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§ 4.1.1. Development of principles of classification.

Beginning work on studying of system of moving alan in the Kislovodsk hollow during an epoch of the early Middle Ages, it is necessary to develop principles of division of available data about settlements on the basic groups/classes.

Originally partitioning of all strengthened settlements (sites of ancient settlement) has affirmed as the literature on earthen and stone on their main principle fortifikatsionnogo the devices, spent in due time I.M.Chechenovym and V.A.Kuznetsovym (CHechenov, 1971; Smiths, 1973. With. 71; Kovalevsky, 1981. With. 8485). Then division alanskih earthen sites of ancient settlement on four basic types of strengthenings (detinets, a citadel, posad, a sentry post) and adjoining to them opened selishcha was offered to I.M.Chechenovym; the author assumed evolution from simple forms of sites of ancient settlement to more difficult (CHechenov,

1971. With. 205). Then there are separate classifications of stone fortresses (Afanasev, 1975. With. 53, 55; Bidzhiev, 1983. With. 144-147). Their detailed critical consideration is carried out recently V.B.Kovalevskoj (Kovalevsky, 2005. With. 121-123) which fairly notices, that all schemes are made on a small amount of a material and on the data occurring from narrow territory. Classification of fortresses in vicinities of Kislovodsk,

The offered G.E.Afanasevym, includes four types of the strengthenings differing on presence or absence of elements of stone fortification (the walls-towers protecting strengthened settlement; a citadel protected by separate watchtowers; a citadel protected by a tower with a wall; a citadel protected by a wall without towers) (1975. With. 53, 55). This work is most in detail considered by V.B.Kovalevskoj (Kovalevsky, 2005. With. 122) which marks the disputable moments connected with insufficient degree of a level of scrutiny of strengthenings. Really, practically there are no the strengthened settlements which were exposed to regular archeological excavations, and data about a combination of various elements of fortification (stone towers, walls, constructions) are based on visual survey of monuments and only occasionally on results small on the area shurfovok and excavation. It is necessary to recognise, that for without the small forty years which have passed from the moment of the publication of E. Afanasevym classifications of Kislovodsk strengthenings, our knowledge of internal structure of the majority of these monuments have not undergone cardinal changes and on - the former are based on the most general representations about their appearance.

Rather given reason the criticism of classification of H.H.Bidzhieva published in the monography of 1983 (Bidzhiev, 1983 is represented also. With. 144147). The author suggests to divide settlements on "not strengthened", «the defences strengthened without a continuous line», «strengthenings with a continuous line of defence», «settlements rannegorodskogo type» and "feudal castles". V.B.Kovalevskaja notices, that H.H.Bidzhiev in this case uses criteria different as a matter of fact

Allocation of classes of monuments

In some cases the typological

Characteristics are replaced social and economic, that is represented inadmissible (Kovalevsky, 2005. With. 122-123).

Thus, it is necessary to ascertain, that now we have no given reason criteria for division of the strengthened settlements into types or classes, proceeding from features of their internal structure and presence or absence of elements of fortification. Business with open settlements even more difficult is, the information on which existence is based in many cases only on the elevating material collected in the course of investigation - ceramics fragments. Whether there are at the given level of our knowledge any other objective criteria for allocation of different types of the strengthened and not strengthened settlements in the Kislovodsk hollow?

It is represented to me, that unique similar criterion, possible for the analysis of all set of settlements of region, topographical features of an arrangement of a monument can be. For the first time such division has been applied to the strengthened settlements by A.P.Runichem who has planned three versions of strengthenings: on ostantsah, on capes and on hills-heights (Runich, 1974. With. 96-109). In the further work I use these three classes of the description of the strengthened settlements of an epoch of the early Middle Ages, having added one more subclass - strengthenings on capes with is artificial eskarpirovannymi slopes. It is curious, that practically same principle of a different arrangement rannesrednevekovyh stone fortresses (cape, a hill, a plateau, ostanets) is used by V.B.Kovalevskoj in the summary table of North Caucasian strengthenings (Kovalevsky, 2005. With. 120-121), however the principle of similar division remained without comments.

If we take advantage of similar criterion for division of not strengthened settlements it is possible to allocate four classes of the monuments located on capes, slopes, a plateau and river terraces. We Will dwell upon features of the allocated classes of the strengthened settlements.

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A source: Korobov Dmitry Sergeevich. SYSTEM of MOVING ALAN of the CENTRAL Ciscaucasia In I THOUSAND AD (LANDSCAPE ARCHEOLOGY of the KISLOVODSK HOLLOW). VOLUME 1. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the doctor of historical sciences. Moscow -. 2014

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