<<
>>

1.1 Capital as object of cost measurement in book keeping

the Concept of the capital is one of difficult not only in book keeping, but also in all economic science. Characteristic line of the capital as economic category is a duality of its nature. On the one hand, is a potential or an accumulated wealth which is giving the chance regularly to receive economic gain.
The wide understanding of a category of the capital is meant by the cost bringing a surplus value which includes all that is capable to bring in the income [101, with. 161; 209, с.9б; 174, with. 164]. By definition of J. S.Milja the capital is «previously accumulated stock of products of former work» [150, with. 178]. P.Samuelson considered, that the capital is the riches which are growing out of last work, having ability to bring in the income [183]. The given aspect of the capital is treated as the factor of production which goes back to the classics of the political economy considering the capital as accumulated work (A.Smit) as (D.Rikardo's) production assets.
On the other hand, the capital as the economic category represents system of economic relations between various subjects of economic activities [213, с.81]. This system includes relations between the businessman and workers concerning working conditions, its productivity and distribution of results; relations between workers (including businessmen) and the state concerning distribution of results of activity of workers; relations between hired workers and participants of financing activities (managers, shareholders, investors) concerning conditions and character of revenue distribution; relations between businessmen - buyers of production.
Not applying for disclosing of economic essence of the capital on a global scale as one of the most difficult categories in an economic science as a whole, the author undertakes attempt of consideration of its contents as object
22
Cost measurement in book keeping as capital calculation is traditionally priority problem of book keeping.
In cost measurement of the capital of the managing subject in book keeping following significances of the capital are used:
1) set of resources or the capacities of firm which are a universal source of its incomes;
2) a share of proprietors of the enterprise in its assets;
3) set of long-term sources of financing [127, с.187].
The first significance of the capital is a basis of the economic approach to the capital which size is defined in book keeping as total significance of asset of balance except for its some articles which specific weight in acting balance is as a whole insignificant.
According to the labour theory of cost the capital includes accumulated substantiated and a living labour or ability to work. Being beyond this theory, it is necessary to notice, that the materialised labour structure joins also a part of the limited natural resources which can be involved in economic process of the economic subject.
The capital as set of resources has certain properties, the limitation of resources assuming the second property - ability to the accumulation, meaning is first of which, that it is possible not only to save the capital, but also to fill up. Except ability to economic use and accumulation, the capital has the third property - liquidity or ability to turn to the monetary form which degree depending on kinds of resources can be enough high.
Liquidity of the capital is supplied with possession it the fourth property - to availability of an exchange value - certain ability to an exchange by which it is possible to measure quantitatively in a money's worth. Accumulation of capital occurs thus not in the form of simple warehousing of resources, and in process krugooborota costs where, as is known, the starting and final reference point is set by the monetary form of the capital.
23
Property of the capital - possession an exchange value means simultaneously its ability to converting — constant change of own forms.
Thus, with allowance for the allocated properties, the capital represents set of the resources accumulated and used in enterprise activity which are included in processes of reproduction and change of cost by mutual converting of all its diverse forms.
Modern researchers allocate such forms of the capital, as the economic capital, the cultural capital, the human capital, the social capital, the administrative capital, the political capital, the symbolical capital, the physical capital [115, с.23]:
Subject of the given research is the economic form of the capital which is characterised by high degree of objectification and formalisation. This form is most simple for transfer by alienation from the owner, made through a market exchange, transfer of hereditary affairs, the conclusion of agreements of donation and on other bases at observance of requests of the legislation.
Comparative simplicity of the economic capital is caused by its basic distinctive line - a money value on which basis it is made soizmerenie various capital units, their comparison and an exchange. Cost measurement of the capital was and remains to one of challenges in an economic theory as a whole, and in book keeping in particular.
Priority of the factor of work at cost formation defended, as it was underlined above, classics of an economic theory which has been used by K.Marksom at creation of the theory of cost from the point of view of its production and the distribution, basing on socially useful expenses.
At the same time for an economic theory of last centuries existence of the multifactorial approach to problems of formation of cost is characteristic. So, Jean-lawn Sej still in the end of XYIII underlined centuries, that a basis of any cost is not the quantity of work necessary for production of specific goods, and requirement for it which can be compared from it
24
Rarity. The cost nature has opened J. S.Mill who noticed, that that a thing had an exchange value, it is necessary to adhere to two conditions. First, it should be useful in the certain relation, t. e to promote definite purpose achievement - to satisfaction of certain desire. Secondly, the thing should not only possess any utility, but also its reception should be connected with known difficulties [150]. The author carried a natural rarity and labour input of the goods To these difficulties. The resulted approach in relation to a cost category was characteristic for such known scientists, as R.Maltus P.Z.Prudon.
The resulted sights are a basis of treatment of cost as certain property of the goods, characterised utility (requirement) and availability (a natural rarity and work expenses). Thus, the qualitative essence of cost as utility in the conditions of limitation was a basis of a substantiation of principles of formation of cost of the goods of a-principle of utility and an availability principle.
The given principles have been developed in works of representatives of neoclassical school. English scientist A.Marshall who one of the first on the basis of the indicated principles has justified concerns its most visible representatives and matematicheski has described a principle of "supply and demand" [143]. The Substantial contribution to addition of the resulted principles was introduced by such English scientists, as J. Robinson and E.Chemberlen - authors of a principle of replacement and a competitiveness.
Thus, in the XX-th century beginning the certain system of theoretical and methodological bases of formation and measurement of cost of the goods has been generated.
On the basis of the neoclassical approach to cost formation (on consumer and an exchange value) the modern researcher of the given problem professor A.T.Evtuh suggests to use the is qualitative-quantitative approach to cost. The essence of this approach consists that norms of formation of cost are based on qualitative characteristics
(Utility and limitation), and standard significance of cost - on
1
25
Quantity indicators, i.e. on an amount of money or money's worths, as the most probable price in the market. [230, with. 17]. Justifying the approach, the author underlines, that process obektivizatsii subjective relations to cost in the conditions of the market is carried out consistently. The first step thus is occurrence of desire in the subject of the market to possess a subject having for it subjective value, then the estimation of this subject on the basis of public value - a market value is made, the following step of the potential buyer is a comparison of cost of the goods to a value of money which he possesses. At coincidence of subjective factors (demand) to objective cost (by) goods purchase is carried out. Hence, movement of money is accompanied obektivizatsiej cost relations which is simultaneously unique means of display proof, objective links in economy. The money value of the capital of the subject of the market or its resources allows to receive mathematical accuracy and logic, promotes display of natural processes in economic activities.
In relation to the economic capital four evolutionary forms are allocated: an industrial capital, a banking capital, the financial and industrial capital, the intellectual capital [213, with. 109].
As is known, the industrial capital has arisen in the capitalism formation which sphere of an origin is the light industry and first of all small and average production. Historically to an industrial capital preceded: the trading or merchant (usurious) capital [209, с.96]. As the isolated forms of the capital - bank, fictitious and a banking capital as «independent and competing to an industrial capital» have appeared at the stage of industrialisation [96, with. 177].
Thus, occurrence and banking capital development is connected with the period of rapid growth of a basic industry with highly concentrated large production, a banking, trade.
The Financial and industrial capital bases on generality of electronic and information technologies in all spheres of ability to live of company.
26
The intellectual capital in comparison with the previous forms of the capital distinguishes, first of all, corporate character of the organisation and communications, scientifically — intellectual character of work.
Change of capital structure in the course of its evolutionary development, being a basis for transformation of cost measurement of corresponding objects of book keeping, is presented in drawing 1.1.1.
Apparently from drawing, capital structure of the economic subject is the most difficult for the present stage of its development. The cost estimate which is one of the major elements of an accounting method is necessary for the characteristic of its forms in an accounting system and the reporting.
Application of cost measurement of the capital allows to decide to book keeping the primary goal - maintenance with the information of all users about processes of formation of the capital and its use, and also occurrence and discharge of the obligation; formations, distributions and uses of profit, etc. at the heart of which account the capital estimation in a monetary measuring instrument lays.
Thus this estimation is staticized, first of all, for the industrial and intellectual capital, in process of use basically in the productive form, therefore reliability of definition of a finance result depends on an objective estimation of these forms of the capital and their movement in the course of enterprise activity of the economic subject. Thereof the money value problem was present at all stages of development of book keeping which remains actual and now.
The only thing that does not cause difficulties is an account of the banking capital expressed in the form of money resources and a debt receivable.
However if to consider even this group of the capital from an item of a reality of its inclusion in structure of property of the enterprise and principle observance
27
\r\n\r\n Modern Capital structure
(Treatment in
The economic
Theories) Objects
The accounting
The account \r\n of the form of the capital


