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§ 1. Concept of new economy. The basic directions and methods of research of a labour market in the conditions of formation of new economy

The term “new economy” has been put into circulation still in the early eighties, designating economy in which the tertiary market sector of services has been largely developed; since 1990th years, the given term was used concerning economy with the developed hi-tech sector [the Sagittarius, with.

137—138]. The new economy in modern submission has arisen in the mid-nineties the last century and has strongly taken roots in our consciousness as next logically natural stage of not for a moment not stopping evolution of economic systems already enough. It not only qualitatively transforms many economic processes, but also changes social and psychological motives of behaviour of people. Anyhow, the new economy influences all spheres of economic activities, however as direct sphere of its functioning, the centre sredotochenija and a nucleus information and communication technologies (IKT, 1СТ) by right can be considered. Such concept rather has come recently in the stead more habitual IT (IT) and began to be used in the modern scientific literature.

The urgency of research of new economy underlines the remark made Institute of the progressive policy of the USA: “the New economy represents type of such deep transformation of all branches which occurs only twice a century... It is comparable to industrial economy 1890 and occurrence of corporate economy and quantity production in 1940 and 1950th years” [Progressive

Policy Institute, 2002]. We will short formulate the basic signs distinguishing new economy from traditional economy of the industrial

Type:

— The nature and growth rates of technological improvements is changed;

— Speed from which knowledge and the information is transmitted continuously grows;

— Saturation of the market by durable goods is reached;

— The role of sector of services becomes dominating;

— Innovations are focused on production process in the same degree, as on an end-product;

— Investments acquire less long-term character;

— The economic space leaves far beyond national borders (globalizuetsja);

— Communication between economic growth and an occupation level weakens;

— Mobility of work and the capital considerably increases;

— There are new forms of the organisation and a division of labour;

— Production and management will be decentralised;

■ — economy state regulation becomes more liberal.

During formation of new economy there is an unprecedented reduction of prices on the goods and the services connected with modern technologies: during a life of one generation in 1970 — 1990th the price of computers has gone down more than in 10 thousand times, falling on the average annually on 30-40 %. Similar rate of fall in prices on communication facilities surpasses all historical examples: so, the prices for usual telephone service decreased in XX century in 3-7 times more slowly, and on the electric power — at 20-25 time more slowly
[Meljantsev, with. 5]. So scale transformations in structure of economic relations inevitably involve changes in consciousness which, in turn, reform these relations. Though the similar situation took place and during earlier periods of development of company, feature of the present stage is high speed to which there are these transformations, and it means, that the terms which have been taken away for adequate reaction to an economic situation, i.e.

For decision-making by subjects of economic activities, are reduced to a minimum.

In the most general sense “the new economy” is meant a combination synthesis of such concepts as “information economy”, “the economy of knowledge”, “postindustrial economy”, “digital economy”, “network economy” And though researchers are quite often limited any to one of the transferred terms or even use some of them as synonyms (last, undoubtedly, it is impossible to recognise correct though actually one does not exist without the others), all these phenomena, as a matter of fact, are only various parties of that we name today new economy. The given characteristics, being in aggregate completely are applicable to new economy, separately in a due measure do not reflect its intrinsic description. We will result some variants of definition of new economy:

“The new economy is such influence of high technologies on an economic environment which is conducted to change of separate macroeconomic parametres” [by the Sagittarius, with. 138].

The category “new economy” is applied for “descriptions of three various phenomena (activity directions) in economy, as the general for which (Web-practice) Internet toolkit acts only. The first unites in a certain general measurement"hi-tech"
The companies using, as a rule, the Internet as the basic resource. The second — makes specific and become already global klaster the economy making the software for various (including technological) a Web-expert, that is delivers technologies for other directions. The third... The expert, instrumentalno basing on the Internet and the new models of economic activities of a postmodern directed on creation and productivity increase, first of all at the expense of reduction of all transaktsionnyh costs (especially interactions and managements) ”[Mjasnikova is represented as a set electronic, with. 3].

