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3.2. Operational audit as means of operative adaptation of managing economic systems

For maintenance of the stable existence and effective forward development in the conditions of instability of the modern world, managing subjects are compelled to adapt operatively for requests is permanent a varying external environment.
Adaptation is one of the basic properties of existence and development both natural, and artificial systems. However if natural systems adapt continuously, artificial, as a rule, - periodically in discrete spaces of time [184].
The concept "adaptation" (from medieval Latin adaptation - the adaptation, the appendix), represents property of systems which should be supplied at all stages of their development. At the same time in scientific sources and reference books adaptation is defined as «ability of the adaptation of natural and artificial systems to changed external and internal conditions» [184, with. 59]. Besides, adaptation consider and as ability of system to find out the purposeful
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Adapting behaviour in difficult conditions, and also process of such adaptation [109]. Thus «properties with which help such possibility is supplied, are called as adaptive» [184, with. 63].
Thus, it is necessary to recognise, that the system having adaptive properties, that is the system, capable to save working capacity at various unforeseen changes of properties of operated object, purposes or an external environment by means of change of algorithm of the functioning or search and realisation of optimum administrative decisions represents adaptive system.
In a modern economic science there are two approaches to concept interpretation «adaptive system». One of them is based on the appendix of adaptability of technical and biological systems to economic systems as a whole and the managing subject in particular. Thus, according to V.M.Mishina adaptability it that other as «maintenance prisposobljaemosti organisation systems to changed external and internal conditions» [118, with. 13]. According to known laws adaptability in natural systems usually consider from two points of view, as intersystem, that is adaptation of elements of this system to each other, and adaptation of the system to an external environment [54]. It, in turn confirms opinions and the conclusions of scientists made concerning artificial systems (in particular managing economic).
The indicated approach assumes, that the adaptive system represents some cybernetic system with a feedback (fig. 3.1) [17, 95, 184, etc.].
From drawing it is visible, that the environment of interaction S affects W (s) operated (reacting) subsystem R which, in turn, reacts effect V (r) this environment. Besides, the effect environment sets conditions or effects at on operating subsystem U, in which
The information on indicated effects W (s) and V (r) acts. Operating subsystem U on the basis of a purpose (criterion function), effect at and the received information on effects W (s) and V (r) evaluates quality performance Q of fulfilment of a purpose (criterion function) and, as consequence, produces operating effect U (y) on an operated subsystem (a reaction subsystem) R and so on.


Fig. 3.1. The basic scheme of cybernetic adaptive system with a feedback
Where W (s) - effect of S environment on an operated (reacting) subsystem;
V (r) - reaction of an operated subsystem to effect W (s); at - environmental conditions or the effects influencing the operating subsystem;
U (y) — operating effect from an operating subsystem;
With — a purpose (criterion function).
Dotted arrows designate transfer to an operating subsystem of the information on character of effect of environment on operated (reacting) subsystem W (s) and about corresponding reaction of the indicated subsystem to this effect V (r).
The considered approach opens a principle of functioning of cybernetic adaptive system with a feedback.
However in the scientific literature there is also a second point of view of interpretation of the adaptive system, based on works of researchers of Institute of cybernetics of Ukraine [17, 58]. Scientists consider, that the adaptation problem is understood as such situation when in the presence of the information on a current condition of object the imperative model of its required condition is set. Thus transformations of a current condition of object to the required are represented by process of the decision of the indicated problem. The subsystem realising this process, is called as decisive.
The analysis of processes of the decision of the indicated problems allows to recognise, that for their realisation (in the presence of a certain set of actions and strategy) it is necessary to have extensive, but thus relevant a problem situation the information. However, as already it was marked earlier, any information has variety of every possible discrepancies and distortions arising owing to both objective, and subjective factors. Differently any information bears in itself the information risk requiring its constant optimisation.
Thus, from told obviously, that that the managing economic system was adaptive, and adaptation process was effective and effective operating or decisive subsystems should have the duly and free information from information risk about all effects, indignations or problem situations arising during functioning of this system.
