, most likely, through Northeast Russia and the Nizhniy Novgorod princedom. On numerous sources it is known, that the Volga trading way has revived in XIV century (Polubojarinova M. D. 1978. With. 43). O constant travel of Russian merchants to the Horde, basically, across Volga, authors XIII-XV testify centuries: Ibn Abd-az-Zaher, it is scarlet-omari, Iosafat Barbaro (Polubojarinova M. D. 1978. With. 45).

Ha monuments of the Mari Volga region the considerable quantity of Russian products which are presented, basically, iron subjects of a household purpose (cylindrical locks of the Novgorod type, keys cranked, simple uploshchennye and with a ledge on a core) and arms (a mace, fragments of chain armours) is revealed. Two-cylinder locks were widespread in the Volga Bulgaria, but, according to the majority of researchers, Bulgarians have adopted them at Russian (Polubojarinova M. D. 1993. C.118). Meet on settlements and subjects of a Christian cult - crosses.

Products bulgarskogo manufactures basically are presented by subjects from bronze: a cast overlay podprjamougolnoj forms with the figured ends with the rhombus image in the centre, an overlay podprjamougolnoj forms with the spherical terminations, zamochkom in the form of the stylised image of an animal, fragments of mirrors, scales for weighing of coins. The metal plate with a loop for fastening of lateral belts has Bulgarsky analogies also krestovidnaja.

It is necessary to note, what not all things have got to Maris as a result of trade. The part could be made of them on a place, but with use of the new borrowed technological traditions, and separate things could testify and to presence on monuments of the Mari Volga region representatives of the alien population.

B a ceramic complex of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement and surrounding it selishch, selishchah the Krasnoselishchensky bush some groups of ceramics are allocated. Except actually local ware, the ceramics which in complexes of settlements makes 0,27 - 7,22 %, and the Old Russian ware reaching 12,05 - 33,12 % is found bulgarskaja. As on the basis of finds of Russian ceramics, and in bolshej to ceramics degree «sla - vjanoidnogo type» in the Marijsko-Chuvash Volga region, L.D.Makarov states thought that these monuments to consider «only drevnemarijskimi, to put it mildly, not absolutely correctly...» (Makarov L.D. 2004. With. 117), we will consider more in detail a ceramic material selishcha Red Selishche where the percent of slavic ceramics makes 33,12 %. 963 fragments of the top parts among which the modelled ceramics makes 99 fragments (10,28 %), primitively circular 310 fragments (32,19 %), slavjanoidnaja - 226 (23,47 %) are subjected the analysis. Thus, in the general ceramic complex of a monument the local ceramics (modelled, circular, "slavjanoidnaja") makes 65,94 %. Bolshy the percent of Russian ceramics on selishche Red Selishche in comparison with other settlements of the Mari Volga region is not surprising, as beyond Sura the territory of a great princedom Nizhniy Novgorod (with 1340 r begins.) . B communications with it and contacts here were more active (Arhipov G. A. 1982. With. 5 50). At the same time, it is not necessary to exaggerate level of these contacts. The territory of the Mari Volga region, along with the earths occupied mordvoj, Chuvashs entered in so-called «Kazan ukrainu», representing buffer zone between Russian state and the next Tatar khanates (Bahtin A.G. 2004. C.151). Historians notice, that the power of the adjoining states in such territories was uncertain, washed away. Occupying buffer position, mordva, Chuvashs, Maris have appeared in the specific political situation allowing them to play contradictions of the feudal states, to defend the interests. Russian colonisation represented for them the big danger as bulgary and Tatars did not encroach on territory of these people, therefore in the majority they acted as allies of the last and only mordva, much earlier entered mutual relations with Russian it has appeared on their party (Bahtin A.G. 2004. With. 151). B difference from mordvy where for example, in territory Sursko-Oksky mezhdurechja it is tracked cherespolosnoe existence of the Mordovian and Russian monuments (Belorybkin G. N. 2003. C.169), in territory of the Mari Volga region such cases are noted. Most likely building in a left bank of the river of Sura Kurmysha also has not affected colonisation of the Mari earths, a Cypa was perceived by natural border between the earths of the Nizhniy Novgorod princedom, and in a consequence of Russian state, and territory occupied by Mari tribes (fig. 47).