“New economy — set of the branches characterised by the big contribution of the human capital in comparison with material elements. Includes formation, the information-communication markets, production of an innovation and so-called intellectual services (consultation, information intermediary, analytics, marketing services). It name still information economy, the economy based on knowledge, — but each of these definitions partially” [Kuzminov, etc., with. 3].

“The new economy is such economy in which information technologies and investments directed to this branch lead to more intensive, in comparison with other branches, to productivity growth, and the changes connected with them in the organisation of production and employment structure allow to reach atypically high rates of economic growth during the periods of recessions” [the Ministry of Trade of the USA].

The second and third treatments offered by a domestic science, well describe characteristics of a phenomenon of new economy, but miss one major aspect thanks to which actually and have begun
Discussions concerning new economy. The mentioned aspect is reflected only in definition of the Ministry of Trade of the USA in which it is underlined, that rates of economic growth in new economy essentially are not slowed down during the periods of cyclic recessions.

Critics of concept “new economy” notice, that it is short-lived (today economy new, and tomorrow — old). Recognising justice of the given assertion, we, nevertheless, consider, that the term “new economy” is the most suitable to the description of changes occurring in some economy because by present time it became common in the world scientific literature and is real with it competes unless “economy of knowledge” (“the economy based on use of knowledge”). We will notice, that adherents of other terminology notice, that definitions chosen by them are not comprehensive and completely characterising a modern economic situation: so, the network economy assumes availability of a network of communications between economic agents which existed long before present time; the material basis of postindustrial economy is made by industrial production; As to information economy and economy of knowledge, for the present nobody has described economy without the information and without knowledge.

Often term “new economy” is used for a designation only that part of economy which directly consists of hi-tech branches. From our point of view similar application of the term wrongly because, being a national economy part, hi-tech sektory cannot be torn off from it and is considered separately. Accordingly, it will be more correct to name the given part of new economy branches of new economy. They are leaders in economic development, largely influence
On macroeconomic indicators, but in itself cannot be defined as new economy.

The new economy, hence, appears as developing economy — a synonym of becoming information company. At the description of the given phenomenon we kontsentrirovanno use scientific achievements in theory postindustrial, information, network economy, and also economy of knowledge as they make attributive properties of new economy which, thus, can represent itself as full object of scientific research. The scientific paradigm of postindustrial economy bases on concept of postindustrial company which D.Bell has defined as “company in which the industrial sector loses the leading part owing to increasing tehnologizatsii, and the science becomes the basic productive force. The potential of development of this company in escalating degree is defined by scales of the information and knowledge, which it possesses” [Foreigners (2), with. 20]. The postindustrial company replaces to industrial and industrial, considered as certain consecutive stages of social development; postindustrializm puts in the forefront technical and scientific progress in social development. The largest theorists of postindustrial company are D.Bell, D.Risman, G.Kan, K.Tominagi, R.Darendorf, in a domestic science — V.L.Inozemtsev.

As one of attributive properties of new economy the economy of knowledge which is defined as economy in which production, distribution and use of knowledge is a primary factor of growth, creation of well-being and employment maintenance in all branches (the resulted definition acts is quoted on: The Drivers of New Economy in APEC: Innovation and Organizational Practices [APEC, p. 29];

The author of the term considers Frits Mahlup, using it in work “Production and distribution of knowledge in the USA” (1962) for a designation of one of economy sectors). Concept of the knowledge D.Bell in a context of the theory of postindustrial transformation created by it has defined as “set subordinirovannyh the facts or the judgements representing the focused assertion or experimental result, capable to be to transmitted other people with communication draught on funds in the certain regular form” [Bell, with. 405]. “ The knowledge is present at all levels at hierarchy of activity ”, — S.Klimov [Klimov, with, 49] notices. According to S.A.Djatlova, one of leading domestic experts in the field of information economy, modern system of public reproduction it is possible to characterise as the innovative reproduction which basis is made by new scientific knowledge, the advanced information technologies, services and products [Woodpeckers (1), with. 4-5]. The share of the branches directly connected with production and use of knowledge (knowledge industries), in a gross internal product of the USA made by the end of 1990th years not less than 60 % [Foreigners (5), with. 57].

