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the Characteristic of the Tambov area

The Tambov area occupies central part Oksko of the-Don lowland and enters into a zone Is central-Chernozemnogo the centre. The area border gives it the compact roundish form with a diameter about 200 km.

The area borders: in the northwest with the Ryazan area, on the northeast with Penza, in the southeast with Saratov, in the south with Voronezh and in the west with Lipetsk area.

The area occupies the 33,2 thousand space км2. Thanks to a flat land forms and rich chernozemnym to soils agriculture here is developed. A predominating visual environment steppe, dismembered ovrazhno-balochnoj a net.

Area water resources are poor. The fluvial net is introduced by the small rivers which are inflows of Volga of 3-5th order and inflows of Don of 2-4th order.

G runtovye waters lie down on the big depths.

Forests occupy about 10 % of the area and are placed basically in se - a true part of area, in pool of river TSny, and also a narrow strip on the river the Raven. Small forest areas are available in the west of area, in territory of Michurinsk area.

Owing to a geographical location and small territory in There - bovskoj areas are not present sharp contrasts of natural settings. The climate in a direction from the north and the northwest on the south and the southeast changes aside drier and hot a little.

In northern part of area predominate vyshchelochennye black earth and grey wood soils, in a southern part — powerful black earth.

Climate of area of object of research moderately continental, with warm enough summer and in the cold, stably frosty winter. The mid-annual temperature of air makes 4—5 °, and on separate to years fluctuates from 2,3 to 7,6 °. The temperature of the warmest month (July) makes 18,8 - 20,7 °, and the coldest, with temperature —

10,3,-11,8 °, are January and February.

The absolute paleocrystic minimum of temperature of air makes on area-37-43 °, and an absolute paleocrystic maximum of temperature of air - 37 40 °.

The warm period on the average begins on April, 1st-5 and comes to an end on November, 2-8nd. The general duration of the period with positive daily average temperature of air makes in a year of 210-220 days (about 60 %), and the frosty period with negative daily average temperatures of air makes 145-155 days in a year.

The period with average daily temperatures of air above 5 ° begins in the middle of April and comes to an end in the middle of October, and its duration in a year makes 175-185 days. The period with higher average daily temperatures of air (10 ° and above) begins in the end of April - the beginning of May and comes to an end on September, 21st-25, and duration makes it 140—150 days. The period with temperature above 15 ° is established in the third decade of May and comes to an end in the end of August, and duration makes it from 90 days in the northwest till 110 days in the area southeast.

The termination of frosts, on average paleocrystic data, is necessary on area on the second five-day week of May. The earliest termination of frosts is observed in the second five-day week of April, and most later - in the first five-day week of June. There were events when last frost on soil was marked on June, 10th.

Average dates of the first autumn frost fall to last five-day week (places on the fifth five-day week) September.

The earliest beginning of frosts was marked on area on September, 4th, and most later - on October, 28th - on November, 2nd.

Average duration of a frost-free period makes on area of 130-150 days.

The average paleocrystic rainfall amount, dropping out on terri - torii areas, makes mainly 440-510 mm. The rainfall amount and heat parity causes favorable climatic parametres for agriculture conducting. However non-uniform distribution of sediments in different years and the separate periods creates quite often droughty conditions.

On paleocrystic data, distribution of sediments on months that is kovo: the least rainfall amount making 20-25 mm, drops out in February and March. In April the sum of sediments increases to 30 35 mm, in May - to 40-50 mm, in June - to 50-60 mm. In July the greatest rainfall amount which makes 60-70 mm drops out. Since August the rainfall amount decreases. Their sum in August makes 50-60 mm, in September and October of 35 45 mm, in November and December of 30 40 mm and in January of 25-30 mm.

In table 2 a specification on temperature of air, relative humidity and sediments on months is resulted.

Table 2. Paleocrystic data of meteorological station of a city

Tambov

The climatic

Indicators

Months Godo

vye

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Temperature, With -10,7 -10,5 -5,4 5,2 14,2 17,9 20,3 18,4 12,1 5,3 -1,9 -8,1 4,7
Relative humidity of air, % 82 78 74 60 48 50 50 50 60 69 80 84 65
Sediments, mm 32 26 24 34 47 62 66 66 37 45 39 36 490

The mid-annual temperature of air makes 4,7 degrees on a scale


Celsius. Around carrying out of researches absolutely maximum and absolutely minimum temperatures are fixed: +39 °s,-44 ° of air of 65 %. The maximum of sediments drops out since April

Till September. The vegetation period makes 180 days. Capacity of a snow mantle on the average 22 centimetres (fig. 3).


