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THE CONCLUSION

The Mari Volga region, in borders of modern moving mountain mari, is one of few territories of the Finno-Ugric world where centuries are presented antiquity XIII-XV brightly enough. For rather short period by expeditions of Mahe it is revealed 25 settlements XTTT-XV centuries located in left - and a right bank of pool p.

Volga. Ha bolshej parts are spent large-scale works. Have essentially added a picture of social structure the open altars located near of settlements.

The analysis of topography of Mari settlements allows to speak about considerable changes in moving system. B end XIII-XV centuries the number of sites of ancient settlement is sharply reduced. The population great bulk passes to live on selishcha, located on capes of radical terraces, with flat descents to water and nearby from an arable land that is connected with transition to new forms of processing of the earth. Bushes (nests) of the settlements presented by monuments of a various functional purpose become the important element in moving system.

The ware stock of Mari settlements testifies to complex character of an economy, the leading part in which was played by agriculture and animal industries. B difference from the early Middle Ages occurs transition OT podsechnogo agriculture to more developed forms, in particular, to a rebroad gull, and is possible also to conducting dvupolnogo a crop rotation. A consequence of new system of processing of soil is the cattle breeding development, the increasing which role proves to be true numerous finds of bones of pets on settlements of the Mari Volga region.

Graphic evidences of craft activity it is not revealed, however presence of smithies with a considerable quantity of the preparations, the rejected things, half-finished products, iron slags allow to confirm about existence of forge craft. Finds of half-finished products and preparations on settlements (Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) a site of ancient settlement, Juljalsky selishche, selishche Red selishche) testify to presence here craft workshops.

B end XIII-XV centuries occur considerable changes in ceramic manufacture that proves to be true absolute prevalence on settlements of circular ceramics which makes from 80,9 to 89,9 %. B ceramic complexes it is accurately allocated three groups of ware: local, Russian and bulgarskaja. B to local ceramics along with the modelled and is primitive-circular there is a ware with registration of edge of a nimbus in Russian tradition, but with use of local impurity (shamot, dresva, a bowl). Such ceramics has received the name "slavjanoidnoj". Combination of ceramic traditions in the given ware has provoked an ambiguous estimation of its ethnic accessory. Consideration "slavjanoidnoj" ceramics at several levels (registration of edge of a nimbus, protapering tulova, impurity) taking into account data of the tehniko-technological analysis allow to confirm about local character of ware.

Presence in material complexes of settlements of Russian, bulgarskih and zolotoordynskih things testify about cultural, political and commercial relations with the next people. The arrangement of settlements near to trading ways, first of all, at merge of the rivers of Volga with Vetlugoj and Sura, and also their inflows, promoted economic development of territory. Revival in XIV century of the Great Volga way, certainly, has affected activity of trading contacts both in east (Volga Bulgarija) and in western (Northeast Russia and the Nizhniy Novgorod princedom) directions to what finds bulgarskih and Russian coins, ware testify.

The Old Russian ceramics makes in ceramic complexes of settlements from 12,05 to 33,12 %. B smaller quantity on selishchah and sites of ancient settlement the ceramics - 0,32-7,23 % is presented bulgarskaja. The closest contacts to Russia are tracked on materials selishcha Red selishche where registration of a nimbus and ornamentatsija ware has analogies in monuments of the Nizhniy Novgorod Volga region. Probably, that Russian or bulgary as trading people, captives and separate poselentsev, lived directly on settlements, but their representation was not considerable, and they have not affected ethnic shape of local population. He it is casual on sites of ancient settlement and selishchah the Mari Volga region it is not possible to isolate pure complexes of settlements with Russian or bulgarskoj ware.

B result of the spent researches the data which have essentially added data about domostroitelstve of Maris during this period are obtained. The Planigrafichesky analysis of constructions on settlements allows to speak about farmstead character of building. Prevailing type of dwellings are land houses srubnoj designs podkvadratnoj forms, with orientation of walls on the horizon parties. The pise-walled furnace, on srubnom or stolbovom opechke, settled down in a southern corner of construction. Dugouts can be considered as an exception. Cellars, cages-barns, summer kitchens "kudo", the open centres and various holes of economic appointment were widespread components of a farmstead complex.

B XIII-XV centuries the basic social and economic structural unit of a society become the nests-communities which vivid example is Vazhnangersky (Few-Sundyrsky) districts. Studying of all structural components okrugi allows to assert, that it represented uniform demographic region and social unit with the developed economy based on a complex economy with the prevailing role pashennogo of agriculture and animal industries. A kernel okrugi was Vazhnangersky (Ma - lo-Sundyrskoe) a site of ancient settlement which was carrying out a role cult, voennooboronitelnogo and the economic centre. The system fortifikatsionnyh constructions of a site of ancient settlement is quite comparable to Russian and bulgarskimi cities XTTT-XV centuries On the sizes, character of strengthenings now this monument has very few analogies in the Finno-Ugric world. Occurrence of such centre with versatile functions assumes presence of the management system regulating the relations of the population inside okrugi, distribution of labour duties, the organisation of defence and performance of ritual actions.

At the same time, processes of formation of cities and feudal relations in the Mari Volga region in XIII-XV have not received centuries end. The transition period from rodoplemennogo a system to rannefeodalnomu at Maris proceeded up to XVI century, thus in social relations elements developing ranneklassovogo societies intertwined both signs rodoplemennoj the organisations, and.

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A source: MIKHEEVA AURIKA IVANOVNA. Settlements of the Mari Volga region in the Middle Ages epoch (KhPI-X & # 1140; centuries). Thesis for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. Izhevsk-2006. 2006

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  1. the Conclusion
  2. THE CONCLUSION
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  5. the Conclusion
  6. THE CONCLUSION
  7. the Pathomorphologic conclusion
  8. THE CONCLUSION
  9. THE CONCLUSION
  10. THE CONCLUSION