Knowledge fairly admits new economy the basic industrial resource though they made an integral part of the organisation of any production both in doindustrialnuju, and in industrial epoch. “That circumstance, that knowledge became the main things, instead of is simple one of kinds of resources, and has transformed our company in postcapitalist”, — believes P.Draker [Draker, with. 98]. Justice of this point of view is confirmed with table 1 in which 10 most highly paid trades in the USA where the phenomenon of new economy was showed to the greatest degree are collected. The quantity of workers of the specialities transferred in table 1, in 2002 made 4,9 % from

The general number of the USA taken in economy (including everything, since age of 16 years).

Table I: Average week earnings and total of workers of 10 most highly paid specialities in the USA

Speciality (occupation) Quantity

Taken,

Thousand people

Average week earnings, US dollar
1. Attorneys 605 1492
2. Physicians 538 1475
3. Pharmacists 170 1367
4. Engineers of space branch 83 1365
5. Engineers of chemical branch 78 1313
6. Engineers of electronic branch 636 1222
7. Mechanical engineers 291 1163
8. Scientists and analysts of computer systems 1525 1125
9. Managers, experts in marketing, advertisement makers and pablik - rilejtery 671 1115
10. Analysts in the field of management 298 1077

Source: US Λ Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002 hi (p://www, bls.gov

It is important to remember, that as the transfer mechanism and at the same time the knowledge carrier the information, the most valuable resource serves in new economy. What itself the information from the economic point of view represents?

As is known, in a modern science the set of definitions of the information is, but there is no, recognised as all scientists working over problems of studying of the information. The term "information" occurs from Latin informatio I (explain) and has set

Semantic shades. One of most general definitions of the information results R.Lozi; “the Information is that is generated by all processes and the river 255] grows out of these processes” [Losee. If the basic manufacturer and the information consumer is the person it can be defined as constant updating of knowledge and a various sort of data, including practical skills of people [Kostyuk, with. 22]. The information can have significant value and is economic activities necessary for realisation. The Nobel prize winner in the field of economy notices Douglas Nort in this occasion: “Real problems of management actually are creation and opening of the new markets, an estimation of production and industrial technologies, management of workers; at all these problems there is an uncertainty, and all of them require investments into information reception” [Nort, with. 101-102].

Computer science as scientific to discipline! Asserts, that value of the information depends on that, how much it can be useful, that is is adequate to requirements, is actual, accessible (or is inaccessible) to other subjects etc. Any information has a number of unique properties from which it is possible to allocate its ability repeatedly to be copied and delivered in a place of consumption with zero incremental costs though initial expenses for the infrastructure organisation are always necessary. In new economy the information is considered as the production factor not less significant, than the traditional earth, work, the capital and enterprise abilities. “In information company with economy of mainly information type all socially - economic phenomena (resources, value, riches) realise themselves in the most adequate general form — in the information form (information resources, ecash, information
Riches) ”, — S.A.Djatlov [marks Woodpeckers (1), with. 11]. The given approach is realised in theory the information economy which sources as a separate component of an economic science are M.Porata, D.Bell, T.Grilihesa, U.Dajzarda's works, J. Martin, J.Masudy, T.Umesao, F.Mahlupa, E.Mensfilda, R.Nelsona, I.Nikolova, T.Stounera, E.Tofflera, J.Shumpetera. A subject of information economy are the economic relations developing in the course of production, an exchange, distribution and information consumption, and economic laws to which development of these processes is subject. The circle of the questions decided within the limits of the theory of information economy, includes information submission as resource for creation of information products, the factor of production and economic growth, research of the information environment in which managing process is carried out, its influence on economic motivation and economic behaviour.

