<<
>>

2.1. Formation of preconditions and conditions of efficient control foreign trade activities in process regionalizatsii the Russian economy.

Now in Russia difficult enough system of state regulation of foreign trade activities which is in a condition of permanent transformations throughout all 90th years of the XX-th century acts. And business not only that one ministry responsible for this sphere of economy is replaced by other, on change to the Ministry of Foreign Trade comes MEVS, and then - the industry and trade ministry (with for the present not clear authorities in foreign trade activities sphere).

Main is an absence scientifically - the reasonable purpose and the external economic strategy according to the produced foreign policy doctrine of the state. From here — periodic "shake-ups" of organizational structures of management of branch, change of priorities of the state programming of foreign trade activities.

In the economic literature till now there is no settled point of view on understanding of volume and the concept contents “the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities”. It is connected with variety of the objective and subjective reasons, main of which — an ambiguity of the purposes of economic policy of the Russian state. Political strike for priorities in economy, for a choice of ways of its further development, for state participation degree in its regulation and development [54] is reflected and in the scientific polemic conducted round terms, used in the analysis of the external economic sphere.

One authors consider, that it is expedient to differentiate concepts “a controlling mechanism foreign trade activities” and “the external economic mechanism”. Thus a controlling mechanism foreign trade activities name system of the state institutes supplying necessary conditions of functioning of the external economic sphere, and also set of forms used for this purpose and regulation methods. [55] and the external economic mechanism — concept wider. Except actually controlling mechanism of foreign trade activities it includes also national economic subjects, their associations, the non-governmental organisations. [56]

Other authors tend to expediency of the use instead of the term "management" of the term "regulation" with reference to the external economic sector of economy. Thus for them the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities it is faster organizational structure of the operating subject. It is possible to meet such approach in a number of works on regional economy. [57]

In the educational literature the concept of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities meets less often. For it submission about system of state regulation of foreign trade activities as sets of such elements, as is characteristic:

n legislatively-legal base of regulation;

n institutsionno-organizational structure of regulation;

n forms and regulation methods. [58]

From resulted above variants of understanding of the term “the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities” it is visible, that there is in all from them the general, namely: the administrative structure is considered not only from items of structure of elements forming it, but also from items of interaction, functional interrelations between them. Against such understanding of a controlling mechanism of foreign trade activities it is difficult to object.

Discussion about that to include or not to include in concept of the mechanism of regulation also forms, methods of regulation of foreign trade activities, is not finished yet. We consider lawful to distinguish the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities and the form, methods of regulation of foreign trade activities, as finds reflexion in the given dissertational work.

At the same time we consider, that the purposes and principles of state regulation of foreign trade activities should not join in volume of concept of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities as it offers S.Borisova. [59] purposes and principles of regulation by means of any mechanism are not immanently to it inherent, and are set by administrative systems of higher order. In this case this state system of Russia and its political system. Therefore consider expedient a question on the purposes and principles of state regulation of foreign trade activities to consider outside the limits of the analysis of the developed mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities, and already then to track stages of transformation of this mechanism in 90th years of the XX-th century.

Consideration of programs of the Government of the Russian Federation allows to draw following conclusions concerning the contents and mainstreams of state regulation of foreign trade activities [60] They consist of following purposes:

n use of foreign economic relations for creation acceleration in Russia of market economy;

n assistance to increase of labour efficiency and quality of national production by acquisition of licences and patents, purchases of new technologies, qualitative accessories, raw materials and materials, inclusions of the Russian enterprises in a world competitiveness;

n creation of access conditionses of the Russian businessmen on the world markets by means of rendering of the state, organizational, financial, information assistance;

n protection of national external economic interests, home market protection;

n creation and maintenance of a safe international mode in mutual relations with the various states and the international organisations.

The analysis of the developed legislatively-right base of regulation of foreign trade activities says that it is constructed according to following principles:

- Unity of the external economic policy and national (internal) economic policy;

n unity of system of state regulation and the control over its realisation;

n carrying over of the centre of gravity of regulation of foreign trade activities with administrative on economic methods;

n accurate differentiation of the rights and responsibility of Federation and its subjects in the field of foreign trade activities management;

n maintenance of equality of all participants of foreign trade activities.

However following from the governmental programs and the is standard-legal documents accepted from the beginning of 90th years by the Russian management, the purposes and principles of state regulation of foreign trade activities and foreign economic relations have found adequate embodiment in the mechanism of their realisation. The mechanism of state regulation of the external economic sector of economy has in practice appeared is built in such a manner that practically any of the declared purposes in real economic practice has appeared reached.

Really, the problem of use of foreign economic relations for creation acceleration in Russia of market economy has appeared unsolved as incorrectly understood “foreign trade activities liberalisation” has turned back not acceleration, and creation slowing down in Russia effectively functioning economy.

The problem of assistance to increase of labour efficiency and competitiveness of national production began to be decided so, that actually the industry working on the consumer market, is in a stagnation stage. Textile, sewing, shoe branches have reduced production volumes in six — seven times; production of TVs, household electrical engineers is almost curtailed. The high technology production (for example has practically disappeared, the Russian costs for space programs in 1997 have made 5 percent (!) from American).

So all main objectives of state regulation of foreign trade activities can be considered. And on all discrepancy of the planned purposes and real economic results can be noted. To the same critical analysis can be subjected and the sum of main principles of regulation of foreign trade activities. In particular, in the previous paragraph absence of accurate differentiation of the rights and responsibility of Federation and its subjects in the field of foreign trade activities management has been shown.

All it speaks well for the thesis put forward by us that the purposes and principles of state regulation of foreign trade activities are not a part of concept “the mechanism of state regulation of foreign trade activities” as other authors suggest to consider it.

Autonomy of existence of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities from its purposes and principles allows to proclaim, in our opinion, one external economic policy, and to conduct in practice absolutely other as occurs in Russia within the limits of the concept of construction of "market economy".

This circumstance which proofs have been repeatedly resulted in the previous chapter, plays a main role by consideration of the basic question of the given paragraph — about evolution, stages of transformation of the mechanism of regulation of activity of resellers in the nineties. The main conclusion which we will try to justify further consists that this evolution does not have internal logic that in the country is built inconsistent as a matter of fact so, and ineffective for management the mechanism of regulation of activity of resellers. In regions it is possible to weaken this discrepancy, to achieve bolshej coordination in mechanism functioning, but essentially to allow the contradictions mortgaged in it probably only with change of the external economic doctrine of national economy, only with change (updating) [61] rates of modern economic development of Russia.

Facilitates a problem of consideration of concrete steps of the federal centre and the regions which have led to transformation of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities in Russia, that the concept and concept of state regulation of economy of Russia find more and more wide reflexion in monographic and reference books [62], especially in a context of the thesis that our country after the termination of euphoria concerning destruction of the centralised state planning and hopes of the automatic decision of all problems as a result of market economy declaration should pass step by step a thorny road of creation of the Russian variant of system of state regulation as economy as a whole, and its external economic sphere in particular.

Evolution of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities of the enterprises of various patterns of ownership in the nineties cannot be adequately understood if not to consider results of the first attempts of reforming of this mechanism within the limits of the USSR.

Attempt to give certain freedom to the enterprises for an exit on a foreign market and on management on it operatively-commercial activity according to the Decree of SM of the USSR from December, 2nd, 1988 № 1405 “About the further development of foreign trade activities of state, co-operative and other public enterprises, associations, the organisations” was a major landmark on this way. This attempt pursued the aim of increase in receipt of a gain from export. In a basis of realisation of export-import transactions the principle of currency self-repayment has been from the very beginning mortgaged. The state as though spoke to the enterprises: a pier, remove production on a foreign market that also to earn additionally, and the main thing — to fill up state foreign currency reserves.

