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1.2 Theoretical bases of regional development

Ability to the regional development, revealing through potential possibilities of territories, was considered in O.Hirshmana, M.Enrajta's works. O.Hirshman saw stimulus to regional development in imbalance of resources which leads
Mobilisation of potential possibilities of regional system, that is the resource bias will always cause a new impulse for growth.

[183]. M.Enrajt considered as the important precondition of economic growth stimulation of the regional competitive advantages formed in territories. It has developed the concept regional klasterov which bases on use of features of territories, geographical affinity of productions, likeness of branches which allows to form production associations (klastery), capable to compete in inter-regional scale. [184]

The basic theories of regional development lean against some approaches: vosproizvodstvennyj, institutsionalnyj, resource,

The spatial.

The spatial approach to problems of regional development is shown in theory growth poles in which economic growth is shown through structural change which is defined by growth of individual industries. In model of regional development on the basis of this theory the beginning of development of region communicates with a random factor in which quality working out of large deposits or development of export of production of the food-processing industry can act. The subsequent to it the pay rise and a high efficiency of capital generate increasing return from scale and development of the agglomeration, labour efficiency promoting growth and the capital. [151]. The theory of poles finds the reflexion in works of foreign scientists, such as G.Mjurdal and F.Perru.

The theoretical aspects, developments of territories concerning problems on the basis of economic policy formation, are considered in scientific works which are connected as with directions of researches of various scientific schools, and more private works considering problems of structural changes (shifts). The big interest within the limits of considered research is represented by works of the representative
F.Perru's who has developed the so-called theory French sociological school «growth poles». At the heart of the theory the thesis that the nature and the competitiveness contents considerably varies in system-organised macro-units in F.Peru's which quality lays considers groupings of separate firms, regions and even the states.

Basic economically surpassing macro-unit which the author of the theory names dominating, acts original as "a growth pole», allowing to create effect of agglomeration for supplementing kinds of activity. The conclusion of Peru that the primary goal of economic policy of the state consists in creation such «growth poles» and competent management of the environment of distribution of their effect [30] from here follows.

Among domestic scientists the paradigm of the spatial approach is presented in A.G.Granberga's works which has offered four paradigms for the decision of the diverse problems arising in region: region - kvazigosudarstvo, region - kvazikorporatsija, region - the market (a market area), region - society. The first paradigm (kvazigosudarstvo) is quite lawful and is realised in the Russian Federation according to the relative financial autonomy of regions realised within the limits of budgetary federalism.

Regions have a number of authorities for which realisation there is a regional budget, stroennyj in a budget system of the country [129].

The paradigm the "region-kvazikorporatsija" considering region as large object of the property and economic activities, allows to develop independently, on the one hand, with allowance for the available competitive advantages, complete use of prirodno-resource potential. On the other hand, as the subject of economic activities region interacts with the national and transnational corporations, making significant impact on its economic situation through distribution of jobs, pricing mechanisms, tax payment, orders, transfer deeds, etc.

The paradigm "region-market" allows to show advantages of one regions in which there are favorable conditions for development of the markets information, credit, a manpower or commodity markets and services, and necessity of creation of such conditions for others.

The fourth paradigm considering region as society, is beyond purely economic approach. This paradigm includes all spectrum of social, cultural, medical, educational, political and other aspects of ability to live of the population of region [63].

Having considered features of each of paradigms it is possible to notice, that first three paradigms directly concern problems of development, self-development, state regulation which structural problems very influence, therefore it is necessary to consider them within the limits of carried out research. Region research as market or kvazikorporatsii allows, leaning against the microeconomic analysis theory to consider internal distinctions of regions, and, considering region as kvazigosudarstvo and basing on the macroeconomic theory it will be possible to allocate homogeneous regions for working out of mechanisms of their management.

Institutsionalnyj and vosproizvodstvennyj the approaches realised in institutsionalnyh and vosproizvodstvennyh theories, are a basis of set of cumulative theories, economic geography, concepts of the new territorial organisation of production which form modern scientific basis of economic growth and development [31]. Within the limits of neoclassical and neokejnsianskih theories results of researches were generated in the concept of a site and spatial economy.

Researches of problems of placing of objects of production and definition of the factors making on their impact, some economists allocate in the separate direction of theoretical researches named «the Spatial economic theory» [93].

The questions connected with the spatial organisation of territory throughout two centuries, (XIX - the XX-th centuries) were decided by scientists in the different countries within the limits of the theory of placing or shtandortnyh theories. Johann background Tjunen as the founder of these theories has written the treatise on economy and the optimum system of agriculture «Isolated state». In this work for the first time matematicheski the questions connected with placing of agricultural branch are reasonable. I.Tjunen has connected the decision of these questions to the rent theory, having used bases of the theory of extreme productivity matematicheski in the strict method [38].