Production process in new economy can be divided into four stages conditionally:

I. The Tax and information accumulation;

II. Initial processing, an information filtration;

III. Deep processing of the filtered data and their comprehensive analysis;

IV. Reception and registration of conclusions.

At a stage (I) source data act, at stages (II) and (III) their processing is conducted, at a stage (IV) the target data representing an end result are formed. Thus at the intermediate stages knowledge which do not concern current production can be received, but can represent certain value. Than more than data it is used in process
Productions, that above probability of reception of such knowledge which we will name hereinafter accumulated, and process of their formation — effect of accumulation. In new economy there is an end-product with the maximum added value.

As in the course of production there is new knowledge, such categories as means, the subject and a work product acquire qualitative uniformity and represent knowledge, though and differing from each other on structure and the contents. Source data in such context are not that other, as a work subject, methods of the analysis of the received information — ■ an instrument of labour, and data which we have on an exit — a work product. Unconditionally, not any information is knowledge (though the knowledge always is the information) and not always the knowledge can be transmitted other subject. “There is no method of the productive appendix of work which at the same time would not be the information appendix”, — the American economist and sociologist T.Stouner [Stouier marks, with. 393].

Information distribution in modern economic systems occurs by means of networks, and at the expense of network interaction between subjects of an economic activities, an event thanks to achievements in the field of IKT, properties of economic systems can be changed. The scientific paradigm describing this phenomenon carries the name of the network economy which theorists are M.Kastels, F.Fukujama, K.Kelli, S.I.Parinov, D.Podolny, K.Pejdzh. “The network economy” is understood As the term such condition of economy which arises, when an infrastructure serving functioning of economy of some country or group of the countries, the Internet of technologies [Parinov is based on use, with. 13]. IKT, the information connected with production as non-material blessing, form essentially new
Company and uniform social and economic system. The information epoch generates company which as believes M.Kastels, is not only global, but also network (network society) — it develops spontaneously, as a result of interaction of many social groups and separate people. The economic activities in network company are carried out in global scales with use of an agency network, In an economic theory of the network organisations the network blessings are considered as a special version of the blessings having properties, distinct from properties of the blessings in a standard neoclassical economic theory, in particular, the network blessings have properties of public goods.

Features of process of production in new economy are that, that does not remain doubts: the human capital, and together with it and the person with its psychological, social becomes the factor of production it is necessary for them to give the best priority, cultural and other determinants of motivation which is constantly changed under the influence of social transformations and defines its economic behaviour, which analysis extremely tsenen for any research in the field of an economic theory. In the light of the theory of the human capital developed by G.Bekker, J.Min grey, by T.Schultz, E, Denisonom, J. Kendrikom, the reasons but which significance of workers of intellectual labour increases in new economy become clear. “Use of knowledge for search of the most effective methods of application of the available information with the purposes of reception of necessary results is, as a matter of fact, and there is a management”, — does P.Draker's conclusion [Draker, with. 95].

Thus, the labour market in which cut features and tendencies of application human are accurately traced becomes an actual object of research in the conditions of formation of new economy
The capital in various branches of new economy. “ Process of creation of new knowledge is impossible without creativity of all its participants. In the maximum form it is expressed at the stage of knowledge production where creativity is included immanently into work process "[" the Human capital of Russia on a XXI-st century boundary ”, with. 134]. The Labour market is interesting also because represents one of the basic elements defining a social life so that along with economic questions and the problems arising or purchasing qualitatively other significance in the conditions of formation of new economy, in sight of the researcher problems of social character get also. The new economy not necessarily means, that all in it exclusively new literally words, but also means other arrangement of priorities between already existing facts and laws. Formation of new economy is the difficult process uniting in as traditional elements which it is possible to name stable structures and which at the heart of the were saved, though some changes (for example have undergone, base principles of hiring of a labour, social insurance of workers), and absolutely new (work group association in a command by means of computer networks, remote management of projects).