According to this Decree, and also the Decree from March, 7th, 1989 № 203 “About measures of state regulation of foreign trade activities” the following system of state regulation of foreign trade activities has been established:

n registration of all participants of foreign economic relations;

n declaring of the goods and other property, moved through Frontier USSR;

n an order of export and import of commodity items of the nation-wide appointment, including licensing;

n operative regulation of foreign economic relations.

As a matter of fact since April, 1st, 1989 in the country the first variant of the new mechanism of regulation of the foreign trade activities, supposing a significant share of freedom of economic behaviour of managing subjects unlike complete absence that has been tested at monopoly of the state for foreign trade.

How has worked this variant of the mechanism of regulation of the foreign trade activities, what lessons it could give to the future reformers of economy of Russia? Rough political events of the end 80 — the beginnings of 90th years have overshadowed the analysis of these lessons. But it, unconditionally, is important for understanding of difficulties of regulation of foreign trade activities in today's Russia.

Then, in 1989, the mass aspiration of many enterprises and the organisations to an independent exit on a foreign market has led to unorganized export from the country of some the goods, for example, coal, scrap metal, paper for recycling, wood, colour and rare metals that has caused their shortage in the country and fall in prices in the foreign markets in connection with plurality of the Soviet exporters, their unjustified competitiveness among themselves and production sale under the dumping prices. The big hopes were assigned to a licence procedure of export and import of the goods of nation-wide significance. In view of weak awareness of the Soviet exporters on features of work on a foreign market, absence of necessary knowledge in the field of commercial practice, the international commercial law, a conjuncture of the concrete markets it was supposed, that licensing will order section of available funds between home market of the country and export, and also a competitiveness of our exporters on a foreign market. In 1989 — 1990 the list of the licensed goods covered more than 90 % of cost of the Soviet export and about 8 % — import.

However the first variant of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities of "the sample of 1989” has appeared internally inconsistent and has not managed to play a positive role. All taken SM of the USSR of measures on the new mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities have led only to decrease in possibility of the enterprises, co-operative societies and the organisations of an independent exit on a foreign market. In structure and dynamics of the foreign trade turnover of positive tendencies was much less, than negative. Therefore it is literally in some months of the existence the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities has been turned again towards increase of administrative management methods by foreign economic relations, bolshej dependences of direct manufacturers on the centralised controls. The Decree of SM of the USSR from December, 11th, 1989 № 1104 “About additional measures of state regulation in 1990 has followed Foreign trade activities ”which as a matter of fact meant largely return to monopoly of Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the USSR in sphere of export-import transactions.

Expansion of independence of the enterprises and the organisations of all patterns of ownership, begun in new conditions of a sovereign state in the Russian Federation the Decree of the President № 213, has not been supported, did not lean against new, more perfect mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities. Therefore in 1992 — 1993 the situation of unorganized export from the country and unorganized import, only in much big scales and with more negative for economic safety of the country consequences, than in 1989 has repeated.

Certainly, we do not divide a popular belief that the state at the initial stage of economic reforms (1992 — 1993) was completely eliminated from the control over the foreign trade operations. But the facts mentioned earlier and their analysis show, that the mechanism of regulation of the foreign trade activities, constructed at complete ignoring of experience of the Soviet stage of its evolution, basically calculated on “self-regulation by means of an invisible hand of the market”, has not justified the problems assigned to it.

As to activity of the foreign trade intermediaries they practically have completely dropped out of a field of vision of the state bodies regulating foreign trade activities, that in a combination to access opening on a foreign market not only legal, but also physical persons has given in 1992 — 1993 splash in movings of the goods not supervised by the state and services through border of the Russian Federation. If the first variant of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities of "the sample of 1989” provided special registration of the foreign trade intermediaries the Decree № 213 has cancelled it and by that, as a matter of fact has kept for some years their activity without the special mechanism of state regulation. If to reduce in the uniform table basic elements of a controlling mechanism foreign trade till 1991 and after it from it it is visible, that activity of the foreign trade intermediaries as a matter of fact has ceased to be allocated as object of special state regulation.

From table 3 it is visible, that economic effect of foreign trade activities, and foreign trade including, its interrelation with production and home market, its commodity and geographical structure have practically dropped out of a field of vision of the state bodies and have found reflexion in the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities (the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade as subsystem), therefore and the balance of interests of the state and interests of economic subjects, whether it be the enterprises or regions has not been supplied in a due measure.

These defects remained not eliminated at redistribution of authorities of Federation and regions in the field of the foreign trade activities, begun as it was already marked, in 1995. At construction of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities at level of regions local public authorities have received “in a heritage” almost complete absence of real levers of effect on regional economic benefit of foreign trade, on activity of the basic groups of the foreign trade intermediaries, their behaviour in home market.

Practically there was no mechanism of the state effect on commodity and geographical structures of export and import of the subject of the Russian Federation. Regions of Russia were included into market reforms with that structure of export-import transactions which existed at the Soviet power.

Table 3 [63]

Basic elements of a controlling mechanism foreign trade

On the eve of reforms At the initial stage of reforms

1. Administrative methods

Planned instructions, including

Export quotas, limits of import, the task under foreign exchange earnings.

Registration of participants outwardly-economic activities.

Registration of the foreign trade intermediaries.

According to plan-indicative indicators, including deliveries for the state

Needs, export quotas.

Registration spetseksporterov raw materials and

Contracts for its export.

Currency exchange regulation.

2. Economic methods

Taxes to export and import.

Crediting and accounts through system of national banks.

Dogovory on export and import with the foreign trade intermediary.

Export and import tariffs.

Crediting and accounts through business banks.

Dogovory on export and import with the foreign trade intermediary.

3. Currency regulators

Plural rouble exchange rate.

Deduction specifications in monetary funds of the enterprises, obligatory sale of currency of the enterprises, obligatory sale in an external debt redemption fund, in sojuzno-republican and republican funds.

The centralised distribution

Currencies for needs of import.

Rouble market rate.

Deduction specifications in the currency

Funds of the enterprises, obligatory sale of currency in home market.

Market allocation of currency among

Importers.

Starting market reforms, it is important, as experience of other countries testifies, not to make sharp, unprepared transitions from straight lines to indirect methods of regulation. To save interconnecting interest of increase in profit for economic subjects — participants of foreign trade activities and the state creation of an economic mechanism stimulating economic growth in the country can only.

Unfortunately, 90th years became for Russia creation time, on the contrary, destimulirujushchego economic growth of the economic mechanism. According to separate authors, [64] it has developed during the realisation of model of economic reforming including: the mass forced privatisation; one-stage liberalisation of the prices; single "opening" of economy to an external world; restriktivnuju a monetary policy; rigid tax pressure of manufacturers.

Apparently from the list of elements destimulirujushchego the economic mechanism, one-stage opening of economy (Russia has surpassed at once the countries in degree of liberalisation of foreign economic relations with strong market traditions) is in advance planned action of the government to please to realisation of the submissions about model of economic reforming which should "start" market mechanisms in Russia. Thus all arguments after the lapse of seven years of reforms that such "opening" of economy has introduced the powerful investment in domestic production "truncation", are still rejected.

For this reason regions, entering new mechanisms of regulation of the foreign trade activities, based mainly on economic methods, should with reasonable care apply these "methods". We will analyse, in what their novelty in comparison with not tariff methods of regulation of foreign trade activities.

During transformations of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities of the enterprises of exporters-importers and resellers during 1991 — 1997 following elements of the non-tariff restrictions having on advantage administrative character (fig. 6 see) have been approved in practice.

