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§ 1. Fortifikatsionnye constructions

Ha the territory of the Mari Volga region knows two sites of ancient settlement dated XTTT-XV centuries B to communication by that the shaft on the Gornoshumetsky site of ancient settlement has not remained, receptions of building of defensive works for XTTT-XV can be tracked centuries only on an example Vazhnangersky (a little - Sundyrsky) sites of ancient settlement.

At a choice of a place for building of sites of ancient settlement prirodno-geographical features of territory were as much as possible used.

Lay-out - one of the major lines of each defensive works. The strengthening plan defines the basic tactical features of the organisation of its defence. Therefore at studying of defensive works of one of the first problems finding-out of basic principles of their lay-out, as a rule, is.

The Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement on topography concerns to mysovomu to type (fig. 5). The site of ancient settlement occupies high tektonicheski - the raised right bank p. Volga also enters into a part of the Privolzhsky height. C a North side the territory of a site of ancient settlement is limited pojmoj p.

Volga, with western - the right coast p. Small Sundyr. The height of a northeast slope reaches 78 m over level pojmy p. Volga, a southwest slope and mysovaja a part of 71 m from pojmy p have height. Sundyr. Slope calculations have shown, that it is not homogeneous for character of a natural bias and makes from 8 ° to 105, 8 °.

C the floor party the platform of a site of ancient settlement is protected by bow-shaped shaft and a ditch. The modern height of a shaft makes 120 sm, depth of a ditch from a top of a shaft of 200 sm, from a floor platform-110 see Almost on the shaft centre there is a rupture in width to 10 m. B of 1964 width of rupture made 4 m (Hlebnikova T.A. 1967). B a southern extremity of a shaft traces of one more journey in width also 10-12 m. Mysovaja a part of a site of ancient settlement are appreciable had additional strengthenings from which the small depression in the ground is visually traced. Under descriptions of historians (S.Mihajlov, C.M. Shpilevsky) strengthenings mysovoj parts incorporated to the strengthenings erected for protection of a site of ancient settlement from a field.

Defensive works of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement were studied in 1958 by the Trench in width of 2 m the southeast edge of a shaft has been cut and the wall around the first rupture is smoothed out. Inside - valnyh designs T.A. Hlebnikovoj it is noted, with nadvalnymi constructions two roundish stains in diameter of 8-10 sm which were settling down on a crest of a shaft are connected. (Hlebnikova T.A. 1967. With. 148-149). B 1983 the trench 4 x 10 m cuts shaft North country (Arhipov G. A. 1985. The report... L. 2). Wooden designs, as well as additional podsypki a shaft, also it was not revealed (Arhipov G. A. 1985. The report... L. 3).

Change of a technique of research of last years has yielded absolutely other results. The excavation of a shaft made by the wide area and a ditch from the floor party (a trench 6 x 22) and in mysovoj during three field seasons (2002-2004) has given the expressive materials, allowing to reconstruct parts of a site of ancient settlement system fortifikatsionnyh constructions of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement.

B a course of researches 2002 and 2004 it is established, that the initial width of a shaft made 870 sm, around journey 1140 see Before the beginning of civil work alignment of a surface and a burning out of a cespitose layer have been spent, then the small stone was filled. Uglistaja a layer with impregnations of ashes and a small stone at a sole are well fixed in stratigrafii a shaft (fig. 6). The similar picture was observed on many drevnemarijskih sites of ancient settlement (Ardinsky, Pajgusovsky sites of ancient settlement of I thousand AD, Vasilsursky V site of ancient settlement XI-XIII centuries etc.). The small stone was filled, possibly, for strengthening of the bottom layers of an embankment. Ha the prepared platform were established vnutrivalnye designs which served as a shaft kernel, gave it durability and protected from fast osypanija.

For two field seasons it was possible to reveal one design completely, the second left in a South side along a shaft, the third in a wall raskopa the Similar design is revealed 1983 at researches of journey to 2003 Most likely, at shaft erection the given reception was used on all length, at least, before the second rupture. From these designs have remained clay zabutovki which settled down on the embankment centre. B a profile zabutovki had kupolovidnuju the form, with height of lateral walls 8095 sm, in the maximum height in the centre 140 see (fig. 6).