Knowledge — a special kind of the blessing: it is not exhausted in the course of use, its quantity does not decrease by transfer to other subject. Quality of knowledge in sense of their durability, ease of application even increases by their transfer or subsequent use. The knowledge role in new economy is exclusively great, it is a unique resource, is inaliennable and at various levels is present at each concrete carrier of the human capital. On the one hand, it means universality of knowledge, with other — a privacy. In opinion

T.Kochana, today the knowledge is more privatised, than ever [Kochan, the river 18]. We have all bases to assert, that the knowledge is a resource which use is capable to generate bolshee an inequality in company: in practice knowledge privatisation occurs in the form of realisation by economic subjects of a patent right, the copyright, including on research and educational programs. For the last two decades toughening of system of realisation of the rights to intellectual property all over the world was observed. Thereof, only the countries developing innovative activity, can apply for joining to a global pool of knowledge and get access to the newest researches and workings out; the given thesis is fair and for the workers who are in territory of these countries. If access freedom to public network resources is limited only to availability of technical possibilities access to private network resources, is besides, limited by conditions on which proprietors of the given resources agree to grant such blessings (if they in general agree to do it). Occurrence of such situation limits access of potential workers to formation in general, and the individuals, had an opportunity to raise the qualification, get more powerful advantage before other competitors on a labour market that becomes especially actual in the conditions of formation of new economy.

In the debate devoted to a role of the International organisation of work in creation of institutes, co-ordinating work and employment in the XXI-st century, a number, probably, not so obvious, but actual, in our opinion, the questions, mechanisms concerning an estimation thanks to which knowledge is capable to act as a production major factor in new economy has been delivered. Whether has knowledge of restriction, barriers or, on the contrary, it can be used by all who is capable to apply it structurally? Whether exists
Possibility to create knowledge in those countries, regions or the enterprises where it really will help to solve the numerous problems standing today before economy of work? Whether the science can develop the model describing such knowledge? How equality among various categories of workers and how their fundamental rights are connected with mechanisms acting in modern economy can be reached?

Let's notice, that all these questions are debatable and answers to them hardly can be simple and unequivocal. Being the globalisation entered in a context, the new economy not only does not eliminate an inequality between subjects of a labour market, but also promotes its further deepening. If in economy will not function enough of the institutes performing functions of distribution of actual knowledge among workers, the labour market will receive elite group “gold collars” which will concentrate and privatise necessary skills and abilities, inevitably accruing asymmetry in economic distribution of kinds of work and, accordingly, incomes in company becomes a consequence of that. There is no necessity to add, that it, in turn, will cause adverse social consequences. Thus, laying aside a question on availability of restrictions or barriers in the knowledge, it is possible to tell with confidence, as that, and other is present at knowledge distribution between its carriers — the workers using it at fulfilment of certain functions in economic system. Then the answer to a question, whether can to be used knowledge by all capable it to apply, will depend largely on that, institutes how much effectively extending knowledge will function. The question on what should be these criteria of efficiency, requires deeper judgement and
Understanding not only an essence, but also other aspects of a circle of problems considered by us. Availability of the mentioned institutes to probably wider layers of able-bodied population should become one of base criteria, unconditionally, opening it thereby via sctentiarum, Development of network technologies has allowed to use new possibilities in the market of educational services, having put in action the mechanism of remote training (e-learning) which is actively applied in the countries with new economy and possesses significant potential for the further development. In the conditions of formation of new economy close connections between the institutes making and consuming knowledge are adjusted, and this interaction is carried out by means of interactive, including corporate, networks. Educational institutes co-operate with the state and private organisations, receiving data on requirement for those or other specialities (the information on a labour demand); Simultaneously they promote formation of the corresponding offer of a labour, carrying out preparation of training courses of the required contents and leading up them to the audience using advantages of network interaction.