First, registration of export contracts. Secondly, kvotirovanie, licensing, quantitative regulation of export-import transactions, i.e. Quantitative restrictions on foreign trade activities management. Thirdly, measures under the export and import control over delivery of the goods in a mode of "a special order of export”, behind exportation of the licensed goods, behind certification of the import goods. Fourthly, introduction of various privileges for exporters (importers) and resellers: on export customs, under import duties, on payment of customs payments podaktsiznyh the goods and, at last, complete clearing of the customs duties. This element of not tariff regulation of foreign trade activities has caused a stream of the abusings which have outgrown then abreast of loud criminal cases in Russia. Fifthly, the last years attempts to return to the state monopoly for export and import of those goods and services which have originally been taken away from the state resellers (so are undertaken, since October, 1st, 1998 the monopoly of the state for importation and exportation of spirits) has been again entered.

What practice of not tariff regulation of foreign trade activities of managing subjects these years has shown? First of all — their small economic return for economic well-being of the country. But at the expense of these measures the greatest economic return was received by those whom the government has counted as "elite".

As a whole, despite attempts during foreign trade activities liberalisation to change non-tariff restriction methods, still main there is a registration, licensing, kvotirovanie and quantitative regulation, export, import and currency exchange regulation, goods declaring, system of various privileges. PravYOda, registration since June, 1992 was obligatory only for spetseksporterov. Originally (since 1989) necessity reyogistratsii was provided for all subjects of foreign trade activities who in the course of its passage received the certificate on osushchestvleyonie the foreign trade operations.

Registration allowed the state not only to trace number of participants of the foreign trade operations, but also to supply the operative control over change of character of their export activity. With partial cancellation reyogistratsii this control has been lost, as it was necessary to "make" for realisation of complete "liberalisation" of foreign trade activities. Now for rosyosijskih exporters there was only one kind of registration — registyoratsija export contracts on concrete kinds of the goods syreyovogo origins (energy carriers, nonferrous metals, business wood, fertilizers, wheat etc.).

Kvotirovanie and licensing, despite processes libeyoralizatsii, continue to remain among the basic measures netarifyonogo restrictions of the Russian export and import. At the same time the list of the goods, which export is carried out under licences in volume of the established quotas, reduced in 1996 in comparison with 1992 several times when licensing was ohvayocheno 90 % of volume of export from Russia.

In territory of Russia are established a uniform order litsenziyorovanija and kvotirovanija export and import for all subjects of foreign trade activities, irrespective of a place of registration and patterns of ownership, including the joint venture and mediatory firms.

Export restriction kvotiruemoj and licensed production is supplied with frameworks of a certain quota (list) toyovarov, acting as a non-tariff restriction element, poluyochivshy the name quantitative regulation.

As to an order of a regulation of import here, despite formal a status quo about its licensing, actually are absent any quantitative ograniyochenija on importation of the goods (except for separate groups). At the same time at the volumes of the import which has reached in 1996 61,5 billion of dollars, there is out of the control significant enough commodity flow that allows to consider import contracts as one of channels of leak of currency of Russia.

As non-tariff restriction component the monitoring system behind export and import acts. A system main objective eksyoportnogo the control (so-called "the special order of export") is protection of the state interests of Russia in the conditions of inclusion in sphere of foreign trade activities of conversion of the defensive industry and sobyoljudenija the international obligations on non-distribution of especially dangerous types of weapon of mass defeat.

To maintenance of uniform state export quotas attend the Commission on export quotas (KEK) at PraviYOtelstve the Russian Federation, Federal service of Russia on currency and eksportyonomu to the control (FSVEK) and their representatives in regions. At administration of the Oryol area the currency-credit commission for coordination of export-import deliveries is created.

The control over import deliveries is supplied by obligatory certification of the imported goods requiring podtveryozhdenija their safety. In the list of the given goods are included in osyonovnom a foodstuff, the tobacco, washing and cleaners, the veterinary vaccines, separate kinds of liquid fuel, lubricant oils and other items.

External economic dejatelyonosti it is necessary to consider as measures of a non-tariff restriction also the privileges represented only according to Laws "About the customs tariff”, "About the tax to an added value", "About excises" and Customs code RosYOsii. Them are, for example, privileges concerning import podaktsiznyh the goods from the separate states (basically from the CIS). Privileges extend also on payment of the customs duties eksyoporterami in some branches (fishing industry fleet) etc.

Custom house formalities as a non-tariff restriction method, assume certain sequence customs protseyodur, connected with export (import) of the consignment and its processing in the conditions of various customs treatment, a request to oformyoleniju customs documents, and also the rule of moving of the goods physical persons ("shuttles") through customs border. TamoYOzhennye rules and procedures base first of all on positions of the Customs code of the Russian Federation and normative statements of the State Customs Committee of Russia.

For transition from administrative to economic methods of regulation of foreign trade activities the mechanism customs-tariff and fiscal regulation of the foreign trade activity which in Russia is developed in ready smaller degree, than system of non-tariff restrictions which has in essence turned now in eksportyonyj the control is necessary. The customs mechanism has started to be formed in Russia from the moment of creation of customs borders, adoptions of law about the customs tariff and the Customs code of the Russian Federation (1993). In spite of the fact that customs regulation lags behind mechanism principles kooryodinatsii foreign trade activities as a whole, it develops on an economic basis and develops of several parts. In the literature on foreign trade it is accepted to allocate three basic elements of economic regulation from the state: introduction of the customs duties for export and import of the goods and services; introduction of import charges — the tax to an added value, the excise and spetsnaloga; an establishment of tariff preferences.

Economic regulation of foreign trade activities in Russia originates with an adoption of law of the Russian Federation from April, 16th, 1993 “About the customs tariff”. This Law defines kinds of the customs duties, an order of an establishment of rates, an order of charge, payment and duty collection, tariff preferences. For our country, for managing subjects and resellers tariff regulation was essentially new method of interaction with the state and with foreign partners. With an adoption of this law evolution of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities towards economic management methods was clearly designated.

Legal basis of customs-tariff import regulations are the Law of the Russian Federation "About the customs tariff", the Law "About the tax to an added value", the Law "About excises". In particular, posledyonie two laws impose internal taxes on imported proyoduktsiju. A basis of tariff import regulations also are a number of Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and decrees developing them praviyotelstva.

Import duties unlike export it is wide ispolyozujutsja in world practice and in the mechanism state reguliyorovanija execute three basic functions: regulating, fiscal, adjustment.

Regulating function of the import tariff offers measures of effect on internal economy — from protectionism to sodejstyovija to development and market saturation. It is reached as uvelicheyoniem rates, and removal of economic restrictions on importation to Russia the import goods and services, and also granting of a preferential mode in comparison with national, for example, in free economic zones. But it in theory. In practice seven years of reforms import developed the domestic market not so much, how many promoted its degradation.

Fiscal function is shown usually in an establishment vysoyokogo level of rates of import tariffs for the limited bill of goods. The temporality, as, however, and koryorektirovochnoj functions with which help not so much comparability import (world) and domestic prices, how many reduction of import streams and withdrawal of incomes in favour of the budget is reached is inherent in it.

The important role of import duties consists in maintenance stiyomulirovanija own production, its protection against a foreign competitiveness and rationalisation of commodity structure of saturation of the market by the import goods. In Russia these possibilities of import duties are used while extremely insufficiently.

In the Russian practice import tariffs have been entered for the first time in 1981, in the course of maintenance of the centralised import purchases. However they then had no foreign trade, regulating character, since. Have been built in"in a planned economy. Now in foreign trade ispolzujutyosja basically advalornye the import duties charged to tayomozhennoj of cost of the goods and differentiated depending on the country of its origin. Only concerning commodity items (alyokogolnye drinks, second-hand cars) are used kombiyonirovannye, special (delikatesnye and spirtosoderzhashchie produkyoty) and seasonal (vegetables, fruit) duties, and also antidumping for protection of individual industries of the domestic industry.