\r\n



\r\n



\r\n

\r\n
\r\n

The basic capital \r\n the Earth, products
Agriculture, raw
Resources,
The industrial
Funds /
\r\n the Industrial capital



\r\n

¦>
/ \r\n




\r\n


\\ The turnaround
The material
The capital \r\n



\r\n





\r\n the Banking capital



\r\n

\r\n



Monetary means \r\n

-> Gold, money's worths
\r\n



\r\n



\r\n





\r\n


—> Financial investments \r\n

\r\n \r\n—> Debt debts \r\n the Intellectual capital the Manpower,
Knowledge, the information,
Technology, \r\n



\r\n



Non-material actives \r\n




\r\n



\r\n

\r\nRis. 1.1.1. Capital structure as book keeping categories
Discretion, chances when as a part of a debt receivable in asset of balance of the Russian enterprises the indebtedness which receipt in the future, raises the doubts is considered. Therefore problems of an objective estimation and this group of assets in those or other situations are possible.
The most liquid assets - money resources depending on on what abacus of banks they are considered, in the issue can appear also defective assets. For example, if the bank detains payments or is at the stage of bankruptcy performance of a request of issue of the demand balances which are in such banks, at any moment at will of the holder, also raises the doubts. The problem of an authentic estimation of any balance sheet account or capital units is, thus, actual in the conditions of market relations.
Special appointment of cost measurement of the capital in book keeping is connected, in our opinion, with following factors.
First, use of those or different ways of a cost estimate of the capital influences literally all indicators of accounts and first of all on finance result calculation - the basic indicator characterising efficiency of activity of the economic subject.
Secondly, financial accounting data about size of the capital of the managing subject are the basic source of the information for analysis realisation by which results it is possible to draw a conclusion, in particular, about security a fixed capital to reveal their defect or surplus, and also degree of their deterioration. Under the information on cost and the structure of a working capital reflected in the current account in natural and monetary measurement, it is possible to judge not only their quantity, but also deficiency or availability of not used raw materials; and also warehouses of the organisation are overstocked how much with goods by finished goods. Absence of demand for finished goods of the enterprise and decrease in its competitiveness, the inadequate marketing policy of the enterprise and other factors influencing productivity of activity of the enterprise can be the reasons of the last.
29
If to consider these indicators in dynamics for a number of accounting periods it is possible to reveal changes in core and working capital structure. Besides, the cost estimate information is a basis for calculation of taxable base on various types of tax, overestimate or which decrease influences in the issue size of an ownership capital and financial well-being of the organisation.
Thus, cost measurement of the capital in the course of enterprise activity makes essential impact on the indicators characterising finance results and financial circumstances of the economic subject.
Basis of the economic approach to the capital is the physical concept according to which the capital is considered as set of capacities of the commercial undertaking which purpose is production of the certain blessings and profit taking in the course of sale of the made goods (services). In the given context the concept "capital" characterises generating possibility of the organisation or its ability to make this or that volume of material benefits. It causes certain restriction in treatment of the profit generated in the course of functioning of this capital. The profit admits in this case volume of excess of productive capacity of the organisation on the period end in comparison with the same indicator on the period beginning.
Thus, the given concept assumes, that the organisation saves the capital if by the end of an accounting period it has the same level of industrial potential or productive capacities, as well as in the period beginning. However this equality of an ownership capital will testify to capital preservation only at a stable price level on resources. In the conditions of the inflation characterised by a rise in prices for resources, the same situation means any more capital preservation, and inability of the organisation to supply complete replacement of the spent resources. Profit in the physical concept of preservation (maintenance) of the capital as cost of increase in the industrial
30
Capacities for an accounting period, including also industrial stocks and financial operational articles [256, с.52].
The accounting approach to a capital category as a whole is based on capital consideration, on the one hand, as sets of resources of the managing subject or from an item of economic treatment of the capital, with other, - from an item of a legal origin of this property. From the point of view of economic-it concrete parts of property suitable for an exchange or the property of the managing subject or its assets. By consideration of the same property for legal purposes - from an item of sources of their financing in book keeping by the capital it is accepted to name obligations in wide understanding of this category or liabilities of the organisation. It is a basis of a known accounting equation:
The property = Asset = the Capital = Обязательства=Пассив,
ilia = P (Ы.1) \'
Interpretation of the given equation in the domestic theory of book keeping is made till now basically only from an item of influences of types of economic operations on balance sheet currency. An exception in this respect are V.D.Novodvorskogo and A.N.Horina's generalisations which open the economic-legal contents of this formula and logic of interrelation of accounts of book keeping in it as follows:
1) any change of the capital starts with increase or reduction \r\nsostavnyh of parts of property;
2) no change of the capital can take place, if change of parts \r\nimushchestva consists only in moving of values or in simple bartered exports;
Change of cost of parts of the property, not compensated by other change causes reduction or capital increase;
Both parties of the equation should be in a condition of balance (balance);
31
5) change of the capital regarding an ownership capital of the holder antithetically to change of another's capital or capital external liabilities [252, с.20]