The bottom layer of designs makes dense dark brown loam with small pieces of coal. More close to a top the loam layer gets brown colour. The thin horizontal layers of light grey or ashy colour fixed in clay zabutovke, allow to assume, that it was filled with clay poslojno, densely stamped, probably, plentifully watered, and then dried. B quality of a binding solution river silt that is confirmed by data granulometricheskogo and morphological analyses of a ground [1] was used. Use of such reception considerably raised durability vnutrivalnyh designs.

Vertical walls zabutovok practically steep, that allows to assume presence of rigid lateral fastenings - walls. Possibly, here wooden designs srubnogo type from the logs put horizontally in diameter to 15 sm (diameter is defined on a print in clay) and cross-section poles in diameter of 8-10 sm (distance between zabutovkami) were used. The height of skeletons did not exceed 80 see Srubnye designs had some sections with the sizes of the parties on the basis 390 x 305 see

Traces of wooden designs, except for the charred fragments, it is not revealed, as the tree in layers of a site of ancient settlement does not remain. The wood dust is tracked in a layer of sandy loam with clay slices between zabutovkami. Judging by that lateral walls zabutovok do not leave on horizon of day level of an ancient surface, it is possible to make the conclusion, that vnutrivalnye designs did not pass in nadvalnye. B such case we deal with feature, characteristic for strengthenings of Northeast Russia where sruby in shaft did not exceed in height of 2 m and did not reach to vershinyvala (RappaportP.A. 1956. With. 121-122).

Presence of a wide horizontal platform between edge of a ditch and an external lateral wall zabutovok unequivocally testifies that designs were fallen asleep by the earth. Set in motion it is rather practical: the wooden wall, zabutovannaja clay, inevitably should become unfit for use, as the tree collapses quickly enough. Wooden designs after that could collapse. The shaft embankment is presented by yellow sandy loam which from an outer side contains slices of dry clay. Probably, such mixing promoted reduction of flowability of a ground. C use of the formula of calculation of the earth which have slipped from a shaft, counts up height of an embankment which could make not less than 500 see

For strengthening of bottom of a shaft large stones which were fixed both from a platform, and from a ditch were used. On visible, there were also other forms of protection of a shaft from osypanija, for example, the slope of an embankment of a shaft and a face wall from journey are strengthened obmazkoj from clay with kremnezemom, similar to filling in zabutovke. This clay layer has been fixed on each side small koljami by diameter 8 - 10 see

The top part of an embankment of the shaft, consisting of friable sandy loam, is strongly destroyed and deformed. The part has slipped in a ditch (a thickness of yellow sandy loam in a ditch to 1) and the thickness of yellow sandy loam is distributed on a platform of a site of ancient settlement on distance to 60 m. B predvalnoj parts reaches to 60 the full information on presence additional nadvalnyh constructions see B result of strong deformation of a top of a shaft and landslips has not remained. Nevertheless, at research of northern extremity of a shaft traces from the construction which initial contours represented a brown stain in diameter of 320 sm are revealed, limited uglistoj a strip the in width 40 see From a stain in southern and northeast directions of 40 and 50 sm, accordingly (fig. l-d) departed poorly gummirovannye strips in width. Ha to depth of 70 sm from a modern day surface the stain became more distinct and 270 sm have taken the form close to a hexagon, with the size of a diagonal, the length of each side thus made 150 see Lateral strips on this depth have disappeared (fig. 7 6). By analogy to materials of defensive works of the next territories it is possible to assume, that the rests of an observant (sentry) tower in this case are revealed.

The analysis of defensive strengthenings Old Russian and bulgarskih sites of ancient settlement testifies that towers are the important element of defensive works (Rappoport P. A. 1961. With. 144; Gubajdullin A.M. 2002. With. 109; Nikolsky T.H. 1987. With. 33). As a rule, with researchers it is allocated two types of towers: nadvratnye and observant. Polygonal towers are found out on Smolensk site of ancient settlement TSerkvishche (Rappoport P. A. 1962. With. 140), a Suvarsky site of ancient settlement (Gubajdulin A.M. 2002. With. 83, fig. 121).