Since 1993 restraint of import to Russia (first of all commercial) is supplied with the help not only customs tayorifov, but also the taxation. Tax system in the foreign trade activities sphere which objects of the taxation are first of all incomes of its participants, cost of the certain export and import goods, separate kinds eksyoportnyh and import operations, an added value, etc., sklayodyvaetsja from set of taxes, taxes and other payments, kotoyorye are levied in the order established by the state. From dejstvujuyoshchih now forty four types of tax (before acceptance of the Tax code of the Russian Federation) [65] in Russia on the external economic sphere extends more than one quarter of their general number of which there is a fiscal regulation.

Originally it has been presented by its such elements as the value-added tax (VAT) and excises, and vposledstyovii it is added by the special tax (SN) for import. All three types of tax are universal fiscal tools, obesyopechivajushchimi a regularity of tax payments. Payers of the VAT, excises and spetsnaloga are customs applicants (at the moment of customs registration), and it, as a rule, customs brokers or kontraktoderzhateli (by delay granting after payment, payment recalculation, exaction of a penalty), and it, as a rule, kontraktoderzhateli-commission agents.

Generalising principles used today tax reguliroyovanija foreign trade activities, it is possible to notice, that they unlike customs-tariff regulation extend and influence not only the foreign trade operations, but also on objects of foreign trade activities in the course of usual economic dejatelyonosti in home market through others (besides the VAT, spetsnaloga and excises) taxes — profit taxes, on property, on advertising, the tax for registration or licensing, etc. Thus, at constant management agency operations in the external economic sphere of firm are exposed to heavy enough incidence of taxation that pushes many of them to care in shadow economy.

As to such form of tariff regulation, as tariff preferences in the Law of the Russian Federation "About the customs tariff" the norm according to which at realisation trading poliyotiki the Russian Federation within its customs territory is supposed predosyotavlenie tariff preferences in the form of return before paid poshliyony, decrease in a rate of duty and clearing in exclusive sluyochajah from the duty concerning the goods imported on customs territory Russian Federation as the investment in authorised capitals of the enterprises, and also separate kinds of the goods of own production imported by these enterprises in the cases provided soglashenijayomi about section of production, concluded by the Government of the Russian Federation or the state body authorised by it according to zakoyonami the Russian Federation contains, or during a payback period foreign invesyotitsy in an order defined by the legislation of Russia.

Earlier, in 1991 — 1994, tariff preferences were granted the separate enterprises, the organisations (including posredyonicheskim) and to regions Russian Federations. Reduced rates in foreign trade activities for the elite created soil for a various sort of economic offences, involved criminal structures in such organisations, allowing them, in particular, to import into Russia a large quantity of cheap alcoholic production and the cigarettes which are not taxed with duties. Therefore "About some questions of granting of privileges to participants vneshneyoekonomicheskoj activity" № 31 FZ from March, 13th, 1995 they byyoli are cancelled by the Law of the Russian Federation and further it were not granted separate legal bodies.

It is important to notice also, that article 13 of the Law of the Russian Federation "About gosudarstyovennom regulation of the foreign trade activity" does not suppose other methods of state regulation foreign trade dejayotelnosti, except considered before customs-tariff and naloyogovogo regulation and not tariff regulation. Not dopuskayojutsja other forms of interference and an establishment of other trade barriers public authorities of the Russian Federation, public authorities of subjects of the Russian Federation.

Regulation of other kinds external economic dejatelyonosti, in particular international investment sotrudnichestyova, industrial cooperation, currency and financially-credit operations, is carried out by corresponding federal laws and other legal certificates of the Russian Federation: ZakoYOnami the Russian Federation "About foreign investments", "On joint-stock companies", "About financial and industrial groups", "About agreements on section proyoduktsii", and also Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation "About measures on stimulirovayoniju export", "About prime measures on support of exporters".

Thus, in the nineties in Russia there were essential transformations to the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities of all its participants — both the state structures, and the enterprises, and intermediaries. But as a whole they, budchi "built in" in in advance certain model of transition to the market through "liberalisation", could not, and cannot to lead to the normal mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities, in our opinion, further.

The further development sushchestvujuyoshchego the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities of Russia in many respects depends now on activity of regions. RazraYObotka to the thought over and weighed concept regional vneshneekoyonomicheskoj politicians should, in our opinion, lean against the comprehensive account of tendencies and dynamics of a condition of economy of area, exact definition of priorities of a structural, investment and regional policy, directions and principles of formation of is standard-legal base of activity of area in sphere vneshneyoekonomicheskoj activity, and also working out target kompyoleksnyh programs for this sphere of economy of region, in particular on regulation of foreign trade activities of resellers, creation of a high-grade wholesale link.

So, we have considered a condition of foreign trade activities of region, priorities in the external economic policy of local public authorities, complex purpose-oriented programmes. We will consider in more details.

The Oryol area which has placed in the centre of Russia, traditionally since the very first decades of existence of the Oryol province [66] was is connected by numerous trading ways with many re gionami Russia and foreign countries. The structure of industrial potential of area on the eve of market reforms allows area to support foreign economic relations with 62 countries practically all continents.

For years of market reforming and disintegration of the USSR the quantity and quality of such communications has sharply decreased. But as a whole the Oryol area continues to support foreign economic relations with numerous partners in near and far abroad. About it data testify to importation and production exportation for 1992 — 1998 presented on fig. 8. [67]

Fig. 8. The Foreign trade turnover of the Oryol area in 1992 — 1998

According to the Oryol customs house, in 1997 subjects — participants of foreign trade activities in area were 2135 managing subjects, including more than 300 mediatory firms. Among managing subjects-participants of foreign trade activities in the Oryol area in 1997 are noted:

The-limited liability companies................. 35 %;

— Joint-stock companies of the closed and open type.......... 30 %;

— Collective farms and farms............................................ 15 %;

— Government facilities.................................................. 9 %;

— The enterprises and the organisations of other organizational forms.............................................................................................................. 11 %

Subjects of foreign trade activities of the Oryol area carry out export-import transactions with 62 countries of the world, including with 10 CIS countries.

The basic volumes of export deliveries fall to the USA, Germany, and from the CIS countries — to Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The commodity structure of export continues to carry a raw orientation that confirms also the general for Russia the tendency: the national economy finds unequivocally raw orientation and consistently turns to world economy periphery. Abroad from area production, grain, and also cars and the equipment and a tile ceramic (joint venture production) were exported aluminium secondary, metiznaja. The geography of external economic and inter-regional communications Orlovshchiny is reflected on fig. 9. [68]

The largest suppliers of import products for area are Ukraine, Italy, Brazil, Germany. The analysis of structure and dynamics of the external economic and inter-regional communications has allowed a management of area to define foreign trade activities priorities more precisely.

In the Oryol area following priorities in working out of the concept of foreign trade activities have been allocated:

— Perfection of forms and methods of the state support of development of foreign trade activities;

— Organizational maintenance of the mechanism of foreign trade activities;

— The further development available in the field of an export potential (nonferrous metals, cars and the equipment, grain) and improvement of structure of export;

— Rationalisation of import by means of introduction of methods of regulation of activity of resellers and restoration of a wholesale link in trade;

— Strengthening of preconditions for attraction in area of direct foreign and Russian investments;

— Perfection of legal and standard base of the mechanism of foreign trade activities of area;

— Development of a supply with information of foreign trade activities of area;

— Development of new forms of foreign economic relations with the foreign

Fig. 9. Geography of external economic and inter-regional communications Orlovshchiny

Partners (type of the joint project from Germany on grain ”Пшеница-2000 the Eagle”, MTS-2);

— Preparation of experts for the external economic complex of region.

