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7.4. Features of economic development of Russia in the end of XIX – the beginning XX vv


To the middle of XIX century in Russia has objectively ripened the general structural crisis of feudal system. The serfdom braked development of commodity-money relations, especially trading agriculture.
Furthermore the company was characterised by the lowest educational level (22 % aged are more senior 9-22 years whereas in the developed European states this indicator was more than 85 %). It affected slow formation of a domestic layer of the businessmen necessary for begun industrialisation. The Crimean war 1853-1856 As a result of military actions in thirteen times became a main indicator of an inconsistency of existing economic system bread exportation, in eight – flax was reduced. Import of cars, to two and a half – a clap has ten times decreased. In the late fifties Russia was able to actually insolvent debtor. The public debt has reached 1 billion roubles. Budget gap has increased six times – with 52 to 307 million roubles. The inflation disappearance from the hard coin circulation became which consequence accrued. Despite government interdictions, it was not kept in the country and left abroad. The condition of credit system was especially disturbing. Its bankruptcy has forced the government to terminate in 1859 issues to landowners of loans against a pledge of manors.
As a whole the gain of production of large-scale industry in 1860-1900 annually made about five percent. Thus leaders were textile, food, gornozavodskaja both an iron and steel industry. Complication of branch structure of economy at the expense of occurrence of new branches, for example, a complex supplying building and service of railways was simultaneously observed also.
Building of the railways, allowed to establish strong connection between separate territories of the country, has entailed to perfection of regional structure of economy (tab. 15).
Table 15

Regional structure of economy of Russia XIX century Regional structure of economy of Russia XIX century
The remote territories of the Far North and the Far East began to get to a zone of industrial development.
Formation of market economy of Russia had the specific features. Russia, as well as Germany, after other European countries has taken this way, that is there was in a role of the catching up country entering in «a second echelon» capitalism developments. However it allowed to make use in many respects of foreign experience in a science, the technician and the production organisation. So, already in 80th there were first Russian monopolies in the industry and the first kartelnoe association of two Petersburg joint-stock banks – the International and Russian bank of foreign trade. Actively develops aktsionirovanie and sinditsirovanie the industries. To the beginning of XX century Russia wins first place on concentration of the capital and production, but from 1/3 to 1/2 accumulation in the industry was carried out at the expense of the foreign capital. At the same time development of national enterprise sector during this period of time is promoted by two major reforms: monetary 1895-97 and tariff 1891 The first of them, become history with a name of Minister of Finance S.JU.Vitte (1849–1915), has marked country entry in system of the Gold standard and was characterised by transition to firm convertible currency – gold rouble.
The second – has delivered high economic barriers on a way of import of the goods, forcing thereby to import from abroad not finished products, and capitals for their production.
Industry rapid growth was stopped in 1900 overproduction crisis in Europe Has affected. Then have followed: the lost Russian - Japanese war, the first revolutionary explosion 1905-1906, frustration of public finances. Special significance for industrialisation continuation began to have the agrarian question decision. The inspirer and a conductor of a new agrarian policy was the chairman of ministerial council P.A.Stolypin (1862–1911). According to new country reform all communal earth was divided on two parts:
1) the earth where throughout 24 years repartitions were not made. It passed into the ownership of peasants;
2) the earth where repartitions were. In this case the peasant could require fastening to it of the earth which it used after repartition.
Besides, each allocated of a community could require in case of a strip farming a plot in one place.
Farm – the country economy resulting resettlement domohozjaina on a new allocated plot.
Otrub – the allocated ground area with preservation of country constructions in village.
The important role in reform realisation was played by the Country land bank created still in 80th for resale to peasants of the landowner earths. This bank also credited pereselencheskuju policy Stolypina aimed at decrease of agrarian overpopulation of the centre of the country by resettlement more of three millions of persons on «the free earths» Siberia, the Far East, Altai, Central Asia. Certainly, immigrants met huge difficulties: an insufficient financial backing of the state, absence of roads, remoteness of territories, bad prisposablivaemostju an organism to new climatic conditions, etc. However there were also essential achievements. If as a whole on the country areas under crops have increased approximately by 10,5 hectares in those regions where occurred most of all exits of peasants from a community, the quantity of sowing grounds has increased in 1,5 times. In 1911-1913 the country has received grain on 28 % more than the USA, Canada and Argentina, together taken. The agriculture began to pass to the intensive type of reproduction connected with use technicians and mineral fertilizers. At the same time for realisation of agrarian transformations to Russia was not corresponding material and a financial base, therefore reform realisation as a whole had vague character and regional features of development were carried out by means of compulsory administrative measures disregarding.
In 1909-1913 new economic lifting which has captured practically all national economy of the country has begun.
For this period the general mid-annual gain of an industrial output has made 9 %. Thus receipts from industrial production in the national income were almost made even to receipts from agrarian sector, and production of the industry of a coverlet of 80 % of internal demand. Monopolisation process amplified. Most fast large associations arose in a basic industry. In light industry cartels, syndicates, and group Knoppa uniting cottonmills also acted, had trust signs. However these associations did not take a prevailing place as a whole on branch. An originality methods of domination of the Russian monopolies in the market, providing restraint of volumes of production and increase of sale prices differed also. To a course there was not only a regulation of an industrial and price policy of the enterprises entering into monopolies, but also payment of awards by it in case of reduction of the allocated quotas of production, and also a practice of closing of the acting enterprises and an interdiction of creation of the new. Still for development of large production the foreign capital had great value. The Russian monopolistically associations usually arose as joint-stock companies that allowed them to bypass positions of the anti-trust legislation developed in the country on the best European samples.
Appreciable successes has reached internal and foreign trade. The domestic trade volume in 1913 made 18 billion rbl., or in one and a half time more than in 1909 the Foreign trade turnover also has increased for this period approximately in 1,5 times and has made to 1913 2,6 billion rbl., and the export volume confidently exceeded import volume – accordingly 1,5 and 1,1 billion rbl. Before the First World War Russia was one of the leading countries-exporters of bread in the world.
The active foreign trade balance served business of strengthening of a public finance. Besides incomes of foreign trade among public finance sources there were incomes of wine monopoly and otkupnoj systems, from state railways, and also indirect taxes. However budget costs grew is ready more fast, than incomes. Money was spent for a huge officialdom, on maintenance of landowner economy, for military needs, on paying interest under foreign credits. For January, 1st, 1914 the state indebtedness of Russia on external and internal debts made about 9 billion rbl. Thus, in the beginning of XX centuries the domestic economy developed more fast, than the power structures, not able to to solve existing problems of social and industrial position peace by. Tsarism, in account to bring down pressure in the country, has involved it in the First World War. These years the ideology organised, a planned economy in national scales has started to be approved in practice.
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A source: D.A. Shevchuk. Economic history. 2009

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