On the basis of these generalisations characterising economic essence of an accounting equation, it is possible to draw a conclusion that as a part of assets of the managing subject values which in the issue can belong to other legal and to physical persons (creditors) under condition of occurrence at the subject of obligations in relation to them are reflected. In this case the risk of loss of values and possibility of short-reception of benefits from their use bears the enterprise considering these objects on the balance. The asset in these conditions (the economic capital) includes not only an ownership capital equivalent (the accounting capital), but also an equivalent of that should be reimbursed (is paid) in the future to the third parties which for legal purposes represents debts or obligations of the managing subject. It concerns narrower understanding of a category of obligations in relation to other persons except for proprietors, i.e. external liabilities. Thereof occurrence of a category the "ownership capital" representing property, released or cleared of the promissory notes which synonym are concepts «pure property», «pure assets» is lawful.
According to the book keeping Concept in market economy of Russia the capital represents investments of proprietors and the profit which has been accumulated for all time of activity the organisation. It is thus noticed, that for definition of a financial position of the organisation the capital size settles up as a difference between assets and obligations [15, item 7.4]. Such understanding of the capital and its definition to a residual sign is equated, as a matter of fact, to concept "ownership capital".
Thereof one of book keeping main purposes is formation of the information on ownership capital size. For this purpose the known capital equation of book keeping is used:
32
A-P = TO, (1.1.2),
The above-stated allows to ascertain, that use in book keeping of concept "capital" in two senses quite defensible. The capital in a broad sense is a set of resources of the managing subject, at the same time a basic purpose of a category "capital" in book keeping consists in its application in relation to the financial resources invested by proprietors, i.e. the concept the capital associates with concept "ownership capital". As mark E.S.Hendriksen, M.F.Brad, accountants are inclined to identify the term "capital" with the registered sum of contributions of holders of ordinary shares [203, with. 172].
Thus, the accounting approach means a share of assets of the organisation which have remained after a deduction of its obligations by the capital. The capital in this case is a difference between assets and obligations or pure assets of the managing subject, which definition of size, the Capital and reserves »is made generally on a total amount of section of liabilities«.
Basis of the given approach is the financial concept treating the capital as financial resources, invested by proprietors in assets of firm. According to this concept the profit admits only in the event that during an accounting period there is a real growth of an ownership capital. The payment of dividends made at the expense of profit, should not lead to reduction of capital thus.
Thus, an obligatory condition of the fact of a recognition have arrived in this or that accounting period is a preservation of size of an ownership capital. The given request is mortgaged in a basis of the concept of maintenance or preservation of the capital which is the base concept in many models of modern book keeping. So, this concept will be applied in system US OAAR (standards of the account of the USA), the Commercial code of Germany (the basic is standard-right the certificate on book keeping regulation in the country).
According to the financial concept of maintenance of the capital the ownership capital is saved in case its size on the accounting period end for
33
Deduction of the sums introduced by proprietors (shareholders) and the sums, paid by it, it is equaled to its size fixed in the beginning of the given accounting period. Addition of value of assets and reduction of cost of obligations during this accounting period admits as the profit received during an accounting period. Till the moment of leaving of assets the size of increase of their cost is not considered.
MSFO starts with equivalence of concepts of preservation (poderzhanija) the capital on the basis of use of physical (natural) and financial concepts of the capital. The right to a choice of the comprehensible concept of the capital is granted the companies. Thus the companies are guided, as a rule, by requirements of users of the information of a financial accounting.
At prioritetnosti for users of the information about vosproizvodstvennoj company activity application of the physical concept of the capital is expedient. According to the given approach the profit is considered received as it was underlined above, only in a case when natural productive ability of the company on the accounting period end exceeds similar size on the beginning of an accounting period except for contributions of proprietors and the payments made in their address during an accounting period. Thus, only the increment value of assets exceeding the sums, necessary for maintenance of the physical capital is considered according to the given concept as profit or as the income on a vested capital.
The given concept is based on the assumption that in the conditions of inflation for activity continuation at the reached level additional own working capital is necessary, the economic approach to which means, that into structure of this group of the capital enters basically stocks, a debt receivable minus accounts payable. For restoration of each kind of stocks and each item of a debt receivable in these conditions are required more money resources for financing of enterprise activity in former volumes. However it is necessary to consider, that the debt receivable increase is levelled
34
Accounts payable increase. Investors in these conditions are interested in reception more the high return on a vested capital in * the purposes of indemnification of decrease in buying power.
The profit in these conditions represents a difference between incomes and the costs corrected on accounts, considering a request of maintenance of the capital. The concept of maintenance of the physical capital provides the account at current or regenerative cost. Therefore in the conditions of inflation, the size of costs, and, hence, and the cost prices, counted at regenerative cost, can essentially differ from the size considered at par value that depends on rates of inflation.
