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§ 1.3. The Paleoekonomichesky direction in studying of settlements of the early Middle Ages.

Research of settlements inseparably linked with studying of resource zones surrounding them and modelling paleoekonomiki ancient societies. Here pertinently short to stop on development of theoretical approaches to research of primitive economy in the foreign literature which are in detail enough shined in the monography which have left recently of G.Politstsotti Grejs (Polizzotti Greis, 2002.

P. 1-9). Though the first rests of cultural cereals are fixed in K.Kuntom's Egyptian tombs in 1826, the author carries the beginning of researches of agriculture in the European archeology to O.Pitt-Riversa's works which one of the first paid attention to importance of studying of traces of agricultural activity and bones of animals. However, as well as in the domestic literature (Krasnov, 1969. With. 58; Borisov, Boxes, 2013.

With. 34), the first regular works on studying of ancient agriculture have appeared only in 1950th the Leading role here belongs to Grejemu Clark who in many respects was based on A.Tallgrena's earlier researches. For G.Clark it is characteristic ecological ("environmentalistsky" on h.p. to Klein) the approach in studying of a life of ancient societies (Clark, 1977; Klein, 2009. With. 149-150; 2011. T. 2. With. 535-544). This approach develops subsequently in 1960th in bowels remedial «new archeology» Lewis Binforda, in particular within the limits of David Clark's analytical direction for which the neopositivistic sight at possibilities of knowledge of antiquities on archaeological data (is characteristic more in detail see: Klein, 2009. With. 62-66). In parallel at the Cambridge university under the guidance of E.Higgza arises paleoekonomicheskoe a direction developing environmentalistsky the approach of G.Clark in which M. R and H.N.Dzharman participate, CH. Vita-Fintsi, J. N.Bejli, etc. (Paleoeconomy, 1975; Higgs, 1977; Jarman, Bay-Petersen, 1977; Early European Agriculture, 1982; Klein, 2011. T. 1. With. 544-547).

Founders of this direction had been developed procedures of the analysis of resource zones (Site Catchment Analysis) and the territorial analysis (Territorial

Analysis), first of which it is understood more likely as an empirical set of supervision over monument vicinities; the second - as a theoretical substantiation use by the person of neighbouring territories (Early European Agriculture, 1982. P. 38).

The analysis of resource zones is one of the basic procedures in modern landscape archeology about which speech will go more low. It is based on search of laws of a rational arrangement of resources round places of dwelling of the person who is going back to so-called rings of Johann Henry background Tjunena (Rodoman, 2007), offered in 1826 theoretical model of construction of the ideal state. It represents the unique city-market surrounded with several rings of economic territorial zones in process of removal from the centre: sadovo-truck farming and a dairy farming, a forestry, field husbandry and animal industries, pasturable cattle breeding, hunting and not agricultural crafts (Hagget, 1968. With. 203). The given model has been improved by E.Higgzom and its pupils within the limits of so-called paleoekonomicheskogo directions in the British archeology (Paleoeconomy, 1975; Higgs, 1977; Jarman, Bay-Petersen, 1977; Early European Agriculture, 1982; Klein, 2011. T. 1. With. 544-547). Adherents of the given direction have offered the analysis of resource zones round settlements or the parking of the person covering territories of different radius depending on economic activities of inhabitants (fig. 8). So, on numerous ethnographic examples it has been shown, that the potential zone of agriculture lays in radius from 500 m to 1 km round settlement, pasturable cattle breeding - to 5 km, and hunting - to 10 km from parking. Thus the important element of the analysis is not actually the distance, and time which is spent for its overcoming. Rational use of agricultural resources round settlement is possible at their achievement a maximum in an hour of the pedestrian way (Jarman, 1972; Jarman et al., 1972; Higgs, Jarman, 1975; Barker, 1975; Hodder, Orton, 1976. P. 229-236; Foley, 1977).

In the domestic literature the similar method was applied by G.E.Afanasevym to studying of potential economic territories around alanskih settlements in pool of Average Don (Afanasev, 1987. With. 21-38; 1993а. With. 118122) about what already it was spoken above. Methodical aspects of the given analysis applied and the author of the present research, are stated in the following chapter.