Success of the decision of the problems connected with qualitatively new changes of labour relations in new economy, largely depends on, whether there can be directly a knowledge in a consumption place that requires duly delivery there the necessary information. As at existing technologies the communication of information is carried out practically instantly, we understand timeliness of its production which always requires time and work expenses as timeliness of delivery. If the given condition on any reasons is not executed, an estimation of a market situation of work by its subjects, whether it be firms, the state bodies, workers or them
The organisations or other institutes, it will appear incorrect, and the labour market will receive the signals which are not reflecting it valid condition. It will lead to a dislocation of balance of market forces and falling of productivity of a manpower. In our opinion, at the organisation of a supply with information of subjects of a labour market it is necessary to consider, that in the conditions of formation of new economy kodifitsirovat (to make and accumulate, writing down in the form of a code) new knowledge on the basis of the received information on purpose to find the decision only existing problems insufficiently and it is necessary to be guided by knowledge possibility to define today, what problems should be decided tomorrow. For this purpose it is necessary to understand, how such knowledge should be formed, that now is not clear. Hence, to answer a question on, whether in a condition the economic science to develop the theoretical model describing knowledge, will be possible only after definition of principles of construction and classification of the knowledge.

The question on the rights of workers, undoubtedly, costs among the sharpest and debatable, that is fair and for new economy in which force of trade unions has considerably fallen. To leave the given situation it is possible by strengthening of state regulation of labour relations at legislative level. However it considerably will reduce also those possibilities which the new economy (first of all offers it concerns flexibility of management and decision-making freedom), that will negatively affect economic efficiency as that as will not allow to lower an expense in that degree in what they could be lowered at the most rational use of advantages of new economy. Therefore there is an alternative approach which is based on a recognition of flexibility and adequacy of collective agreements and assumes working out and development of new forms of the social

Partnership. Such approach, in our opinion, more corresponds to realities of new economy, but also is more combined for practical realisation. Its basic difficulty consists that the increasing number of workers wishes to deal with more free and open organisations in which between participants direct contacts, instead of to trade unions in their traditional understanding are come into.

“For workers of postindustrial type the aiming at career, an individual competitiveness with one another is characteristic and, accordingly, domination of individual labour relations with the employer, dim borders between free and working hours, use of spare time for investments into the human capital and career”, — S.J.Roschin [Roschin, 2004 does the important conclusions, with. 123]. The individualization stipulates differentiation of toolkit of satisfaction of inquiries, in the conditions of lifting of the general well-being growing and becoming more and more diverse. From here the increase in the importance of market mechanisms as most flexibly reacting to accelerated updating of demand, in particular, results. Labour markets in new economy are deeply segmented, that creates certain complexities for supply and demand alignment on them. Workers are considered as individual service providers and are represented not fordistskimi “by people on the salary” in an image of white collars of the big post-war corporations, and “experts from a portfolio”, having at itself a certain set of the abilities necessary for the market. In regulation of new economy on the foreground there is a problem of combination of two opposite purposes; strengthenings of flexibility of a labour market and social protection of workers. For a finding of optimum balance functions of institutes of a family, the public authorities and trade unions, methods of state regulation of economy, organizational should be revised
Forms and the purposes of trade-union associations. In connection with formation of new economy before researchers there is some question, the further development of economic systems will depend on the answer on which. We will short transfer those from them which matter for studying of features of labour-market performance.