Unlike the physical concept of maintenance of the capital, the financial concept means, that. The profit takes place, when the financial or monetary size of pure assets on the accounting period end exceeds similar size at which account contributions of proprietors and payment are not considered by it. Banking capital Maintenance can be measured thus in nominal monetary units or in terms of constant buying power.
In the first case the profit represents increase in a face amount of the capital in money terms for an accounting period. Addition of value of the assets which are on balance of the company, during an accounting period in-conformity with the given concept leads to profit formation - incomes of possession, but she cannot admit till the moment of leaving of assets.
In the second case the profit is an increase in buying power invested for an accounting period. Thus as profit addition of value of assets which exceeds inflation admits only. Other part of addition of value of assets is reflected as updating of maintenance of the capital, i.e. as an ownership capital part. The availability of profit is considered in the company only in a situation when yield under investments is more a than rate of inflation. At yield decrease in comparison with a rate of inflation, buying power of investors falls.
35
Thus, basic distinction between physical and financial concepts of maintenance of the capital consists in reflexion of influence of change of the prices for a cost estimate of assets and obligations. The choice of the registration model based on this or that concept of maintenance of the capital as it was underlined above, is made by independently managing subjects at balance observance between such qualitative characteristics of the information of a financial accounting, as relevance and reliability of the financial information. The western companies, which reporting it is focused basically on requirements of users of the reporting, in most cases use the financial concept of maintenance of an ownership capital.
The capital, thus, is balancing element. In context MSFO the capital can have the different name: the share capital, the share capital, an ownership capital, ustavnyj the capital. The capital according to the concept of its maintenance is as a whole positive size as assumes excess of value of assets over the sum of obligations.
However in practical activities situations when the capital becomes size negative are possible. Functioning of the managing subject in these conditions probably only in the presence of a stable external source of financing.
The capital increase is connected basically with issue of new share securities, additional contributions of proprietors, reinvestirovaniem net profit, revaluation of long-term assets as a result of growth of their fair cost. Decrease or capital reduction situations concern: the repayment of own shares, availability of dead losses, revaluation of long-term assets at falling of their fair cost [214, с.51].
The concept of maintenance of the ownership capital, applied in the modern Russian account, as a whole is close to the financial concept. However in the domestic account the due attention to conceptual questions of a recognition of profit and ownership capital maintenance is not paid, and mainly legal questions of restriction introduced by shareholders are considered
36
The capital and the standard reserves which are subject to preservation according to requests of the legislation. Therefore, as separate authors fairly mark, the concept of preservation of the capital in the Russian account can be characterised as the independent concept [256, с.52]
The domestic concept of maintenance of the capital bases on concept «pure assets», which cost as it was underlined above, represents value of assets of the organisation minus obligations. Pure assets express value of assets which will be means of maintenance of interests of proprietors in case of aggravation of financial circumstances of the organisation. Such definition of pure assets, is, as a matter of fact, ownership capital definition. Therefore application in the domestic account of concept "ownership capital" is pertinent
The ownership capital size is defined on a total of section of liabilities of the balance sheet «the Capital and reserves», but with realisation of additional accounts on calculation of the size of pure assets [49]. It is caused by that circumstance, that the size reflected in indicated section of liabilities according to rules acting now PBU 4/99 [22] is conditional enough and mismatches the residual nature of an ownership capital. Therefore in a basis of a technique of calculation of size of an ownership capital (pure assets) certain procedures on updating of data of section «the Capital and reserves» are mortgaged: an exception of cost of own shares redeemed at shareholders, indebtedness of shareholders under investments in ustavnyj the capital, the sums of target financing, inclusion of the sums of incomes of the future periods, reflected in other section of balance.
The third understanding of the capital assumes the registration-analytical approach to the capital which develops within the limits of its financial concept. Occurrence of this approach many domestic scientists connect with ambiguity of treatment of concept «firm cost» [127, с.188]
Cost of the enterprise (firm) can be defined on the basis of the registration or current (market) prices. In the latter case there is a speech about market capitalisation
37
Firms. Estimation of cost of the enterprise, which share are quoted on equity market, is made on the basis of a current market price of shares, other enterprises - on the basis of an estimation of its pure assets, but with allowance for conditions of fictitious liquidation and market estimations of assets available in balance.
Concept «firm cost» and definition of quantity of the value of concrete firm are now ambiguous. One of actual problems thus is a problem of treatment of interrelation between own and a loan capital. At the same time it is necessary to notice, that the problem of definition of cost of the enterprise as uniform property complex is the sharpest not so much in book keeping, how many at a business estimation. Generally this size is defined according to total amounts of sections of liabilities «the Capital and reserves» and «Long-term obligations».