Adherents paleoekonomicheskogo the big attention give directions to calculation of caloric content of a foodstuff, reconstruction of productivity of ancient cultures and norms of consumption of vegetative and animal food at the ancient population (Early European Agriculture, 1982. P. 14-19; Outram, Mulville, 2005. P. 23; Thompson, 2005. P. 133-134). One of last publications on this theme which can serve as a comparative background for the present research, belong to a feather of Swiss scientist Renaty Ebersbah (Ebersbach, 2002). In it the author carries out the analysis of historical, ethnographic and economic certificates on an economy of 30 villages in different parts of the world. Data about their population and an economy are published as the appendix to the monography on CD-carrier. Data on abbey Peterboro are most interesting to us in Ostene, England, concerning to 1125 and 1300-1301 The abbey is characterised by the intensive mixed economy, with dvupolnoj, and later trehpolnoj agriculture system. According to data about consumption of a foodstuff, in a year on one person it was necessary from 322 to 470 kg of grain. At the population 1167-1800 people on one inhabitant were necessary from 0,46 to 0,8 hectares of a ploughed land, 0,7 goals of large horned livestock, 1,4-2,5 sheep, 0,1 goats. By calculations of the author, per capita daily it was necessary 3250-4700 kcal of energy from which grain occupied 2900-4300, meat - 230-320, dairy products of 32-9 kcal (Ebersbach, 2002. Taf. 2). Rather useful data about power value of grain crops and mjasomolochnyh a foodstuff (Ebersbach, 2002 are represented cited by the author in the appendix to the monography. Taf. 1).

In later work the same author in detail shines economy of considered economy which divides into some systems (opened, closed, dependent and highest/maximum). Each system

It is characterised by the certain size arable, pokosnyh and pasturable grounds, and also quantity of cattle per capita; for different systems the different organisation of economy (manufacture of grain crops, otgonnoe cattle breeding, a cattle breeding and agriculture combination etc.) (Ebersbach, 2007) is characteristic. Ethnologic examples are compared with economy reconstruction neoliticheskogo the population of Switzerland analyzed by R.Ebersbah. At reconstruction paleoekonomicheskoj territories of the population of some neoliticheskih settlements are used methods GIS (Ebersbach, 2003).

The Paleoekonomichesky approach has received broad support in primitive archeology at mesolit and neolith studying, but at the analysis of economy of societies of an epoch of bronze, the early Iron Age and the Middle Ages paleoekonomicheskimi methods researchers test serious disappointments as at such approach social and religious aspects in manufacture and distribution of a product of consumption are simply ignored. So, for example, K.Renfrju has shown, that changes in manufacture of products since a neolith epoch in itself are insignificant, but changes in the work organisation, relations of the power and landed property are huge. The serious criticism causes also retrospektsija modern economic models on ancient societies (Polizzotti Greis, 2002. P. 5). Thus, supporters paleoekonomicheskogo the approach together with protsessualistami are exposed to criticism from so-called postprotsessualistov which underline symbolical and ideological value of aspects of social cultures (J.Hodder, M.Shenks, K.Tilli) (Klein, 2011. T. 2. With. 357-372).

Thus a post-protsessualisty are not engaged in classification and data processing, but only their interpretation that generates in turn criticism of their direction (Bintliff, 1993; Klein, 2011. T. 2. With. 375-381). According to G.Politstsotti Grejs, between protsessualistami and the post-protsessualistami is engaged in development of an average direction school of social archeology. Its representatives have grown from bowels of remedial archeology (for example, Charles Redman and Kolin Renfrju). They consider archeology as a social science, being engaged in data processing and their interpretation taking into account modern representations about ancient societies (Polizzotti Greis, 2002. P. 6; Klein, 2011. T. 2. With. 293-299, 335-336, 401, 428-446). Last years there was sotsioekonomicheskaja an archeology which is engaged in reconstruction of human manufacture and consumption taking into account social specificity of studied societies. Unlike paleoekonomistov, representatives of this direction consider economy of studied societies as a choice made society which we should understand and study. Resources in this situation it is not simple means to a survival as adherents paleoekonomicheskogo considered directions, but the important part of social strategy of individuals and societies. As examples of the last sotsioekonomicheskih researches in the Great Britain B.Kanliffa and S.Pul, R.Bredli, T.Darvilla's quoted by the mentioned author of the historiographic review the works can serve. To G.Politstsotti's Grejs this direction carries also the research of social and economic aspects of agricultural activity of the population of Britain in the late bronze and early Iron Age (Polizzotti Greis, 2002. P. 7-8). It is possible to carry basic research of the American archeologist of Ooze Terston to it, devoted to studying of social evolution of landscapes of Southern Scandinavia in the course of state formation (Thurston, 2001). The reconstruction of arable grounds spent by the author are most interesting To the present work round settlements of an epoch of the early Middle Ages with use of the phosphatic analysis (Thurston, 2001. P. 186-190, 206). The given approach can be considered already within the limits of other direction in studying of settlements - landscape archeology.

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A source: Korobov Dmitry Sergeevich. SYSTEM of MOVING ALAN of the CENTRAL Ciscaucasia In I THOUSAND AD (LANDSCAPE ARCHEOLOGY of the KISLOVODSK HOLLOW). VOLUME 1. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the doctor of historical sciences. Moscow -. 2014

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