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the Conclusion

1. Summing up to the aforesaid, we will notice, that the monopolism problem deservedly takes a place among the sharpest and topics of the day in an economic theory. Its sources and consequences for economy development are for a long time a subject of deep theoretical discussions which frequently come to an end with opposite conclusions.

As a whole in an economic theory has developed three directions in a monopoly estimation as the phenomenon peculiar to market economy. The first of them - liberal - characterises monopolies as an alien element on a market economy body. Representatives of the neoclassical theory have been assured that the market not only is capable to overcome independently the problems of monopolism connected with exclusive pricing, but pays formation of monopolies for the good of company for the account of use of advantages of large production. In process of deepening of the contradictions caused by monopolisation of economy, liberals were released of omnipotence illusions «an invisible hand», and have gradually come to understanding of that without interference of the state a problem of absence of a flexibility of prices and freedom of bargains to decide it will not be possible. The state should create favorable conditions for a market competitiveness and legislatively limit occurrence of monopolies. With it they should be helped by natural process NTP which can equalise possibilities of market players and undermine monopolisation sources. Development of logistics and production of interchangeable products extends the market and gives to any company the big possibilities for manoeuvre.

Within the limits of the second direction (T.Veblen, J. Robinson, E.Chamberlin, J.Shumteper, etc.) monopolies are considered as the natural phenomenon of market economy. J.Shumpeter saw the important component of innovative process and the driver of economic growth in monopolies. Web flax - successors of corporations of slaveholders and pirates. Chamberlin and Robinson have analysed a problem of monopolism from other party, having made out its source in differentiation of the goods in the market.

At last, the third direction accumulating in basic sights marksistov (K.Marx, V.Lenin, R.Gilferding, R.Ljuksemburg, M.Kaletsky, P.Suizi, P.Baran, I.G.Bljumin, E.S.Varga, S.M.Menshikov, A.G.Milejkovsky, N.N. Foreigners), marks the natural, market nature of monopolies and simultaneously sees in them a source of abnegation of capitalism. Dual character of monopolisation simultaneously bears in itself, on the one hand, new possibilities for economy development in interests of company through increase of labour efficiency and technological progress. A reverse of the medal
- Exclusive overestimate of the price and transposition of costs on the consumer and other companies and branches; possibility in that or nom a case irrationally from the public point of view to regulate the prices and issue volumes; possibility to constrain technical progress and to save on quality of production. Moreover, monopolies had an opportunity somewhat to subordinate to themselves company, to supply the exclusively-administrative dictatorship substituting the economic mechanism. The permission of this contradiction marksisty saw in nationalisation of monopolies for what have ripened objective conditions: the monopolisation motive power - centralisation and concentration of the capital - promptly reduces together social production process.

Thus, there are objective preconditions for wide application of planned controlling mechanisms by economy.

Such point of view in bolshej to a measure corresponds to realities of modern market economy. Objectivity of process of monopolisation starts with immanent properties of the most market model. Monopolies are born in competition. The aspiration of the market participant to win lead pushes it to constant integration of production through

Mechanisms of concentration and capital centralisation that is shown in activization of bargains on merge and absorption of the companies. Such processes are the integral line of development of capitalism throughout all its history.

As the stable phenomenon in monopoly market economy have arisen in XIX century Then, in the conditions of industrial revolution by a source of their occurrence and development there was an objective requirement for production integration. Since then and till today a main source of monopolisation of economy is concentration and capital centralisation.

2. Under the influence of a new coil of globalisation, since 1970th, monopolisation process it was considerably accelerated. First, it was promoted by the development of the communication media which have simplified managerial process of branches scattered on a planet and divisions of the multinational corporation.

Secondly, monopolisation deepening was promoted by formation of the neo-colonialism which has come in the stead to failed colonial system. Direct submission of colonies to the countries - to mother countries was replaced by inclusion of underdeveloped countries in industrial chains of the multinational corporation - the industrial enterprises of the exclusive type which has stepped borders of the states of Europe and America. In many respects it became the answer to stagflation and a decline in profits of corporations in 1970th For the sake of increase of the sizes of the dividends paid to shareholders, the companies began to be exposed to rigid re-structuring, small investors have been superseded by the large investment funds working in a sheaf in investment houses. All it was accompanied by activization of bargains of merges and absorption. Corporations reduced funds
Wages also transferred productions in regions with a cheap labour [292]. In - the third, strengthening of monopolisation of economy has been dictated by objective requirements of accelerated technological progress and increase of a role of the large companies, capable to accumulate significant resources and to put them in research and development. In - the fourth, in the conditions of cold war of the state of the capitalist countries supplied with orders the largest national corporations - first of all hi-tech - and created favorable conditions for their development. Such tendency is saved and today. For example, in the USA on 100 largest companies in 2014 47,2 % of all state orders and 53,1 % from the means spent by the state on their payment [293] were necessary. Key customers - the Ministries of Defence, Power, Public health services and social services, and also NASA, etc., obviously, make a choice in favour of the largest corporations including And consequently, that only they are capable to perform technologically difficult works at due qualitative level. In - the fifth, the tendency to monopolisation amplifies under the influence of economic crises in which course a significant part of small enterprises are exposed to ruin with the further absorption from the largest companies.