Thus, generalising all three approaches to treatment of concept the capital in book keeping, it is possible to conclude, that the economic approach, it is evident enough. However the given approach is necessary for considering not only from an item of a cost estimate of assets, but also their reflexion in an accounting system as double record as the basic accounting method, grants unique possibility for the characteristic of one total object from the different parties.
The second and third approaches treated in a context of the financial concept, reflect the capital embodied in various assets of the managing subject. Objects of cost measurement in book keeping are thus such versions of the capital, as ustavnyj (skladochnyj, joint-stock) the capital, a reserve liability, an added capital, the capital of proprietors or its synonym an ownership capital, and also the capital extra and other forms of the capital.
The methodology of cost measurement of the indicated versions of the capital is influenced by set of factors, in particular, the organizational-legal form of enterprise activity, specificity of branch, the size of the enterprise, position of is standard-constituent documents of the organisation, etc., comprehensive
38
Which consideration is not obviously possible within the limits of one research.
Subject of the given research - theoretical, methodological and practical problems of cost measurement of the capital in book keeping on the basis of the economic approach to this category as to the resources used in the course of enterprise activity with the purposes of extraction of incomes.
Process of enterprise activity is subdivided usually into a number of stages, the production preparation, including realisation of investments in vneoborotnye and turnaround assets or formation of the capital of the economic subject at the initial stage of its activity and its replenishment is first of which at activity continuation. The second stage represents realisation of directly technological process connected with fulfilment of authorised activity. The third stage is a process of sales or sale of made production (works, services).
Change of the capital in the course of it krugooborota and realisation of transaction of business is reflected, mediated through movement of resources the organisations subdivided depending on a stage of capital flow on three groups:
1) the resources enclosed in formation industrial, financial and \r\nintellektualnogo the capital till the moment of their commercial use;
2) the working capital of the managing subject (industrial, *\r\nfinansovyj and intellectual);
3) the resources which are at various stages of transaction of business [97, with. 16].\r\nВнутренняя structure of the indicated integrated groups of resources with allowance for
Features of their reflexion in the modern Russian account looks as follows.
The first group of resources of the commercial organisation is made by the formed capital of the managing subject into which structure enters:
Formed fixed capital - capital investments in the permanent assets reflected in a following abacus of book keeping: 07,08, 60,69,70,71,76;
39
The formed intellectual capital — investments in non-material \r\naktivy and the costs necessary for development of intellectual potential \r\norganizatsii, considered on accounting abacus 07,08,60,69,70,71,76;
The formed turnaround material capital are investments in \r\nmaterialno-proizvodstvennye stocks (accounts 15,16,10);
Formed banking capital are tax deductions (accounts 09,19) and \r\nfinansovye investments (account 57,58,59,73).
The second group of resources (the working capital) make:
Working fixed capital - permanent assets (accounts \r\n01,02,03,94,001,010,011);
The working intellectual capital - non-material assets (accounts \r\n04,05);
Cash banking capital - money resources (accounts 50,51,52,55,006).
The working material capital - raw materials and materials (accounts \r\n10,14,16,71,94).
The third group of resources represent:
Expenses in a work in progress - intermediate result of transaction of business (process of the basic production) - (accounts 20,21,23,28, 44,96,97);
The resources which are in process of resale and intermediary, \r\nuchityvaemye on an abacus, 41,42,45,60,71,76,94,002,003,004,005;
The resources which are an end result of the basic process \r\nproizvodstva - finished goods (accounts 40,43,45,46);
Movement of resources in process of made transaction of business is reflected \r\nna an abacus of book keeping and in a financial accounting by means of the account such \r\nkategory, as:
- Incomes (accounts 09,91,98) and debt receivable (accounts 62,63,76,007);
Costs (accounts 20,23,25,26,29,44,91,96,97);
Finance result (account 99).
40
Movement of the indicated groups of resources of the organisation and krugooborot the capital, caused by process of enterprise activity, with its reflexion in system of accounts of book keeping is presented in drawing 1.1.2.
In system of cost measurement of the capital in book keeping such concepts as "incomes", costs », expenses», the "costs", which analysis of the contents it is necessary for studying of specificity of their application in the Russian and international account on the basis of which this analysis certain clarifications and additions of the indicated concepts of a context of cost measurement of the capital in book keeping are possible are used.
With the purposes of the complex approach to the contents of the conceptual device, consideration of system of concepts of the cost used in the estimated characteristic of the capital of the managing subject is represented expedient. It concerns such categories, as the cost price, a market value.
Consideration of the given categories is necessary, on the one hand, from an item of wide semantic significance of concept of a market value in book keeping, and with other - with allowance for features of application in book keeping of various kinds of market prices. It concerns such kinds of market prices, as the help prices, exchange prices, the prices of the auctions or tenders, the prices of offers, the prices of actual bargains at domestic trade, import prices and the world prices.
On the basis of the given approach to a market value it is necessary to consider and other kinds of cost, for example, an acquisition cost, the regenerative cost, reimbursable cost, liquidating cost.
One of the most discussed questions in theory book keeping is the fair cost which urgency is connected in many respects with processes of activization of capital flow in enterprise activity in the conditions of market economy, expansion of operations with financial instruments and practice of purchase and sale of the enterprises as uniform property complex.
41
\r\n—>—> 07,08,60,69,70,71,76\r\n the Basic