The placing theory has received the further development, when Wilhelm Launhardt has developed a method, allowing to find a place for optimum placing of industrial enterprise. Thus it used I.Tjunena's model, but the item of a choice of a place of placing was considered from items of affinity to sources of raw materials and to seller's markets. As a primary factor of placing of production of V.Launhardt has kept travelling costs while industrial expenses remained identical in all points of investigated territory [171]. The technique of a finding of item of optimum placing of the industrial enterprise, developed Launhardtom, has received the name of a method weight (lokatsionnogo) a triangle.

Alfred veber in the proceedings has anew formulated the theory of placing of the enterprises which has received the theory name shtandorta. The theory shtandorta allows to define dependence of size of the cost price of made production on a site of the manufacturer which can be both a country economy and industrial enterprise. Accounts veber conducted depending on action of a considerable quantity of diverse factors in which quality acted: distance to seller's markets, cost of transportation, cost of raw materials, a labour; fertility of soils, population density and it poloyovozrastnye groups, and other factors. Thus veber in work
«The pure theory of placing of the industry», has developed theories of placing of production of I.Tjunena and V.Launhardta which placings as the factor considered only travelling costs, considering the property rights through the ground rent [152].

In the next century at the decision of problems of placing of production steadfast attention have paid on such factor as the markets. The merit of connection of the theory of placing of the enterprises and the spatial analysis of the markets belongs to T.Palander who in the book «Works under the placing theory» has analysed all theories about spatial placing of industrial enterprises. Later economists, concerning the theory of placing of production, did an emphasis on the spatial analysis of seller's markets and tried to adhere the neoclassical theory of balance to problems of economic use of space [93].

On the basis of model of placing of the settlements, the offered V.Kristallerom, had been created «the theory of the central places». In this theory laws of an arrangement, number and the sizes of settlements depending on hierarchy of cities are allocated. At the heart of the theory the optimum karkasno-network structure of settlements (grid Kristallera) which supplies access to objects of sphere of services lays, allows to move as fast as possible between cities and effectively to operate territory. The system of settlements has the certain hierarchy, which number of levels in direct ratio socially - to economic development of territory [63].

The following significant step to development of the territorial organisation has made August Lyosh which has analysed all theories of rational use of space, having generalised on the basis of the theory of the general balance [93]. A.Lyosh has created the theory of an economic landscape in which the economic landscape represents an interlacing of market zones of the various goods and services. As he marked: «this book
(«Economy Geographical distribution») it is devoted interdependence between territory and economy »[36].

As to the domestic scientists which workings out are actual for the given research as a theoretical basis the works devoted to problems of economic division into districts [72 first of all are worthy; 88]. The founder of school of the Soviet economic geography of N.N.Baransky has developed the regional approach to an estimation of territory of the country, than has introduced significant j the investment in development of regional economy. Division into districts which has poured out in doctrine working out about the country economic region, headed by N.N.Baransky was the central direction of economic geography of the Soviet period. By its definition the economic region is "the industrial-territorial unit whenever possible economically finished (but not closed), with as much as possible developed productions ties in it and with specialisation in all-union scale". Also it has entered into a science concept "economic-geographical position", considered as position of any sotsialnoyoekonomicheskogo object in system of concrete territory and institutes of company [57].

The methodological base of economic geography created by N.N.Baranskim together with its pupil N.N.Kolosovsky, has allowed last to create the theory of industrial-territorial complexes, to solve the major problems of economic division into districts, to define tools of territorial planning, to develop methods of the analysis of activity of territorial structures. N.N.Kolosovsky, having specified economic region definition, has revealed the factors influencing formation of economic region, classified them, has developed bases of the theory of territorial proportions of a national economy.

N.N.Kolosovsky noticed, that «economic division into districts - the most favourable system of territorial combinations natural and social
Business factors of development of a national economy (with allowance for prospects), supplying the best labour efficiency ». As the most important tool of territorial planning it allocated economic division into districts, considering, that« the purpose of the territorial organisation of an economy of the country in achievement of the greatest economic efficiency of all system of economic region of the country »[172].

The resource approach to research of problems of regional development is taken as a principle theories of "economic base» which founder is the representative of a current of mercantilism P.De La Kurt. It has allocated the export-focused production and university as two base sectors in urban economy. The most significant position of this theory within the limits of our research represents revealing of the factors defining process of regional development to which G.Richardson carries: branch structure of production, a region geographical position, a share taken in the industry, agriculture, a rate of unemployment, financial potential. But the problem consists that the introduced factors are difficult for reducing to one quantitative parametre, and also the analysis of these factors depending on their submission can lead to various conclusions [93]

The raw theory or raw model is based that economic development of regions with the powerful prirodno-resource potential presented by stocks of exported minerals, and large economic base, can was stable to develop during the long-term period. The stable financial streams acting from export of resources, allow to develop to innovative productions, formation of new branches.

Problems of regional development, according to the analysed approaches, are connected with branch and territorial structures of social and economic system. Influence the decision of this
Problems also vosproizvodstvennye aspects of economy in this connection the theoretical base of research of this problematics is extensive enough [62; 120; 168].