It is natural, that the offered list of priority directions in working out of the concept of foreign trade activities of the Oryol area is not unique for all regions. In each concrete region as it was already marked, the foreign trade activities concept should be closely adhered to the strategic economic problems decided during the foreseeable period by the subject of the Russian Federation.

Till now, considering transformations of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities of subjects of managing to Russia we recognised that resellers are, despite all specificity of the business, the same participants of export-import transactions equal in rights on a foreign market, as well as the enterprises-exporters or the enterprises-importers. Therefore considered coinciding basically the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities as enterprises and organisations, and resellers. However this assumption is not obvious. It was confirmed only at research of the basic tools of effect of the state in present conditions on all set of participants of foreign trade activities: from physical to legal bodies, from the limited liability companies to joint-stock companies and the state foreign trade associations.

Unlike other countries with the developed mixed economy where intermediary is allocated legislatively and the status of the intermediary gives in the economic plan the advantages, in Russia, on the contrary, have made even the foreign trade intermediary to all other participants of foreign trade activities and by that have refused search of special mechanisms of regulation of their activity.

As to the question theory in the domestic economic and legal literature there was no unequivocal answer to a question, whether there is in our country a special mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities of resellers or status quo of the state effect on all scale of resellers anything essentially does not differ from an order of the state effect on the enterprises-exporters and the enterprises-importers.

In the Russian legal and economic literature in this matter there was no uniform point of view. In economic practice cases when the enterprises, a principal view of which authorised activity is production of the goods and services are frequent, resort to external economic deyojayotelyonoyosti not for obesyopeyocheyonija osyonovyonoyogo proyoizyovodyostyova, and in tseyoljah kuYopYoli-peYoreYoproYodaYozhi tovaryoov and usyolug for reyosheyonija druyogih, neyoproyoizyovodyostyovenyonyh zayodach. And toyogyoda deyojayotelyonost tayokoyogo hoyozjajyostyovuyojuyoshcheyogo subyoeyokyota, osuyoshcheyostyovyoljayojuyoshcheyogo eksyoport (imyoport) toyovayorov and usyolug, niyochem not otyoliyochayoetyosja from komyomeryocheyosyokoj deyojayotelyonoyosti sobyostyovenyono toryogoyovyh poyosredyoniyokov, sayomoyostoyojayotelyono not proyoizyovoyodjayoshchih niyokayokih toyovayorov.

Here poyocheyomu to us bliyozhe toyochyoka zreyonija, rasyosmayotyoriyovayojuyoshchaja meyohayonizm reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoj deyojayotelyonoyosti toryogoyovyh poyosredyoniyokov (toryogoyovyh doyomov, inyodiyoviyoduyoalyonyh businessmen) as idenyotiyochyonyj meyohayonizmu reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija foreign trade activities of all druyogih hoyozjajyostyovujushchih subyoeyokyotov, vkljuyochaja and goyosuyodaryostyovenyonyj seyokyotor.

With that not meyonee teyooyoreyotiyocheyosyoki, in tseyoljah boyolee deyotalyonoyogo anayoliyoza, vpolyone doyopuyosyotiyomo, in our opinion, to allocate in obyoshchej sheyome basic elements meyohayonizyoma reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoj deyojayotelyonoyosti reyogiyooyona (fig. 7) podyosiyosyoteyomu reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija foreign trade activities toryogoyovyh poyosredyoniyokov. For Oryolovsky obyolayosyoti it vyyogljayodit how it is shown on fig. 10.

RasYOsmoYOtYOrim otyodelyonye eleyomenyoty etoyogo meyohayonizyoma in konyotekyoste suyoshcheyostyovuyojuyoshchej hoyozjajyostyovenyonoj prayokyotiyoki and proyoisyohoyodjayoshchej evoyoljuyotsii goyosuyodaryostyovenyonoyogo reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija foreign trade activities RosYOsii.

1. VsjaYOky hoyozjajyostyovuyojuyoshchy subyoekt for toyogo, chtoyoby to have prayovo zayoniyomatyosja vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoj (in that chiyosyole and vneshyoneyotoryogoyovoj) dejayotelyonoyostju, dolyozhen otyorayozit this kind predyopriyoniyomayotelyoskoj deyojayotelyonoyosti in svoyoem UsYOtaYOve, koyotoyoryj proyohoyodit eksyoperyotiyozu and reyogiyostyorayotsiju in reyogiyostyorayotsiyoonyonoj payolayote OrYOla or in otyodeyolah on reyogiyostyorayotsii predyopriyoniyomayotelyoskih struyokyotur at goyorodyoskih adyomiyoniyostyorayotsiyojah obyolayosyoti. In that sluyochae, esyoli juriyodiyocheyosyokoe liyotso nayochiyonayoet zayoniyomatyosja vneshyoneyotoryogoyovoj deyojayotelyonoyostju, and it not byyolo preyodyouyosmoyotyoreyono it UsYOtaYOvom, reyogiyostyoriyoruyojuyoshchy oryogan vprayove preyokrayotit deyojayotelyonost danyonoyogo juriyodiyocheyosyokoyogo liyotsa.


Fig. 10. Basic elements meyohayonizyoma reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija foreign trade activities Toryogoyovo -

poyosredyoniyocheyosyokih firms and inyodiyoviyoduyoalyonyh predyopriyoniyomayoteyolej Oryolovyosky obyolayosyoti

ZHeYOlaja izyobeyozhat podobyonoj possible siyotuyoayotsii, predyopriyoniyomayotelyoskie struyokyotuyory razyoliyochyonyh orYogaYoniYozaYotsiYoonYono-praYovoYovyh foryom (proyoizyovodyostyovenyonye koyooyopeyorayotiyovy, akyotsiyooyoneryonye obyoshcheyostyova, goyosuyodaryostyovenyonye and muyoniyotsiyopalyonye predyopriyojatija, polyonye toyovayoriyoshcheyostyova, toyovayorishcheyostyova on a fan and druyogie), and takyozhe neyokomyomeryocheyosyokie oryogayoniyozayotsii (fonyody, uchyoreyozhyodeyonija, asyosoyotsiyoayotsii and druyogie) with peryovyh shayogov vozyoroyozhyodeyonija predyopriyoniyomayotelyostyova in RosYOsii streyomiyolis to introduce to the UsYOtav, in the uchyoreyodiyotelyonye doyokuyomenyoty as moyozhyono bolyoshe razyoliyochyonyh viyodov activity, including intermediary and foreign trade activities.

Such "width" of authorised documents, naturally, insured an arising layer of private proprietors against possible failures at employment by the basic business — production of this or that production useful to company. When it was found out, that all system of small business and farming in Russia is thrown without state support on "self-survival", that the collateral kinds of activity brought in the Charter, such as trading-purchasing or external economic, have helped new proprietors to be reoriented with business and to attend to more profitable, than production of the goods, business — export-import transactions.

Till now there are huge divergences in the figures fixing number of managing subjects of Russia, having the right to export-import transactions, and number of managing subjects really carrying out at least one export-import transaction in a year. As as a whole across the Russian Federation the statistics does not give such parity, we will refer on data of the Oryol customs house. In the first half of the year 1997 from 2135 possible participants of foreign trade activities carried out export or import only 360 managing subjects or 16,8 %. Not casually comparative analysis of results 1996 and in the area of the Oryol customs house has shown 1997, that the real gain of participants of the external economic bargains (without "shuttles") neither in 1996, nor in 1997 in area has not occurred. [69]

Partly such indicators could develop because many recipients of import registered in area, preferred for convenience "rastamozhivat" it in other areas, on other customs posts: Moscow, Tula, Bryansk or Belgorod. It, naturally, deformed a true picture of import to area because participants of foreign trade activities were fixed not by the customs statistics, and in other regions. Now the new order of registration of the goods and means of transport which provides "rastamozhivanie" the consignment intended for the Oryol area, only in a place of the legal address of firm — the recipient of the goods is entered, i.e. On Orlovshchine. [70]

Such order of customs registration of consignments will help to pull together statistics zayoreyogiyostyoriyoroyovanyonyh uchayostyonikov foreign trade activities and koyoliyocheyostyovo fayokyotiyocheyosyoki uchayostyovuyojuyoshchih in it of firms.