\r\nFormiruemyj the capital
08,60,69,70,71,76,96,97\r\n

The intellectual

\r\n

\r\n



—> 10,15,16,20,23,25,26,44, 60,64,70\r\n

The material

\r\n



\r\n \r\n Financial—> 09,19,57,58,59,73\r\n
Working industrial capital
\r\n01,02,03,94,001,010,0111


The working capital
\r\nRabotajushchy
The intellectual
The capital
Cash banking capital
\r\n50,51,52,55
\r\nNalichnye material resources \r\n
—> 10,14,16,71,94\r\n
\r\n\r\n Intermediate
Result the basic
Activity \r\n
—> 20,21,23,28,44,96,97\r\nResursy
Transaction
Business


\r\n


\r\n

\r\n
Resources of transit transaction—>—> 41,42,45,60,71,76,94,002, 003,004,005\r\n
End result of transaction of business
40,43,45,46\r\n\r\nDvizhenie resources
In business process Incomes and a debt receivable—> 09,91,98,63,76,007\r\n

\r\n

Costs—> 20,23,25,26,28,44,91,96,97\r\n



\r\n


\r\n



\r\n

Finance result—> 99\r\nRis 1.1.2 Reflection krugooborota the capital on a book keeping abacus
Therefore the analysis of the contents of definitions is necessary for maintenance of unity of the theory and account methodology.otechestvennyh economists and specificity of its use in book keeping according to MSFO which will allow to justify more accurately economic essence of concept of fair cost in system of categories of book keeping.
For tendency revealing in development of concepts and methods of valuation in system of the accounting information special interest represents the analysis of historical experience of a cost estimate as element of an accounting method within the limits of simple, kameralnoj and double-entry bookkeeping. As is known, double record and the further development of the account on its basis, have led to occurrence and development of such types of book keeping, as the static and dynamic account. Expedient consideration of transformation of cost measurement of capital flow in these types of the account therefore is represented. Because German and French schools of the accounting have introduced the significant investment in development of the theory and practice of these types of the account, more detailed studying of experience of these national schools of book keeping is necessary. It will allow to reveal, in our opinion, laws in changes of approaches to a capital cost estimate as book keeping subject in these types of the account, depending on changes of a role and significance of the balance sheet and other forms of accounts.
The theory and cost estimate methodology was in the centre of attention and other scientific schools, in particular the scientific USA and the England which have introduced the certain investment in development of world book keeping which are a theoretical heritage of system of the modern account. Thereof special interest represents historical experience of development of the theory of an estimation by the above-stated scientific schools which analysis of the contribution is necessary for a substantiation of the general philosophy of concepts of a cost estimate with reference to the present stage of development of the account. The Anglo-American school of book keeping has introduced the significant investment in development of two basic directions - personalisticheskoj and institualistskoj, consideration essentially various therefore is necessary
43
Items of these theories in questions of applicability of concepts of an estimation to objects of book keeping from an item of the present stage of its development.
At the same time the greatest interest for the modern domestic account the estimation of the historical contribution of the Russian school, first of all, represents scientific disputes between two basic scientific schools - Moscow and Petersburg and scientific results of these disputes on a boundary of the last two centuries and in development NEPA in our country. Therefore for judgement of process of transformation of cost measurement of the capital in book keeping with reference to the present stage of its development generalisation of these disputes and a substantiation of a role and significance of the Russian school in development of the theory and estimation practice in book keeping is necessary.
The analysis of evolution of conceptual sights at a cost estimate within the limits of various national schools of book keeping will allow to reveal, in our opinion, tendencies in change of modern concepts of an estimation depending on market conditions and change in the contents of an estimation and features of its use in modern book keeping.
Thus, at a substantiation of the modern concept of cost measurement of the capital of the managing subject in book keeping it is necessary to consider as historical experience of the various scientific schools which have introduced the significant investment in development of the theory and methodology of a cost estimate, being today a theoretical heritage of book keeping, and the tendency of its development in modern book keeping.
The set of kinds of estimations, now in use in book keeping, is caused by an abundance of inconsistent interests of various users of the accounting information and change in this connection priority of this or that concept of a cost estimate. Thereof conceptual approaches to cost measurement of the capital in book keeping should be considered ^ dependences on a prevalence of those interests or other groups of users of the accounting information and the purposes of drawing up of the accounting
44
The reporting. Therefore the substantiation of changes in approaches to an estimation of the capital depending on the accounts purposes is necessary.
Generalisation of various concepts of the cost estimate used in an accounting system and estimated activity, can form a basis for a substantiation of concepts of cost of the capital of firm at separate stages of its movement in the course of enterprise activity of the managing subject in the conditions of the market. Development of market system of managing assumes continuation of activity of the economic subject, but does not exclude її its termination on those or other bases. Therefore the concept of cost measurement of the capital of the managing subject in modern book keeping should consider and these aspects in activity of the commercial organisations.
One of the central questions of the theory of book keeping is classification of cost estimates. Because modern book keeping is characterised by variety of classifications, their generalisation and the critical analysis on which basis certain clarifications and additions in classification by such known three signs as are possible is necessary: to an estimation subject, a method and functions of estimations. Besides, on our deep belief, for the present stage of development of the domestic account acquires an urgency working out of classification of estimations to fourth sign - depending on influence of a cost estimate on the qualitative characteristic of indicators of accounts. The item of the author of research in the given question is caused by that circumstance, that observance of qualitative requests influences in the issue reliability of accounts as a whole and on validity of accepted decisions various users on the basis of the information of the registration reporting.
For prevention of destruction of structure of a fixed capital its reproduction which is carried out in book keeping basically through the amortisation mechanism is necessary. Therefore the concept of cost measurement of the long-term capital of the managing subject should include and the concept of an amortisation policy in the accounting and tax account. Comprehensive
45
