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the Theoretical substantiation of consumer function: initial and modern models

Consumers play the important role in a national economy. Consumer spendings domohozjajstv make half of gross national product, fluctuations in cumulative consumption are the major elements of liftings and recessions in economy.

The size of savings is the key parametre of economic growth defining stable level of capital available and, hence, in the future economic well-being of company. At microlevel of separate housekeeping the decision on a consumption pattern choice influences its well-being in the future. At macroeconomic level sinergetichesky the effect of decisions domohozjajstv concerning volume of consumption and savings allows to define economic growth rate, volume of issue and an occupation level.

in attempt to define law of movement of effective demand and a gain of the national income, the factors influencing the decision domohozjajstv about consumption and the savings are investigated numerous.

J. Keynes finds, that the most powerful on force of effect is cumulative possessed äîõîä389. According to kejnsianskoj to a hypothesis of the "absolute" income, at the analysis of cause and effect dependences the current yield role is defined, first of all, by psychological influence of size of volume on the sizes of personal consumption and savings. If level of a current yield below some srednemediannogo level domohozjajstva completely direct the income on consumption. The person gets used to a certain standard of living, therefore, having received an additional revenue, first time does not know, how it to use, and increases savings. Further, if the increased bond yield is saved,

consumption comes to conformity with new level, but is disproportionate to the income as savings increase with income growth by higher rates. At reduction of the income dependence is saved: Aspiring to support a habitual standard of living, domohozjajstva, first of all, reduce savings.

functional dependence between level of a current yield and its parts of J. Keynes explains availability of "the basic psychological law» which essence is reduced to that people are inclined to increase the consumption, but not to the extent of income growth, and in smaller ñòåïåíè390. According to this law, the gain of personal consumption is considered stable

389 See: Keynes Dzh. Of employment, percent and money. Gl. 13. - M: Progress, 1978.

390 See: Keynes Dzh. M.Ukaz. soch. Ñ.90.

function of a gain of the income. Usually the marginal propensity to consumption (MPC) represents size though also stable, but there is less than unit. Provided that all gain of the income should be absorbed, in the size supplementing a marginal propensity to consumption to unit, the marginal propensity to savings (MPS) is. These indicators have the important practical significance as reflect intentions domohozjajstv concerning distribution of the current possessed income in the future period. The analysis of these indicators allows to predict tendencies in economic behaviour domohozjajstv and to correct it in the necessary direction.

subsequently the problem of modelling of a consumption function receives a wide circulation in researches of other scientists which assert that there is a strong communication between the income, consumption and savings, and no other variable has essential significance for definition of the last. However, debatable there is a question, what level of the income to consider the basic determinantoj in spending pattern model domohozjajstv or models of a consumption function (tab. 5 1).

In a consumption economic theory the greatest distribution was received by initial models of an intertime choice of Fisher, a hypothesis of permanent income Fridmana and model of life cycle of savings of Modigliani which solve problems of optimisation of consumption during an individual life. The following is considered as initial preconditions of construction of neoclassical model of a consumption function:

· rationality as aspiration to receive benefit with minimum costs;

· efficiency as possibility to raise efficiency of the activity, is high-grade to participate in process of formation and income distribution;

· equality as the primary right to have equal possibilities on use of own income, not necessarily assuming equality of end results;

· expansion of possibilities as increase of responsibility of people for the economic behaviour;

· generality of application of market estimations of behaviour of subjects;

· a combination of a postulate on a human nature invariance (the person is by nature self-interested, circumspect and complacent) and dependences of current decisions on environmental conditions.

table 5-1

Theoretical models of a consumption function

the Basic approaches to function studying

consumption

the Contents of models

(consumption function)

Model of "the Absolute income» J.

Keynes

Yt = Ct + S,

where t - the same period for all

variables

C = a + bYt - a consumption function,

where b - MPC or a marginal propensity to

to consumption

the Theory of cyclic changes of a consumption function of E.Hansena and R.Harroda391 the cycle Phase stable - C is changed in

a direct proportion to Y,

the cycle Phase is developed in steps - C fluctuates

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