Arrangement of a tower on the brink of a northeast extremity of a shaft not casually: the fine review on big enough distance as aside pojmy p from here opens. Volga, and on a platform outside of defensive works. The tower was not an independent construction. Most likely, it is constructive it it has been connected with the wooden wall which rests are revealed in southern and northeast directions.

B east direction from a tower, on a slope of the shaft turned towards a ditch, the rests of the burnt down wall (fig. 7-6) are fixed. Initial amorphous enough contours uglistogo fillings are found out in squares Д-3 / 1-3 on depth 45 of 70 sm from a modern day surface in filling see Ha level are fixed strong prokal and ashes, and also fragments of the charred tree. Judging by the remained rests, wall flight made 290 sm, length of basic columns - not less than 260 the Space between basic columns see, has been sheathed by boards.

As have shown excavation, the aperture in a shaft really was ancient journey. The initial sizes of ancient journey coincide with descriptions of predecessors which fixed it within 400 sm (Hlebnikova T.A. 1967.C. 148).

Under the destroyed part of a modern aperture the rests of two holes connected with a design of ancient journey have been found out. Holes (№ 48, 49) podprjamougolnoj forms with the rounded off corners in length of 410-470 sm, depth 110-130 see Filling of holes to similarly filling zabutovok and is presented by dark brown loam with kremnezemom (Nikitina T.B. 2004. The report). Judging by an arrangement of holes: a hole 48 on the centre of a kernel of a shaft, and a hole 49 on the brink of a shaft from a ditch, the given designs could serve as support over - vratnyh constructions, most likely, towers. By analogy to materials Old Russian and bulgarskih sites of ancient settlement it is possible to assume, that the tower was podkvadratnoj forms with the sizes of the parties 500 sm (distance between holes on the centre).

The Southeast border of a ditch leaving on the floor party, has been designated by a congestion of stones, the western border from a shaft embankment - clay filling (fig. 6 6). B journey area the rests of an earthen crosspiece are fixed, and in a ditch traces numerous, enough unsystematic kolev are appreciable. Kolja in diameter 5-12 sm, depth of 10-30 sm settled down on an external slope of a ditch. Such reception in the Russian military-defensive technics has received the name "chastika" or "shchepej" (Kostochkin B.B. 1969. With. 454).

Strengthenings mysovoj parts of a site of ancient settlement are less impressive and have remained much worse. The shaft is deformed and almost has completely become swollen towards a slope. The width of its basis made 500 sm, the height which has remained till now of a shaft, judging by stratigrafii, reached 70 see Also as well as at building of a shaft from the floor party the surface before building was released from vegetation by a burning out from which the uglisto-ashen strip in a profile of northern wall of a shaft (fig. 8) has remained. There are bases to believe, that the shaft basis was made by an embankment consisting of yellow sandy loam with impregnations of a stone and sandstone which was designated from depth of 35 sm from level of a modern day surface. Contours of this filling were fixed in sq. And, Б/1-2 at zachistkah on depth of 35-70 sm, and filling was reduced in a direction to northern wall raskopa. Ha to border of squares And, Б/1-2 on edge of filling from yellow sandy loam there passes a strip of similar filling, strongly, but is unsystematic, sated with a stone of the various sizes (from small to enough large boulders). Possibly, given stones have been intended for strengthening of an embankment and its prevention fast osypanija. At zachistke on depth of 45 sm from level of a modern day surface, against yellow sandy loam on border sq. А/2-3 are appreciable weak contours dark brown poorly gummirovannoj sandy loams. These contours were fixed in a profile by weak filling and were, judging by stratigrafii, a shaft kernel during the first building period of a site of ancient settlement (fig. 8). Researches of 2004 allow to say that the initial kernel of a shaft was made by wooden designs of the knotty poles, subsequently filled with sandy loam (Nikitina T.B. 2005. The report... L. 15).