The substantiation of this concept is possible on the basis of ordering of conceptual sights at amortisation in the Russian and western account and the analysis of changes in standard regulation of a mode of accounting and tax amortisation in the domestic account.
The decision of problems in a technique of cost measurement of various groups of the capital in book keeping will be reflected positively in financial stability of managing subjects which in many respects depends on the rational organisation of an estimation and the account of formation of the long-term capital as permanent assets and non-material assets closely related a domestic production with competitiveness. A principal cause of its low level is excessively high physical and the equipment obsolescence, insufficient use in industrial activity of high technologies, and also partial use of capacities and as consequence low indicators of productivity of the fixed capital, influencing in the issue on efficiency of financial and economic activity of the economic subject as a whole.
Besides, for the present stage of a domestic accounting system, despite its active reforming, such situation, as an unreal valuation of assets of the organisation is characteristic. And this situation is possible as at acquisition cost formation vneoborotnyh assets, and their subsequent estimations in book keeping on which financial circumstances of economic subjects and quality of a financial accounting represented by them in many respects depend.
Therefore search of nonconventional approaches to methodology of reflexion of these operations as in traditional techniques rules of formation of value of assets depending on sources of their receipt register basically is represented interesting. At ejum out of the account, as a rule, there are such important questions, as the account of investments in vneoborotnye assets within the predicted sums (estimate of cost) and deviations actual
46
The sums from the estimate of cost, the constant and detailed control over expenses in investment activity at management of process krugooborota the capital.
As a result the information received on accounting figureses, has ceased to meet the requirements of users, first of all, in force inertsionnosti and retrospektivnosti, that contradicts the concept of management in cost. During too time practically any administrative decision is directed to the future. Hence, for an estimation of quality of such decision it is necessary to predict forthcoming costs, including organisation fixed capital investment.
Financial stability of the commercial organisations in the conditions of market economy in many respects depends also on an adequate estimation and the account of a working capital, especial its equipment. As is known, in structure of procuring cost significant specific weight is taken by transportno-procuring costs (TZR) which structure distinguishes variety of the expenses connected with procuring activity of the enterprise. With the purposes of unification of the indicated costs at their planning, the account and management it is necessary, in our opinion, integrated classification TZR for use as accounting articles. The calculation account of procuring costs is possible at reflexion of operations on receipt of materials on abacus 15 «Preparation and acquisition of material assets» and 16 «the Deviation in cost of materials». However features of the given variant of the account and a problem of its introduction in practice of activity of the enterprises at the moment are insufficiently shined in the scientific and special literature. At the same time efficient control process krugooborota the capital in many respects depends on the organisation of the standard account not only at the stage of production, but also a preparation or supply stage.
One of the basic problems, book keeping of formation of cost of the intellectual capital is that in modern book keeping as identified non-material assets or objects of intellectual property the information only is reflected basically about
#
Parts of the intellectual capital. Other components of the intellectual
47
The capital, in particular, the business reputation of economic subjects is not reflected in book keeping and an accounts, at least, before bargain fulfilment on business sale.
According to the author of the research, many objects of the account which traditionally are considered as costs, it is possible to capitalise or recognise as assets, including non-material. It concerns, in particular costs on NIOKTR and on creation of advertising products which should be considered as costs, only if not satisfy to criteria of a recognition of assets.
Methods of realisation of an appraisal of property, research of the theoretical and applied problems connected with an estimation of business as a whole, are now one of the central problems not only in book keeping, but also in estimated activity. However unlike a business estimation the given problems in book keeping are necessary for considering in a complex together with problems of an estimation of obligations and reflexions of operations on revaluation on an abacus of book keeping and in accounts.
Acting rules of the account at level of the Russian and international standards provide cost updating as vneoborotnyh, and turnaround assets. However methods of this updating and methods of their reflexion in book keeping have essential differences. Thereof also methodological problems of the account of these operations in the domestic account and the account focused on MSFO, have basic distinctions.
Therefore research of problems of methodology of revaluation vneoborotnyh assets and reflexion of its results in book keeping and the reporting according to rules of the Russian account and with the international standards of a financial accounting is expedient.
With the purposes of the complex approach to the decision of the indicated problems consideration of the questions connected with reflexion of operations on revaluation of separate kinds of financial investments which possibility is provided in the Russian account, and also with change of cost and other groups of turnaround assets is necessary. So, operation consideration on depreciation financially - require
48
Industrial stocks and separate kinds of financial assets, and also operations on reflexion in the account of the sums of debt requests with their division on: the indebtedness, real to collection; the doubtful indebtedness and the indebtedness, hopeless to collection.
In the conditions of market economy the situations connected with liquidation of the organisation (compulsory, voluntary), with reorganisation of legal bodies, and also with the termination of a part of activity which are characterised by change of approaches to a cost estimate of assets and obligations are possible.
According to the author of research, the analysis of these changes depending on the basis of the termination of activity, specificity of is standard-legal regulation of these operations depending on the legal status of the organisations, will allow to reveal features of book-keeping and accounts drawing up in these conditions.
However the principle of a continuity of activity is one of the basic principles recognised in the Russian and international account. Therefore the analysis of influences of concepts of a cost estimate on finance results and financial circumstances of the managing subject is the most actual in the conditions of an activity continuity.
Thus, the decision of all indicated problems of cost measurement of the capital in book keeping is the purpose of the present dissertational research.
<< | >>
A source: Tujakova Zauresh Serkkalievna. METHODOLOGY And the ORGANIZATION of COST MEASUREMENT of the CAPITAL In BOOK KEEPING. 2008