Differently characteristic line of process of adaptation is the tax,
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Ordering and research (including its check) the relevant current information for the purpose of achievement of a certain condition or behaviour of system.
At the same time constant necessity operatively to react to dynamics of an economic situation in the world forces to produce continuously managing subjects proper responses to occurring changes in their external environment and to introduce corresponding corrective amendments in a control system existing at them. It in turn causes probability of infringement of integrity of managing subjects, that in turn requires of a control system of any managing subject of realisation of researches of their relations with systems bolshego an order that leads to necessity of every possible structural and methodological reorganisations for most this subject. Speaking to the modern language, composed the whole should be vzaimouvjazany, and development whole — to depend on its weakest part. The lien of efficiency of any system as unit in vzaimouvjazke possibilities of its components which should be exposed to continuous research from a control system of them. Therefore in modern conditions it is permanent varying influences of an external environment on managing subjects the requirement of these subjects available the flexible toolkit allowing them operatively to adapt under all new and new requests amplifies, supplying thus effective support of processes of transition of operating and operated subsystems from an existing condition in the required.
At the same time, as adaptation of managing economic systems proceeds in the conditions of uncertainty of an external environment of these systems, considering all aspects of adaptability of a control system and business - of processes of the managing subject it is necessary to understand what to name effective functioning of this or that system and what algorithm of the adaptation, that is what mechanism of achievement of purposes.
Defining and setting purposes, and also methods of their achievement
The control system considers adaptation as a certain process of direct management by the managing subject. It means, that adaptation practically does not differ from management in a broad sense, as it «... As well as any management, is the organisation of such purposeful effect on object at which the set purposes» [184 are reached, with. 77].
At the same time, defining management type to which adaptation concerns, there is an opinion, that it should be carried to optimisation of activity in the conditions of hindrances, «... In which process object parametres are changed so that its quality performance aspired to extreme significance» [184, with. 77].
So, for example, J.Z.Tsypkin considers, that adaptation as direct management represents process of change of parametres and system structure, and also operating effects on the basis of the current information for the purpose of achievement of an optimum condition of this system at initial uncertainty of its external environment and is permanent varying conditions of its functioning [194 195, 196].
However it is necessary to consider, that difficult systems which the modern managing subjects functioning in not less difficult, dynamical and at times aggressive conditions concern, have no uniform criterion of optimisation. Differently all modern managing economic systems function in conditions mnogokriterialnosti. Thus indicated criteria can be not only extreme, but also have character of those or other restrictions or assumptions. It causes necessity of a choice simultaneously several criteria and optimisation of this choice depending on the developed problem situation, and also internal requirements and purposes of the most managing economic system. Thus it is necessary to consider a choice of those or other criteria as adaptive process which should be considered within the limits of research of adaptability of operating and operated subsystems in conditions
Constant change of an external environment of the managing subject.
Thus, adaptation in our opinion can be defined as administrative process of purposeful change of parametres and structure of managing economic system which consists in research of constantly changed information base, definition of criteria of functioning of this system, and also actions on achievement of these criteria that allows to change them at adaptation.
At the same time purposeful functioning of any managing economic system and its making elements is caused by constant accumulation of the contradictions which overcoming, as a rule, is interfaced to change of organizational structure of these systems, and also methods and the means applied at management. It is thus obvious, that for effective functioning of any managing subject as systems as managerial process are necessary for realising adaptation in two interconnected and complementary directions:
The adaptation directed on maintenance of stability in limits, functions existing in this system (management of stability);
The adaptation directed on perfection of all managing economic system (management of development).
In turn the concept "stability" represents constant ability of the managing subject as systems to resist to permanent effects of its external environment, saving thus qualitative definiteness [186]. However to resist to the indicated effects the managing subject should have the corresponding internal potential as which usually understand set of the resources limited inherently and sources of their replenishment. Besides, not less a prominent aspect is the availability of a corresponding information component about productivity of this potential in real time and thus free from information
Risk which all information acting in a control system has practically.
At the same time, ability of any managing subject to carry out adaptation not only to current effects of its external environment, but also to the probable future which will arise in development of this subject in time is not less important.