The day surface of a shaft is designated dark grey (practically black) gummirovannoj by sandy loam. Almost at shaft top the hole № by 1 diameter 20 sm, depth of 40 sm with uglisto-gumusnym filling from a basic column of a defensive wall of the second building period (fig. 8) is revealed. In more details to consider character vnutrivalnyh and nadvalnyh constructions it is not obviously possible because of its strong deformation. The detection fact in 2004 of a jaw of a dog and a pig in the shaft basis on depth of 60 sm from level of a modern day surface is interesting. Here the congestion of the fish scales and bones of animals has been tracked.

The ditch in mysovoj parts of a site of ancient settlement was used for the designated purpose during the first building period of a site of ancient settlement. Initial width of a ditch - 440 sm, depth in the central part (sq. A/6) - 90 sm from level of a modern day surface and 350 sm from the remained top of a shaft. The ditch bottom is strengthened by large stones. The bottom part of a ditch is filled brown gummirovannoj by sandy loam on which the layer of yellowish sandy loam with the small stone lays, embankment which have slipped at destruction of a shaft (fig. 8-6). Bo to a ditch, in a layer of dark grey sandy loam with uglistymi inclusions, a series stolbovyh poles (№ 5-15) which cut a layer of yellowish sandy loam with the small stone, slipped with a shaft embankment is fixed. The deepest holes (№ 6, 9, 10, 15) had the tree rests in filling. Wooden columns in the bottom part have been burnt, that protected them from destruction. Diameter of holes makes 12-18 sm (a pole № 9 podkvadratnoj forms in the sizes 18 x 18см), depth - from 42 to 72 see Stolbovye holes are connected with the second period of functioning of strengthenings that is fixed in a profile of a southern wall of a ditch (fig. 8 6). The revealed columns can be interpreted as the rests of the single-row wooden wall which were additional strengthening of an external slope of a ditch as its depth and a steepness by this period was insignificant. B advantage of later character above described stolbovyh holes data palinologicheskogo the analysis, as in samples from dark grey sandy loam testify also

Various stages in change of sporo-pollen complexes that is characteristic for first half XV century [2] are reflected

Thus, during researches 2003-2004 it was found out, that defensive works of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement represented the difficult system including both vnutrivalnye, and nadvalnye designs; observant and nadvratnuju towers, journey (fig. 9, 10). Except strengthenings from the floor party, there were also strengthenings most a gentle slope in mysovoj parts of a site of ancient settlement. B both cases it is fixed two periods of functioning of strengthenings, and strengthenings in mysovoj parts, most likely, by the end of existence of a site of ancient settlement had no defensive character. Possibly, at the given stage, strengthenings fenced an inhabited platform of a site of ancient settlement from the sanctuary revealed more low on a slope.

Basis of a shaft from the floor party made srubnye designs of several sections, zabutovannyh clay. Use srubnyh designs is widespread enough way of building of defensive works in a wood strip of the Eastern Europe. They are found out on Suvarsky, Tigashevsky sites of ancient settlement (Kahovsky Β. Φ., Smirnov A.P. 1972; Smirnov A.P. 1950), site of ancient settlement Slobodka (Nikolsky T.H. 1987. With. 30) and other monuments of Northeast Russia (Rappoport P. A. 1956. With. 101 JUZ) and the Vjatsky earth (Makarov L.D. 2001. With. 16). Ha drevneudmurtskom site of ancient settlement Idnakar IX-XIII centuries a basis of an internal shaft the timbered design from srubov made in the length 4,5-5 m and width 2,6-3 m filled with dense red clay, in some places with an impurity of sand and gumusa. A difference that sruby of 0,8-1 m (Ivanov of M. of 1988 are put from each other on distance. With. 20-21). The closest to Vazhnangersky (A little - Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement is the site of ancient settlement Big Tojaba in Chuvashiya with that difference, that on the last vnutrivalnye designs leave on level of a day surface (Smirnov A.P. 1950. With. 133-138).

Obmazka a slope and an external side of a wall clay, presence of an earthen crosspiece around journey, designs nadvalnyh and vnutrivalnyh constructions as a whole are close to Russian and bulgarskim to building traditions (to Smirnov A.P. 1950; Nikolsky T.H. 1987; Fedorov-Davydov G. A. 1962).