The first from the theoretical point of view to research of branch structure of economy accepted F.Kene, the school founder fiziokratov. Its basic merit in an economic theory is the doctrine about «a pure product» (or "added value"). In a basis of the theory of F.Kene mortgages a postulate that the agriculture and a mineral industry give a gain of a matter and accordingly create a pure product while the manufacturing industry and craft do not create public riches because at this stage of production the matter decreases. Despite F.Kene's some errors, it is important to note the importance of the branch approach at the analysis of process of formation of an added value. [170]

The follower in research of branch structure of economy was L.Valras whom name marzhinalistom the first wave and one of the greatest economists of XIX century Its merit is: working out of model of the general economic balance, definition of the importance of individual industries in the general economic system, and also revealing of the factors defining signs of branch structure of economy, first of all the property right. [8]

The important defect of the theory of general economic balance Valrasa, according to J.Shumpetera, that the given concept reflects a static condition of economy is, it does not consider the factors promoting development of economic processes. Therefore SHumpeter in the researches used dynamic model in which the system was considered in development. It has revealed the new developments, which steels in motive power of development of system [31]. The analysis of the reasons of dynamic changes became the major stimulus for researches, result
Which there was a concentration of attention on the production factors which earlier are not considered.

Naturally, considering questions of a policy, management and state regulation, it is necessary to mention the founder of macroeconomic of J. M.Keynes who has allocated the major tools of regulation of a national economy. For prevention of a situation of transition of economy in a condition of deep depression or a significant overheat he has suggested to use a public finance and the credit as tools of state regulation which named nalogovoyobjudzhetnoj and a credit policy [41].

Interference of the state in a market mechanism has the advantages and defects. So, the public finance is formed for the purpose of maintenance of stability of economy, smoothing of cyclic fluctuations and maintenance of lower-income strata. At all weaknesses in theory Keynes which have emerged at change of conditions of functioning of economy, such tools as «the nalogovo-budgetary policy» and "credit policy" are used in modern conditions.

Problems of strategic management of economy development at mesolevel include also the theoretical surveys connected with structural changes. Therefore it is necessary to mention «the pure theory of economic dynamics» D.Clark and L.V.Kantorovich, V.S.Nemchinov, V.V. Leonteva's works.

Development of the theory of structural changes is connected with a name of J. B.Clark who has begun in works on economic dynamics, and also is the founder of "the American school» marzhinalizma. Criticising the approach considered to it to economy as to a static social production in the work «riches Distribution» he marks dynamic conditions which destabilise economy. The list of these conditions includes: population increase, growth of the capital,
Improvement of methods of production, change of forms of industrial enterprises, survival of more productive enterprises instead of eliminated less productive.

Each of the allocated conditions is considered by the author as the factor supporting company in a dynamic condition, besides these factors influence social structure. Defining the importance of the theory Clark noticed, that thanking «the pure theory of economic dynamics», capable to carry out the qualitative analysis of the phenomena of variability it will be possible to transfer the theory to a new plane, having expanded many times over a political economy subject. [71]

L.V.Kantorovich and B.C. Nemchinov as founders ekonomikoyomatematicheskogo directions, are founders of a method of linear programming. «Mathematical methods of the organisation and production planning» L.V.Kantorovich has published work to the Great Patriotic War in 1939 and became one of initiators of regular studying of the functional spaces evaluated as new direction in researches.

Working out of theoretical questions of economic cybernetics and ekonometrii, and also application of methods of mathematical modelling and computer facilities in economic researches B.C. Nemchinov began to attend to one of the first. It has developed models of the expanded reproduction, statistical model of a public division of labour.

At level of national economy with application of balance methods V.V. Leontev attended to research of problems of macroeconomic modelling. Its method "inputs - outputs" has given the chance to investigate problems of macroeconomic by means of an interindustry balance. Unlike models of balance of L.Valrasa which considered a market equilibrium, Leontev investigated technological balance.

He has suggested to neglect for simplification of model of competitive balance division of system into the separate enterprises. Leontev
Considered branches, groups of branches and even economy as a whole as the uniform enterprise. According to A.V.Vorontsovsky, Leontev «belonged to a narrow circle of scientists to which managed to connect consistently theoretical bases of development of macroeconomic systems, methods of mathematical modelling and the analysis of macroeconomic processes, maintenance with the necessary initial information and possibilities of practical application of the developed methods and models» [114].

Thus, theoretical bases of the given research lean against fundamental works of the domestic and foreign scientists which researches are devoted the condition and development analysis micro-and macroeconomic systems, and also to search of toolkit approaching for this purpose.

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A source: GRIGORYAN DIANA ROBERTOVNA. STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT of DEVELOPMENT of MACROREGION ON THE BASIS OF NEW SPATIALLY-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Econ.Sci. Stary Oskol - 2019. 2019

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