3. Key corporations in all branches of modern economy not only win more and more vital space, but form new realities of development of economy as a whole. Today on a share of the most powerful companies in economy of the USA in a manufacturing industry - all them some hundreds are - it is necessary hardly less than 90 % of assets of all branch. The average and small-scale business role is simultaneously changed. Ssegodnja he plays the subordinate, an auxiliary role in comparison with corporate giants, quite often being included in their industrial chains. Thus the important role of small forms in economy is shown to softening of problems of employment.

The largest corporations are today engines of technological progress, show more a high level of innovative activity and labour efficiency in comparison with the companies of small and average business. Nevertheless, exclusive character of corporate giants creates significant risks for stable development of economy in interests of company. It is shown that commanding the market firms, first, have propensity to deliberate restraint of technological growth of branch. Secondly, they are a source of growth of corruption. Thirdly - exclusive overestimate of the prices. In modern economy this problem is visually shown in bole high growth of a consumer price index concerning a labour efficiency index.

In development of a modern financial system identical processes are traced.

It is characteristic, that the American state within many decades tried is artificial to constrain process of monopolisation of branch. However under the pressure of objective conditions of economic development the American authorities have been compelled to conduct, in the end, forward liberalisation of the legislation that was fast reflected in competition level. So, domination in the market of bank services the largest banks today have. As a rule, some institutes supervise an overwhelming share of a financial system of the countries. Also as well as in production, concentration and banking capital centralisation create favorable preconditions to economy development in interests of company as a whole. Integration of market participants leads to the general increase of an indicator of profitability of branch, to depreciation of extra resources, more effective distribution of financial resources in the market etc.

4. However here again branch monopolisation has a reverse of the medal that creates threats to stable development of economy. The main thing from such risks is the system risk connected with domination in modern economy of financial giants - bank institutes of exclusive type. Realisation of this risk became one of the reasons of world financial crisis of 2008 Realizing own impunity, is system significant financial institutions conducted excessively risky policy who in certainly account has poured out in shlopyvanie financial "bubble". Coherence it is system significant banks has threatened collapses all financial sector of the USA. For nedopushchenija "domino effect" of the power of the country have been compelled to "pump up" a financial system liquidity, actually acting in a role insurance digging for a banking capital. By different estimations, rescue of banks america from ruin has managed to the state in 16 trln dollars The governments of many countries resorted to similar practice in the conditions of crisis at various times.

5. Thus, modern realities of development of economy clearly let to us know: the self-regulated market is not capable to allow accumulated contradictions, to supply economic growth, social justice and progress. The objective reality puts before company a problem of active interference in managerial process by economy, in particular state hands.

Today we are witnesses sotsioalteratsii modern market economy which represents process of replacement of the market relations, shown in development and increases of a share of not market elements in market economy under the influence of monopolisation. Such changes give rise themselves to preconditions for absolutely new stage of public evolution where all company accepts active sharing in management
Production, distribution, exchange and consumption where there are preconditions to economy nationalisation.

Even more often the states are compelled to resort to, as a matter of fact, not market methods of anti-recessionary management, rather rigidly addressing with the sacred right of a private property. On the intrafirm streams of the multinational corporation which are carried out on not market principles, the significant part of world trade is necessary. The largest companies use mechanisms of planning for the most effective distribution of resources between the divisions and affiliated structures. Moreover to planning is exposed not only production and sales, but also behaviour of the consumer.

The concept sotsioalteratsii can be defined, how ripening and development of not market elements in market economy, that J. Gelbrejt named planning system. There is a formation of objective conditions for submission of economic processes to interests of company. Being put into words J.Shumpetera, «gradually develops more and more technological, organizational, commercial, administrative and psychological preconditions of socialism» [294].

However the social development engine always is the dialectic combination of objective conditions and subjective factors, i.e. conscious actions of the person. In the conditions of modern capitalism realisation of the subjective factor is expressed through application of objectively necessary tools of planning by a big business, transnational corporations. Being subordinates to satisfaction of private-capitalist interests, application of planned mechanisms not only does not allow to allow many fundamental contradictions of modern market economy, but also creates the new. Already mentioned problem here concerns is system significant financial institutions. The problem of overproduction and recurrence of crises is besides, saved. Planning of sales from the multinational corporation leads to an irrational expenditure of natural resources and environmental contamination.

Thus, nationalisation of monopolies, submission to its public interests, use of tools of planning primenitelno to all economy as a whole, becomes objective necessity, step which will give the chance to mankind to use, on the one hand, advantages of centralisation and concentration of the capital, and with other to level negative consequences of domination of the exclusive capital in modern economy.

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A source: Komolov Oleg Olegovich. TRENDS OF MONOPOLIZATION OF THE MODERN MARKET ECONOMY (POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECT). Thesis for the degree of candidate of economic sciences. Moscow - 2016. 2016

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