Proceeding from the approved P.A.Rappoportom of a design procedure of the amount of works, fortresses necessary for building, it is possible to define approximate quantity the person, necessary for building fortifikatsionnyh constructions of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement. Norms of old Russian directories undertook a basis (e.g.: Fixed positions for the works all in general made at fortresses, civil buildings and technical constructions. Изд.2-е, SPb., 1839; fixed position for civil work. It is confirmed in 1869. SPb., 1881) in which 12 hour working day is considered and it undertook exclusive manual skills at performance standard 2 cubic m. At calculations of volume of a ground average quantity of the earth used on building of a shaft, taking into account researches 2002 and 2003

For a basis we take P.A.Rappoporta's accepted for fortresses Jureva-Polish the calculations (the middle of XII century), Mstislavlja (second half XII century) and small town Habarova (the end of XV century). On the chronological period and the sizes of a shaft (external) to the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement the small town Habarov, on presence vnutrivalnyh is closer than designs and the fortress area - Mstislavl.

The volume of the earth used on building of a shaft of the Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) site of ancient settlement, has made 2 827 cubic m. Here the volume of directly shaft and the earth which have slipped in a ditch is included. Considering, that the earth at dredging gives volume increase (in our case the ground has the mixed character - loam and sandy loam), is applied factor of 17 %. For performance of these works it is required (taking into account day development 2 cubic m.) 1173 people/dn. Besides, for podnoski this earth to the place of a construction of shaft, nasypki and trambovki it is necessary to spend as much again, accordingly, taking into account additional loadings, expenses will make 2346 people/dn Except excavations, it is required to consider amount of works on building wooden vnutrivalnyh designs, building of a tower, the additional walls protecting a shaft from osypanija that makes in addition 594 people/dn

Thus, on norms of fixed positions, for construction Vazh - nangerskoj the fortress of all needed 2940 people/dn Considering P.A.Rappoporta's absolutely fair remark that norms of fixed positions of XIX century reflect much more perfect organisation of work, than in Ancient Russia, and also better quality of the building tools is ready, the received figures can be increased twice, that will make 5880 people/dn

Taking into consideration possibility of performance of civil work in a wood strip from May till September, on the average 150 days in a year, for fortress construction are necessary 39,2 people/dn If to assume, that fortress building was carried out during one building season, the necessary quantity of a labour makes 40 persons. About the same quantity could be involved and in building of strengthenings in mysovoj parts.

Judging by certificates of Russian annals, time of building of fortresses was limited quite often to only summer period to what numerous instructions that «testify....zalozhen byst the small town» and «the same summer rublen was», in particular Pereyaslavl «is cut down uniform summer byst», strengthenings of Vyborg are constructed in a current 2-3 months which have burnt down walls of a large fortress in Vladimir restored for 2 months, construction of the city of Kolozhe on a new place is carried out for two weeks (Rappoport P. A. 1961. With. 213). C the account of the given Russian annals quite probably to limit the building period to two months. B such case the necessary quantity of the workers involved in building of strengthenings from the floor party, will make 98 persons, taking into account building of strengthenings in mysovoj parts - 196 persons.

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A source: MIKHEEVA AURIKA IVANOVNA. Settlements of the Mari Volga region in the Middle Ages epoch (KhPI-X & # 1140; centuries). Thesis for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. Izhevsk-2006. 2006

More on topic § 1. Fortifikatsionnye constructions:

  1. § 2. Dwellings and economic constructions
  2. § 1.2. Buildings, constructions as ground area components
  3. History of formation of legal regulation of building of the earths buildings and constructions
  4. § 1.3. Section, association and other changes of the ground area, buildings, Constructions
  5. building materials, products and constructive elements of buildings, structures and constructions
  6. Chapter 2. DEFENSIVE STRENGTHENINGS And CONSTRUCTIONS
  7. §1. Conceptual positions of development of system constructions
  8. 1.1. Constructions of systems of heating and ventilation of cars
  9. CHAPTER 1. CONCEPTUAL POSITIONS of DEVELOPMENT of SYSTEM CONSTRUCTIONS
  10. Influence on an activity environment on building of buildings and constructions