Certain interest is caused by the discussion which subject is thesis discussion about, whether will allow to raise transition to new economy growth rates of productivity. If the answer is positive, there will be a question as such increase will affect intensity of work: whether the new economy of the appendix of additional efforts will require or, on the contrary, will lead to decrease in quantity of working hours? Principles of functioning and structure of interaction of market participants of work will depend largely on what firms will appear dominating in new economy: the big multinational and transnational corporations or the small flexible structures taking a certain market niche. Undoubtedly, essential changes will occur in mechanisms of realisation of labour relations, some variants of their development are here again possible: I) traditional relations between workers and

The employers, assuming a full employment and ierarhichnuju structure of labour relations, are saved, but thus the majority are taken partial day and (or) works under temporal contracts; 2) the basic part of workers passes in the category self-taken or performs certain work on temporal contracts in the absence of hierarchy of relations, and character of interaction is formal (as well as in the first variant); 3) coincides with a variant (2), but the interaction basis is made by informal relations. Any subsequent scenario cannot be carried out without the previous: the second
Without the first, the third — without consecutive passage of the first and the second. Depending on concrete conditions development of labour relations in new economy can be fixed at any stage with the subsequent movement towards increase in the indicated order or without that. In process of movement from the scenario (1) to scenarios (2) and (3) personal freedom is acquired and working conditions of workers improve, but also risks of non receipt by them of incomes amplify, there is a loss of stability of receipt of wages, the employer's liability decreases. In case of an establishment of informal relations social protection level is reduced to a minimum as begins practically impossible to prove availability of labour relations between subjects of a labour market, and as unique guarantors of performance of treaty obligations the informal agreement of the parties and interest of the employer in an end result act, that far not always is sufficient stimulus for observance of terms and conditions of contract. Besides, the exception of workers of pay-sheets can seriously reduce tax revenues for which account social protection is realised. But at all defects the variant (3) supplies minimisation transaktsionnyh costs for both parties in comparison with other possible variants and for this reason is the most attractive. However we believe what be realised it can only under condition of introduction of the simple and at the same time effective mechanism of the control which would not allow transaktsionnym to costs to grow and supplied protection against risks, including against risks of non receipt of the income. To carry out last at simultaneous reduction of surtax probably only or increasing tax revenues from other sources (how to find such sources?), or shifting obligations on insurance of risks back on the employer. Last it is represented
To us the most probable, and netrivialnost situations consists that workers or their associations can become the parties which will supervise performance of these obligations, only. The state cannot effectively carry out control function as informal relations between workers and employers mean absence of the official status.

Application neoinstitutsionalnogo the approach by consideration of mechanisms of interaction between subjects of a labour market is represented logical and natural and speaks following reasons. Deeper studying of process of transformation of economic systems shows, that transition to new economy cannot occur simply so, certain conditions are for this purpose necessary. We will underline, that availability of such preconditions of transition to new economy as end of process of industrialisation or the fourth information revolution, is necessary, but it is far not a sufficient condition for its formation. To them it is necessary to add existence of the stable economic system, the developed infrastructure, the partner relations focused on long-term cooperation, qualitative management and availability developed institutsionalnoj environments. The last factor is represented to us extremely important as the exclusive role of institutes admits a company life the majority of researchers owing to the objective reasons: because to the consumer all properties of the goods or service, and also all characteristics of activity of economic agents are not known, there are the questions connected with observance of conditions of transaction because of what it is necessary to expend resources for an estimation and the control of these properties and characteristics. Besides, the basic industrial resource in new economy is the information, and under D.Norta's assertion, zatratnost information is a key to understanding of costs
Transaction which consist of costs of an estimation of useful properties of object of an exchange and costs of maintenance of the rights and compulsion to their observance [Nort, with. 45]. These costs of an estimation and compulsion serve, in its opinion, a source of social, political and economic institutes. The role of institutes in new economy is great also because its characteristics are deepening of specialisation and a variety of properties. And than above specialisation and the more number and a variety of useful properties [characteristic for economy — And. G], the bolshee it is necessary to give significance to reliable institutes which allow individuals to enter difficult contract relations with a minimum of uncertainty concerning possibility of fulfilment of terms of the contract [Nort, with. 54], Owing to specificity of an economic system in the conditions of formation of new economy especially actual there are problems of protection of labour agreements and distribution of costs between subjects of a labour market.