2. VaYOzhYOnym eleyomenyotom meyohayonizyoma reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija deyojayotelyonoyosti toryogoyovyh poyosredyoniyokov javyoljayoetyosja nayoloyogoyoobyoloyozheyonie, for prayovilyonoyostju and poyolyonoyotoj koyotoyoroyogo sleyodjat meyostyonye nayoloyogoyovye oryogayony and obyolayostyonaja sluzhyoba nayoloyogoyovoj poyoliyotsii. To priyonjayotija NaYOloYOgoYOvoYOgo koyodeyokyosa the Russian Federation naloyogoyovoe reyoguyoliyoroyovayonie in vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoj sfeyore osuyoshcheyostyovyoljayoetyosja poyosredyostyovom boyolee deyosjatyoka razyoliyochyonyh viyodov nayoloyogov, bolyoshinyostyovo from koyotoyoryh neyopoyosredyostyovenyono otyonoyosityosja to deyojayotelyonoyosti toryogoyovyh poyosredyoniyokov. DoYOhoYOdy torYogoYovo-poYosredYoniYocheYosYokih predyopriyojaty, stoyoiyomost certain groups of the export and import goods, liyotsenyoziyoroyovayonie and seryotiyofiyokayotsija, otyodelyonye viyody eksYoportYono-imYoportYonyh opeyorayotsy javyoljayojutyosja obyoeyokyotayomi nayoloyogoyoobyoloyozheyonija. NaiYOboYOlee uniyoveryosalyonyyomi fiyosyokalyonyyomi inyostyoruyomenyotayomi goyosuyodaryostyova javyoljayojutyosja nayolog on doyobayovyolenyonuju stoyoiyomost (VAT), akyotsiyozy, speyotsiyoalyonyj nayolog on imyoport (SN).

In these usyoloyoviyojah, koyogyoda prayokyotiyocheyosyoki kayozhyodyj hoyozjajyostyovenyonyj a step torYogoYovo-poYosredYoniYocheYosYokoYogo predyopriyojatija, nayoprayovyolenyonyj on uveyoliyocheyonie komyomeryocheyosyokoj vyyogoyody from eksYoportYono-imYoportYonyh opeyorayotsy, podyoleyozhit nayoloyogoyoobyoloyozheyoniju, veyoliyoko zheyolayonie toryogoyovyh poyosredyoniyokov uhoyodit from nayoloyogov. deyolayolos and deyolayoetyosja it puyotem rayoboyoty with “cheryonym nayolom”, without doyokuyomenyotalyonoyogo fiyokyosiyoroyovayonija sdeyolok, cheyorez podyokup tayomoyozhenyonyh chiyonovyoniyokov. In poyosyoledyonie goyody shiyoroyokoe rasyoproyostrayoneyonie poyoluyochiyoli tayokie spoyosoyoby uhoyoda from the taxation and goods concealment, as psevyodoyoeksyoport and psevyodoyoimyoport, where toryogoyovye poyosredyoniyoki obyoeyodiyonjayojut "usiyolija" vmeyoste with predYopriYojatiYojaYomi-eksYoporYoteYoraYomi or predYopriYojatiYojaYomi-imYoporYoteYoraYomi.

Besides, in the press there were data on such methods of contraband as doubtful declaring, understating of customs cost, substitution of commodity codes and country of origin, pseudo-transit, fictitious removal of the goods for the processing, inadequate barter operations and too generous "advance" payments at import.

For psevyodoyoeksyoporyota (false export) hayorayokyoteryona sleyoduyojuyoshchaja tseyopoyochyoka: predYopriYojatie-eksYoporYoter — rosyosijyosky toryogoyovyj poyosredyonik — zayoruyobeyozhyonaja firyoma. poyoskolyoku for predYopriYojatij-eksYoporYoteYorov suyoshcheyostyovuyojut nayoloyogoyovye lgoyoty, usyotayonoyovyolenyonye prayoviyotelyostyovom, proyodayozhyonaja tseyona predyonayoznayochenyonoyogo on eksyoport toyovayora znayochiyotelyono niyozhe toyogo, that reyoayoliyozuyoetyosja on rosyosijyoskom rynyoke. All tseyopoyochyoka uchayostyoniyokov this neyozayokonyonoj opeyorayotsii "imiyotiyoruyoet" eksyoport toyovayora for preyodeyoly tayomoyozhenyonoj grayoniyotsy the Russian Federation, soyostayovyoljaja soyootyovetyostyovuyojuyoshchie doyokuyomenyoty. On sayomom deyole toyovar grayoniyotsu not peyoreyoseyokayoet, it reyoayoliyozuyoetyosja on rosyosijyoskom rynyoke with bolyoshoj vyyogoyodoj for all uchayostyoniyokov sdelyoki, whose usyoluyogi on "imiyotayotsii" eksyoporyota hoyoroyosho opyolayochiyovayojutyosja.

For psevyodoyoimyoporyota hayorayokyoteryona sleyoduyojuyoshchaja tseyopoyochyoka: predYopriYojatie-imYoporYoter — rosyosijyosky toryogoyovyj poyosredyonik — zayoruyobeyozhyonaja firyoma. Under viyodom zayokupyoki neyoobyohoyodiyomoyogo for razyoviyotija proyoizyovodyostyova oboyoruyodoyovayonija or syyorja or toyovayorov nayorodyonoyogo poyotrebyoleyonija for svoyoih rayobotyoniyokov predYopriYojatie-imYoporYoter obyorayoshchayoetyosja to rosyosijyoskoyomu toryogoyovoyomu poyosredyoniyoku with prosyoboj about usyoluyoge — najyoti zayoruyobeyozhyonoyogo partyoneyora, spoyosobyonoyogo poyostayovit nuyozhyonyj toyovar. proyoplayochiyovayojutyosja denyogi for not delivered poyosredyoniyoku the goods, and that peyoreyochiyosyoljayoet them zayoruyobeyozhyonoyomu partyoneyoru. DenYOgi osyotayojutyosja for grayoniyotsej, imyoport not poyostayovyoljayoetyosja. The purpose tayokoj opeyorayotsii — vyyovoz deyoneyozhyonyh means predyopriyojaty for grayoniyotsu. UsYOluYOgi poyosredyoniyokov and zayoruyobeyozhyonyh partyoneyorov on "imiyotayotsii" imyoporyota takyozhe opyolayochiyovayojutyosja.

RazYOmeYOry psevyodoyoeksyoporyota and psevyodoyoimyoporyota ogyoromyony, goyosuyodaryostvenyonyj and meyostyonye bjudyozheyoty neyodoyopoyoluyochayojut billions rubyolej. OsoYObenYOno shiyoroyoko psevyodoyoeksyoport became rasyoproyostrayonen in spiryotoyovoj and likero-vodka proyomyshyolenyonoyosti, where predyopriyojatija tayokim puyotem pyyotayojutyosja priyosvoyoit seyobe akyotsizyonyj the tax, priyonayodyoleyozhayoshchy goyosuyodaryostyovu. RaYOboYOtaYOet opiyosanyonaja above sheyoma: neyokyoto (poyokuyopayotel) cheyorez podyostavyonye rosyosijyoskie and zayoruyobeyozhyonye firyomy zayokljuyochayoet with zayovoyodom — proyoizyovodiyoteyolem spiryota doyogoyovor on poyostavyoku enyonoyogo koyoliyocheyostyova spiryota, koyotoyoryj jakoyoby buyodet reyoayoliyozoyovan for preyodeyolayomi RosYOsii. This spirit osyovoyoboyozhyodayoetyosja from akyotsizyonoyogo sboyora as eksyoportyonyj toyovar. On sayomom deyole proyoisyohoyodit tolyoko "imiyotayotsija" eksyoporyota spiryota, koyotoyoryj reyoayoliyozuyoetyosja in viyode vodyoki cheyorez teyoneyovye ekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokie struyokyotuyory vnuyotyori strayony.