The Russian influence shown available of Russian ware and Russian things on medieval settlements of the Mari Volga region, was repeatedly marked by many researchers (Hlebnikova T.A. 1967; Arhipov G. A. 1982; Nikitina T.B. 2002). Ha today not clearly whom were per -

vye Russian on edge territories, and degree of development by them of region. Most likely, occurrence of separate things, ceramics and even separate poselentsev is not the certificate of wide development of edge Russian population as about it writes L.D.Makarov (to Makarov L.D. 2004. With. 117). Penetration of things is not always caused by direct migratory movement: researchers repeatedly marked a generality of material culture of the Eastern Europe of the Premongolian period (Polubojarinova M. D.

1993. With. 119; Izmajlov I.L. 1986. With. 132).

Most likely, many of the things found on Mari settlements, have been brought from Russian with next, and, first of all, from nearby territories (Zasure). He casually ceramics selishcha Red Selishche in registration of edge of a nimbus and ornamentatsii ware finds analogies in ware Korinsky, Nagovitsinsky, Mountain Olenja, etc. the settlements located in territory of the Nizhniy Novgorod Volga region. For example, in ware selishcha Red Selishche and the Gornoshumetsky site of ancient settlement there is an ornament from the drawn direct strips, while in ceramics Vazhnangersky (a little - Sundyrsky) okrugi such ornament is absent.

It is impossible to exclude and possibility of stay in the Mari Volga region Russian trading people, handicraftsmen as it was in the Volga Bulgaria (Polubojarinova M. D. 1993. With. 119 120), and simply separate manumissions fluent poselentsev, producing Russian ware, which owing to affinity of the form (a pot with expansion in the top part), impurity - dresva, and a technological level (roasting), quickly extended in the environment of local population. Penetration of Russian things has begun long before the considered chronological period, they were repeatedly fixed in Mari burial places XI-XIII centuries, but it is not possible to allocate any pure funeral Russian complex. Precisely also, on one settlement of the Mari Volga region of end XIII-XV centuries it is not possible to allocate inhabited or economic constructions with purely or mainly slavic complex, or to designate on settlements local territory with Russian ware. He it is known also any independent Russian settlement of this period on a right bank of the Mari Volga region in a zone of the greatest distribution sla - vjanoidnoj ceramics. The compact bush of settlements with Russian ceramics is fixed in a mouth p. Vetlugi, the left inflow p. Volga, but this material is difficult for using to the full for the analysis. Settlements have no expressed chronological complexes, the ceramic material has later shape concerning to XVI-XVII centuries it is necessary to notice nevertheless that fact, that a mouth p. Vetlugi does not get to a zone of active distribution «glorifying - noidnoj» ware.

Thus, on the basis of the analysis of a ware material it is necessary to notice, that in end XIII-XV centuries in territory of the Mari Volga region occur trading and cultural contacts to Russia and the Volga Bulgaria that was promoted to no small degree by revival of the Volga trading way. Character of interaction with Russia at the given stage is wrongful for considering as colonisation.

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A source: MIKHEEVA AURIKA IVANOVNA. Settlements of the Mari Volga region in the Middle Ages epoch (KhPI-X & # 1140; centuries). Thesis for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. Izhevsk-2006. 2006

More on topic § 1. An economy, trading and a cultural contact of the population of the Mari Volga region:

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  2. MIKHEYEV AURIKA. of MARI Volga region B the MIDDLE AGES EPOCH (ХПІ-Х Ѵ centuries). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of historical sciences. Izhevsk-2006, 2006
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  9. 1.2.2 Place transport kompleksav to region economy
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