The understanding of how informal restrictions execute the important role in formation of a set of elections in short - and long-term evolution of company, D.Nort sees in methods of processing of the information human consciousness which are a basis of existence of institutes [Nort, with. 64]. As methods of processing of the information have undergone significant changes, there are all bases to believe, that shortly on change to old institutes or in addition to them will come new and, most likely, they will have global international character, i.e. Those countries in which these institutes will become stronger, will have similar characteristics. As an example it is possible to result the fact of creation of the transnational noncommercial organisations. Such institutes can affect economic policy, because those types of information and knowledge which requires
The businessman, to a great extent are derivative from concrete institutsionalnogo a context and what this context will be, such direction and will accept activity of economic subjects, “Development of essentially new kinds of electronic communications results (and should result) in prompt reduction transaktsionnyh costs, and as consequence — to transformation of existing political and economic institutes”, — A.Shadrin [Shadrin believes, with. 29].

Long-term consequences of processing of the information underlying informal restrictions, by means of culture consist that it (processing) plays the important role in constant evolution of institutes and by that connects the present with the past [Nort, with 66]. In conditions informalizatsii new economy and development of shadow sector all told concerning informal interaction between economic agents acquires exclusively powerful significance. Thus, neoinstitutsionalnaja the methodology renders the essential help at research of a labour market and mechanisms of its regulation in the conditions of formation of new economy.

It is at the moment difficult to tell definitely, which mechanisms of regulation of labour relations should be involved in new economy for achievement of optimum balance between market efficiency and level of social security and how thus to differentiate zones of responsibility of national and international regulating institutes (both state, and independent). The basic difficulty which should be overcome, defining a place of not state institutes in management of new economy, consists in legal field formation in which frameworks they should function. In case of an establishment of borders of a legal field the states, they will aspire to subordinate to themselves these public
Institutes, but if to allow institutes to establish rules, they can enter into the contradiction with already existing rules of law. To bypass this problem avoiding confrontation it is possible only in one method: to adjust close interaction between the state and public institutes for what general purposes should be generated, forms and methods of their achievement are in common developed, created effective debjurokratizovannye and not corrupted mechanisms of the control and the fast coordination.

It is impossible to ignore that fact, that in the countries with formed new economy the problem of sharing in a labour market of the workers limited in access to IKT and consequently practically not having possibility of search of work or reception of other necessary information through global networks, first of all the Internet still is saved. Though now in a number of the countries public free points of access to the Network will be organised, it is obviously not enough of them for complete satisfaction of current market demands of work. For the same reason feedback with the indicated category of workers is absent, and there are doubts that benefits which are born with itself by new economy, will in regular intervals be distributed between their recipients. We already noticed, that for a variety of causes the differentiation among carriers of abilities to work in new economy amplifies, however unlike industrial economy this differentiation latentna and masks behind visible successes of a safe part of new economy. It is important to understand, whether this differentiation will accrue and if yes what rates, is allows to advance by acceptance of duly measures possible occurrence of economic and social problems. Also it is necessary to promote decrease in stratification of a labour market, creating additional public information centres of an easy approach. If in industrial economy the effective
The organisation of public works in the new economy focused on production and use of knowledge, this concept loses former sense was a method stimulating employment, therefore as an alternative method of maintenance of temporarily free labour we suggest to enter practice of formation of public contracts on production created by knowledge. Such orders, in essence, should pursue the same aims, as public works in industrial economy though, in our opinion, will work much better as not only additional knowledge thanks to action of effect of accumulation will allow to accumulate, but also at correctly tasks in view will manage to resolve real problems. However for successful functioning of such system of public contracts introduction of mechanisms of the control which will allow to avoid a situation in which the states of knowledge received for the account will be used exclusively in own interests of the manufacturer is necessary. Control functions should be executed by competent experts that will create additional demand for them, but already from the state.

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A source: Grigoriev Igor Evgenevich. Labor market and mechanisms of its regulation in the conditions of formation of a new economy. Thesis for the degree of candidate of economic sciences. St. Petersburg - 2006. 2006

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