About masyoshtayobah tayokoyogo forged eksyoporyota in TSenYOtYOralYOnoj RosYOsii moyozhyono suyodit on tsifyoram, priyoveyodenyonym on soyoveyoshchayonii ruyokoyovoyodiyoteyolej feyodeyoralyonyh oryogayonov nayoloyogoyovoj poyoliyotsii, proyohoyodivyoshem in OrYOle in deyokayobyore 1997 goyoda. [71] So, in 1995 — 1996 80 (!) proyotsenyotov eksyoporyota proyodukyotsii oryolovyoskoyogo liYokeYoroYo-voYodoYochYonoYogo zayovoyoda "KriYOstall" okayozayolos psevyodoyoeksyoporyotom. In reyozulyotayote cheyogo bjudyozhet Oryolovyosky obyolayosyoti neyodoyopoyoluyochil 72 billion rubyolej. StoYOiYOmost psevyodoyoeksyoporyota spiryota in VoYOroYOneYOzhe for 11 meyosjayotsev 1997 goyoda soyostayoviyola 100 billion rubyolej, in BelYOgoYOroYOde — 104 billion rubyolej, in BrjanYOske — 110 billion rubyolej, in TamYOboYOve — 48 billion rubyolej.

With the purposes of suppression of a similar sort of the operations putting a direct damage to the state treasury, also the new order of the account of spirit and spirit production is entered since October, 1st, 1998.

3. BolYOshoe znayocheyonie in reyogiyooyonalyonom meyohayonizyome reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija deyojayotelyonoyosti toryogoyovyh poyosredyoniyokov priyozvayony syyogyorat tayomoyozhenyonye sluzhyoby subyoeyokyotov the Russian Federation, koyotoyorye soyogyolayosyono dejyostyovuyojuyoshcheyomu zayokoyonoyodayotelyostyovu zayoniyomayojutyosja neyopoyosredyostyovenyonym proyoveyodeyoniyoem measures vneshyoneyoekonoyomiyocheyosyokoj poyoliyotiyoki during a life and konyotyoroyolem for them soyobljuyodeyoniyoem. NaYOchiYOnaja with 1994 goyoda danyonye about razyoviyotii vneshyonej toryogoyovyoli in RosYOsii foryomiyoruyojutyosja not on osyonoyove goyosuyodaryostyovenyonoj stayotiyostiyocheyosyokoj otyochetyonoyosti, and on osyonoyove tayomoyozhenyonoj stayotiyostiyoki. poyoeyotoyomu imenyono in Oryolovyosky tamoyozhyone in poyosyoledyonie goyody nayokayopyoliyovayoetyosja anayoliyotiyocheyosyoky mayoteyoriyoal, neyoobyohoyodiyomyj for upyorayovyoleyonija vneshyonej toryogoyovyolej. It preyozhyode all danyonye about vneshyoneyotoryogoyovom oboyoroyote obyolayosyoti, about uchayostyoniyokah vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoj deyojayotelyonoyosti, about struyokyotuyore eksyoporyota and imyoporyota, about osyonovyonyh zayoruyobeyozhyonyh partyoneyorah predyopriyojaty obyolayosyoti. In menyoshej steyopeyoni razyoviyoty stayotiyostiyoka ucheyota torYogoYovo-poYosredYoniYocheYosYokih opeyorayotsy and danyonye about toryogoyovyh poyosredyoniyokah foreign trade activities. Oryolovyosky tayomoyozhyonja tayokiyomi danyonyyomi rasyopoyolayogayoet not in poyolyonom obyoeyome, as not rasyopoyolayogayoet them and obyolayostyonoe upyorayovyoleyonie stayotiyostiyoki. Is not present speyotsiyoalyonoyogo ucheyota toryogoyovyh poyosredyoniyokov and in reyogiyostyorayotsiyoonyonoj payolayote OrYOla. NaYOloYOgoYOvye sluzhyoby obyolayosyoti veyodut the account only konyokretyonyh opeyorayotsy on kuYopYole-proYodaYozhe on osyonoyovayonii soyootyovetyostyovuyojuyoshchih stayotej GraYOzhYOdanYOskoYOgo koyodeyokyosa.

poyotoyomu vesyoma akyotuyoayolen voyopyoros about soyozyodayonii ediyonoj obyolayostyonoj computer inyoforyomayotsiyoonyonoj seyoti, where konyotsenyotyoriyoroyovayolis all danyonye about vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoj, vneshyoneyotoryogoyovoj deyojayotelyonoyosti obyolayosyoti, imeyojuyoshchiyoeyosja in reyogiyostyorayotsiyoonyonoj payolayote, obyolayostyonoj tayomoyozhyone, nayoloyogoyovyh oryogayonah, obyolayostyonom upyorayovyoleyonii liyotsenyoziyoroyovayonija and seryotiyofiyokayotsii, nayoloyogoyovoj poyoliyotsii. It stayolo vayozhyonym shayogom on uluchyosheyoniju upyorayovyoleyonija foreign trade activities in regions.

OsoYObenYOno vayozhyono obyoeyodiyoneyonie usiyoly on soyozyodayoniju soyovyomeyostyonoj computer bayozy danyonyh for oryogayoniyozayotsii noryomalyonoyogo ucheyota and konyotyoroyolja for deyojayotelyonoyostju fiyoziyocheyosyokih persons, inyodiyoviyoduyoalyonyh predyopriyoniyomayoteyolej, zayoniyomayojuyoshchihyosja "cheyolyonoyochyonym" bizyoneyosom, i.e. eksyoporyotom and imyoporyotom toyovayorov puyotem “komyomeryocheyosyokoyogo tuyorizyoma”. poyosyole soyozyodayonija TaYOmoYOzhenYOnoYOgo soyojuyoza RosYOsii with BeYOlaYOruYOsju rosyosijyoskie "cheyolyonoyoki" peyoreyomeyoshchayojut cheyorez rosyosijyoskuju grayoniyotsu masyosu neyouchyotenyonoyogo toyovayora, that sayomym not upyolayochiyovaja znayochiyotelyonye sumyomy tayomoyozhenyonyh sboyorov and nayoloyogov, i.e. On suyoti deyola cheyorez teryoriyotoyoriju BeYOlaYOruYOsi prayokyotiyocheyosyoki otyokryt kayonal neyoleyogalyonoyogo vvoyoza toyovayorov and trayonyosyoportyonyh means. ReYOsheYOnie proyobyoleyomy soyostyyokovyoki tayomoyozhenyonyh zayokoyonoyodayotelstv RosYOsii and BeYOlaYOruYOsi, priyovedyoshej to tayokoj siyotuyoayotsii, not otyomeyonjayoet in prinyotsiyope ostyoruju neyoobyohoyodiyomost ucheyota dviyozheyonija kayozhyodoj ediyoniyotsy toyovayora, vvoyoziyomoj on teryoriyotoyoriju obyolayosyoti "cheyolyonoyokayomi". Without tayokoj stayotiyostiyoki, without tayokoyogo ucheyota poyostroyoit dejyostyovenyonyj meyohayonizm reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija vneshyoneyotoryogoyovoj sfeyoroj obyolayosyoti hardly udayostyosja.