More on topic 1.1 Capital as object of cost measurement in book keeping:

  1. 3.1 Conceptual approaches to cost measurement of the capital in book keeping
  2. Tujakova Zauresh Serkkalievna. METHODOLOGY And the ORGANIZATION of COST MEASUREMENT of the CAPITAL In BOOK KEEPING, 2008
  3. 4.3 organizational - methodical regulation of formation of cost of the intellectual capital in book keeping
  4. Chapter 4. Organizational-methodical regulation of formation of cost of the capital of the managing subject in book keeping
  5. 1.3 Analysis of categories of the cost price and cost in book keeping
  6. 3.2 Classification of system of cost estimates in book keeping
  7. 4.1 Nonconventional approaches to formation of cost of the core kapitalav book keeping
  8. Chapter 3 the Concept of cost measurement of the capital in sovremennombuhgalterskom the account
  9. Chapter 1 the Capital in system of categories of book keeping
  10. 1.2 Interrelation of incomes, costs, expenses and costs as categories of estimated characteristics of capital flow in book keeping
  11. 5.1 Methodology of an estimation of obligations in the conditions of change stoimostiaktivov in book keeping
  12. 2.4 Change of the contents of an estimation in modern book keeping
  13. 1.1 Approaches to process of convergence of book keeping
  14. З.1. The order of inclusion of rules of management separate book keeping in the registration policy of the enterprise, formation of the work plan for accounts
  15. 2.2. The model of separate book keeping of costs of a general purpose
  16. 2.1. The model of separate book keeping of the sums of the VAT presented by suppliers of the goods (works, services)
  17. 1.2. Necessity of the organisation of separate book keeping at the enterprise at application of various systems of the taxation
  18. model of the average cost of the capital