However any control system in practice has no that possibility which is necessary for research of the indicated aspects. It in turn causes necessity of application within the limits of any managing economic system of proper toolkit capable effectively and continuously to investigate the indicated problematics and to prepare on materials of the done research work adequate administrative recommendations about updating already accepted or accepted, and also the future administrative decisions.
In turn application of traditional approaches and methods of operative adaptation to is permanent to varying requests of an external environment of the managing subject the control system of this subject not always sufficiently is reasonable and supported by corresponding proofs [40, 56, 182, etc.].
So, for example, it is very frequent employees of a control system are transhipped by the current work connected with their direct responsibilities and have no accurate submission what is the most significant in time present situation and the more so in the long term for all managing subject. At the same time, practically there is no complete information on the one who bears responsibility for this or that plot of work that leads to absence of integrated approach and sistemnosti researches conducted by them. Thus there is a subjective unwillingness to see that is outside of sphere of responsibility and influence of this or that employee and the more so this or that structural link of the managing subject.
All these and variety of other subjective signs and the reasons,
Influencing adaptive process, does not allow the managing subject as to system effectively to adapt for permanent effects of an external environment of this subject not only in far prospect, but also in any present situation of time. Differently such means which irrespective of operating and operated subsystems of this subject would allow not only in time is necessary for a control system of any managing subject and properly to carry out researches of those or other problem situations, but also to adapt for all arising indignations and effects from the party, both its external environment, and its internal potential, not infringing thus direct functional responsibilities of all its employees.
Generalising the above-stated, and also the researches, conducted it is earlier possible to ascertain with confidence, that as the most comprehensible means as to permanent changes of its external environment, and adaptation to probable influences in the future the monitoring of current activity executed within the limits of operational audit can serve operative adaptation of any managing economic system, capable not only operatively to investigate and evaluate current problem situations, but also focused in the future development of this system.
Thus, by analogy to the general basic scheme of cybernetic adaptive system to a feedback (fig. 3.1) adaptive managing economic system with an element of the operational audit, answering the conditions indicated earlier can present in a following kind (fig. 3.2).
Thus dotted arrows designate a stream of the information on character of effect of environment on operated (reacting) subsystem W (s) and about corresponding reaction of the indicated subsystem to this effect V (r), used at research within the limits of operational audirovnija. The threefold arrow means transfer to an operating subsystem produced on the basis of the conducted auditor researches as correcting, and
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Perspective administrative recommendations of the accepted administrative decisions directed on perfection as corresponding reaction to permanent effects of an external environment of this subject and probable effects in the future.
The environment of interaction of operating and operated adaptive system S (reacting) subsystems
W (s) Operational
Audit ^ Operating subsystem U
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A source: Sitnov Alexey Aleksandrovich. Theory, organization and methodology of operational audit of business entities. 2009

More on topic 3.2. Operational audit as means of operative adaptation of managing economic systems:

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  2. 5.1. Operational audit of an external environment of the managing subject
  3. 5.3. Operational audit of efficiency of innovative development of managing subjects
  4. 3.3. Operational audit - the tool of support of competitiveness of managing subjects
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  6. 1.3. Problems of operational audit
  7. 4.3. The strategic model of operational audit
  8. 1.2. The role and a place of operational audit in upravleniihozjajstvujushchim the subject
  9. CHAPTER 1. The agreement of managing subjects as legal Means of achievement of economic targets.
  10. 5.2. Operational audit internal potentsialahozjajstvujushchego the subject
  11. 4.1. The basic stages of operational audit and feature of their realisation
  12. 2.1. The General characteristic of a method of operational audit
  13. 1.4. Principles of operational audit
  14. З.1. Operational audit as the major form of the internal control
  15. 1.1. The essence and a subject domain of operational audit
  16. the Technique operational audit in land sphere of production
  17. 2.4. The tax of auditor proofs - maintenance of quality and reliability of information base of operational audit
  18. Chapter 2. A method of operational audit
  19. Chapter 4. Principles of the organisation of operational audit