We rasyosmoyotyoreyoli osyonovyonye eleyomenyoty meyohayonizyoma goyosuyodaryostyovenyonoyogo reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoj deyojayotelyonoyosti toryogoyovyh poyosredyoniyokov Oryolovyosky obyolayosyoti, presented on fig. 10.

Let's note the following. Investment of subjects Russian FeYOdeYOraYOtsii suyoshcheyostyovenyonyyomi poyolyonoyomoyochiyojayomi in obyolayosyoti playoniyoroyovayonija and reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoj deyojayotelyonoyosti has naturally led ostyoroj neyoobyohoyodiyomosti soyozyodayonija efyofeyokyotivyonyh meyohayonizyomov reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija foreign trade activities and osoyobenyono vneshyonej toryogoyovyoli in sayomih reyogiyooyonah. VyYOstraYOiYOvaYOnie tayokih mechanisms, where by meyotoyoda “tests and oshiyobok” where by search of new theoretical models of management goes poyovseyomeyostyono on urovyone subyoeyokyotov the Russian Federation, that poyoroyozhyodayoet razyonoyoobyorayozie in their practical system.

In our opinion, transformation meyohayonizyoma reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija foreign trade activities in RosYOsii proyodolyozhayoetyosja at otyosutyostyovii proyoduyomanyonoj konyotseyopyotsii nayotsiyooyonalyonoj ekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoj poyoliyotiyoki and vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoj dokyotyoriyony, that poyobuyozhyodayoet subyoeyokyoty the Russian Federation (in chayostyonoyosti Oryolovyosky obyolast) isyokat the adeyokyovatyonye otyoveyoty on neyodoyosyotatyoki in funkyotsiyooniyoroyovayonii ryyonoyochyonoyogo meyohayonizyoma. UsiYOleYOnie goyosuyodaryostyovenyonoyogo reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija ekoyonoyomiyoki in tseyolom (and foreign trade activities obyolayosyoti in chayostyonoyosti) are reyoakyotsija goyosuyodaryostyovenyonyh oryogayonov upyorayovyoleyonija obyolayosyoti on ryhyolost goyosuyodaryostyovenyonoyogo upyorayovyoleyonija on feyodeyoralyonom urovyone. VozYOvrat to goyosuyodaryostyovenyonoyomu proyogramyomiyoroyovayoniju in masyoshtayobah obyolayosyoti, nayochayotyj in konyotse 1997 goyoda, sviyodeyotelyostyovuyoet about okonyochayonii ejyofoyorii "ryyonoyochyoniyokov" on poyovoyodu sayomoyonayostrojyoki ryyonoyochyonyh meyohayonizyomov funkyotsiyooyoniyoroyovayonija ekoyonoyomiyoki without vmeyoshayotelyostyova goyosuyodaryostyova.

In the conditions of astable economic development of Russia usiyoleyonie goyosuyodaryostyovenyonoyogo reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija foreign trade activities both on feyodeyoralyonom, and on reyogiyooyonalyonom urovyonjah, on-viyodiyomoyomu, javyoljayoetyosja nayosushchyonoj neyoobyohoyodiyomoyostju, without reyoayoliyozayotsii koyotoyoroj in this or that foryome not veryonut upyorayovyoljayoeyomost vneshyoneyotoryogoyovoyogo komyopyoleyokyosa strayony in that meyore, in kayokoj treyobuyoet it vosyostayonoyovyoleyonie nayoruyoshenyonoyogo vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoyogo ravyonoyoveyosija rosyosijyoskoj ekoyonoyomiyoki. NaYOraYOsYOtaYOet doyolja vneshyoneyotoryogoyovyh opeyorayotsy, osuyoshcheyostyovyoljayoeyomyh without soyootyovetyostyovuyojuyoshcheyogo replenishments gosyobjuyoyodzheyota, i.e. otyonoyosjayoshchihyosja to sfeyore teyoneyovoj ekoyonoyomiyoki. KoYOgYOda okoyolo two treyotej toyovayorov "cheyolyonoyochyonoyogo" imyoporyota proyohoyodit cheyorez tayomoyozhenyonye grayoniyotsy besyopoyoshlinyono [72], poyoteyori rosyosijyoskoj kazyony stayonoyovjatyosja proyobyoleyomoj nayotsiyooyonalyonoj beyozyooyopayosyonoyosti. [73]

At last, commercial prayokyotiyoka poyosyoledyonih pjayoti years, koyogyoda nayorjayodu with adyomiyoniyostyorayotivyonyyomi stayoli osuyoshcheyostyovyoljatyosja and meyory taYomoYozhenYono-taYorifYonoYogo and tax reyoguyoliyoroyovayonija foreign trade activities, ubeyodiyotelyono poyokayozyyovayoet those neyodoyosyotatyoki, those blanks in norYomaYotivYono-praYovoYovoj bayoze, koyotoyorye sniyozhayojut effeyokyotivyonost the indicated measures. poyoeyotoyomu otyokryyotie rosyosijyoskoj ekoyonoyomiyoki, buyoduyochi poyospeshyonym and neyopodyogoyotoyovyolenyonym, not veyodet to vneshyoneyoekoyonoyomiyocheyosyokoyomu ravyonoyoveyosiju, usiyoliyovaja sloyozhivyoshiyoeyosja still in epoyohu the USSR peyoreyokoyosy in struyokyotuyore vneshyoneyotoryogoyovoyogo bayolanyosa RosYOsii. In these usyoloyoviyojah vozyovrat to moyonoyopoyolii vneshyonej toryogoyovyoli on otyodelyonye viyody toyovayorov and vreyomenyonoe rasyoshiyoreyonie adyomiyoniyostyorayotivyonyh meyotoyodov vozyodejyostyovija on uchayostyoniyokov foreign trade activities, in our opinion, vpolyone doyopuyosyotiyomy. Has ripened necessity for acceptance of the new Customs code of the Russian Federation as the former has already carried out the problems.

<< | >>
A source: IKONNIKOV Vasily Nikolaevich . Management of foreign trade activities of resellers in the region. Thesis for the degree of candidate of economic sciences.Orel - 1999. 1999

More on topic 2.1. Formation of preconditions and conditions of efficient control foreign trade activities in process regionalizatsii the Russian economy.:

  1. supply with information Formation on branches (foreign trade activities)
  2. Doktrinalnye and legislative approaches to foreign trade activities definition in the Russian Federation
  3. METHODICAL APPROACHES TO THE ESTIMATION OF THE CONDITION OF REPRODUCTION OF BRANCHES (FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITIES) OF ECONOMY OF REGION
  4. CHAPTER 2. Features of the legal personality of foreign legal bodies at foreign trade activities realisation in the Russian Federation.
  5. Balms Novel Leonidovich. PROBLEMS of the LEGAL PERSONALITY of FOREIGN LEGAL BODIES - PARTICIPANTS of FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITIES In the RUSSIAN FEDERATION. The DISSERTATION on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Moscow - 2008, 2008
  6. 2.2. Preconditions of formation of social responsibility of the integrated subjects of the Russian economy
  7. 2.2. The gear of selection of strategy of control in conditions neoprede - lennosti the future conditions of economic activities
  8. 4.4. Tax evasion in foreign trade activities.
  9. 2.2. Working out konntseptualnyh bases of management of foreign trade activities in region.
  10. 1.2. Liberalisation of foreign trade activities and its influence on development of trading intermediary.
  11. the Estimation of efficiency of variants of strategy of growth of perspective branches (foreign trade activities)
  12. 1.3. Evolution of the mechanism of regulation of foreign trade activities of resellers.
  13. Statement of a problem of optimisation of strategy of growth of branches (foreign trade activities) with weak inter-branch relations