Fig. 3. Klimmatogramma according to a meteorological station of a city of Tambov

In table 3 the direction of predominating winds from time to time year is introduced.

Table 3. A direction of predominating winds from time to time year
Season Point
Winter SZ
Spring JUV
Summer Z, JU
Autumn SZ


The territory lesorastitelnogo area ranges on plain, wavy, with low vsholmlenijami, the cut up river valleys, in water-collecting area TSny and its inflows Kyorsha and Kashma.

Forests are carried to flat forests of the European part of the Russian Federation.

The surface of territory of area of research represents flat plain with the predominating height about 150 m above sea level. The central and northeast areas of area have a bias on the north, and other areas — on the south and the southwest.

The Tambov plain is had within the Oksko-Don bottom - mennosti between two heights: Sredne-Russian in the west and Privolzhsky in the east. The Privolzhsky height the the West - nymi spurs comes in the northeast into area limits. Here there are the highest points of a surface the areas reaching 210 m above sea level. The lowest sites, about 83 m a n-hell a sea level, lay in a valley of river TSny at northern border of area. The difference of heights of a surface of area reaches 127 m.

Horizontal and vertical raschlenennost area surfaces increases from the West by the east. In pool of the river of Voronezh, a ranging pas the area West, depth of river valleys not prevy - shaet 20-40 m, beams of 4-10 m, and the area ovrazhno-balochnoj nets with - stavljaet 2,8 % of a total area of pool. In the east of area, in pool of the river Ravens, river valleys have depth of 60-70 m, and abrupt beams - 1520 m. Ovrazhno-balochnaja reach a net of 4,34 % of the area of pool.

River valleys, their watersheds, and also beams and gullens are the ground forms of a land forms defining character of a surface of area.

Density ovrazhno-balochnoj reaches nets in territory of area of 0,35 kilometres on 1 kilometre square.

River valleys of the largest rivers of area are had almost in meridionalnom a direction. The valley of river TSny at headstreams looks like a beam in width to 500 m (without a bottomland). At northern border of area the bottomland of river TSny reaches width of 10 km. Slopes of a valley of river TSny asimme - trichny, have a various steepness. More abrupt is the left slope.

The width of a river valley of the river Ravens within area reaches 3 km in the north and 6,5 km in the south. And abrupt the right slope of a valley which rises places to 40—50 m over its bottom is higher.

All river valleys of area have well developed bottomlands, koto - rye are mostly considerably boggy.

Beams in the Tambov area occupy 4,1 % of its territory, or

130,1 thousand hectare. The deepest beams are on a right bank of the river Ravens.

Area gullens represent the modern form of linear erosion. They normally differ the big steepness of a slope. The length of gullens does not exceed 3 km. The considerable part of gullens has growing top. Gullens are extended on slopes of river valleys and beams, and also at the bottom of beams.

The basic lesoobrazujushchej breed in territory of the Tsninsky forest area is a pine, also from among the main breeds from the main breeds the oak, an aspen, a birch here grow. In a shrub layer such breeds as leshchina, a maple ostrolistnyj, a mountain ash, an acacia yellow, beresklet warty, a linden grow. In napochvennom a cover predominating plants are: a sedge volosistaja, kopyten European, wild strawberry, snyt

Ordinary, orljak ordinary, zvezdchatka lantsetovidnaja.

The abundance and a variety of flora in many respects causes also fauna. Fauna principal views are: an elk, a wild boar, kosulja, a fox, a hare-hare, a badger, the squirrel, a muskrat, a marten wood.

From birds here predominate: krjakva, a teal-treskunok, a ruddy-headed dive, a woodpecker, sojka. Also meet: the big titmouse, grey a raven, the ring-dove, a wood-grouse, a field sparrow and others.

The entomofauna is introduced: bees, wasps, various kinds of flies, grasshoppers, dragonflies, various kinds paukoobraznyh, etc. Within the limits of the given research great value following insects - have phytophags: podkornyj a pine bug, red pine pililshchik, pobegovjun summer, green oak listovyortka, pine brazhnik, pine a scoop and others.

2.1.2.1

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A source: Semyonov Michael Aleksandrovich . Ecological mechanisms for the formation of ecosystem biodiversity in artificial reforestation (on the example of the Tsninsky forest area). 2014

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