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§ 3. Functions and efficiency of a political discourse

Academician V.V. Vinogradov has deduced following functions of language: «dialogue, the message and influence» (Vinogradov, 1978: 175). All of them are presented in a political discourse. As speech of the politician urged to influence an audience influence function plays the central role.

Whereas between the author and the addressee can not be dialogue as that, dialogue function is minor.

R.Yakobson allocates following functions of language: communicative, emotivnuju, incentive, faticheskuju, metalanguage, aesthetic (Jakobson, 2006: 306).

Incentive function is the basic in political communications, it urged to have necessary influence on the listener for achievement of due effect. E.I.Shejgal includes it in the definition of a political discourse, saying to that political communications are reduced to struggle for the power (SHejgal, 2000: 4). The political discourse is often used for manipulation with people as its ultimate goal is zapoluchenie the authorities. Struggle for the power should convince an audience of fair intentions of the politician. For this purpose politicians use a rich palette of stylistic means.

Incentive function can have two forms of expression: explicit (slogans, appeals to the people etc.) and implitsitnuju, for transfer of emotions of the author, pushing to certain actions.

Despite leadership of incentive function, to other functions of language the important role in political diskursii also is taken away. Communicative function is responsible for an information transfer; emotivnaja - for expression of feelings and emotions speaking, awakening of reciprocal emotions at the addressee. In a political discourse very important that the electorate divided intentions of the politician.

Fatichesky function is connected with installation and support of speech dialogue. It intertwines with emotivnoj because to hope for success 25

It is possible tolko in the event that at the parties overall aims and problems and an identical sight at their decision.

Metalanguage function transfers correct value of any word or a word-combination that the politician has been assured, that voters have understood it correctly.

Last function - aesthetic - helps to make performance expressive, therefore this function is very important in political speech.

For a political discourse are characteristic standartizovannost and an expression. The first element does a discourse clear for the population while the second component gives to the statement emotional colouring.

Besides it, ekspressivnost does the text interesting to perception that is important in the world of a policy as the thought over discourse can help to win round to the politician electorate.

Character of an audience too is important, as political performance will obey people considerable quantity. So, for example, the inaugural speech will be broadcast to mass-media.

Political language is a component of a political discourse. For it words with abstract values and polisemiej are characteristic. Politicians frequently mention not absolutely pleasant questions. Not to damage the reputation, for their speeches a certain share of uncertainty or abstraktnosti can be characteristic. It helps them to avoid unpleasant or disputable situations, relieves them of responsibility for told, promotes strengthening of their positions before voters, helps to win with political debate.

Hence, a political discourse easily prispasablivaetsja to external conditions.

G.Lassvell classifies types of a political discourse depending on a situation in the country or the world (Lassvell, 2007: 165). So, if we speak about any important event for the country in whole (occurrence of the new law) or about the decision which will play a fatal role for 26

The concrete person (adjudgment in court), the discourse will be under construction on the set norms and standards.

The situation also will be strained if, let us assume, it is necessary to make a serious choice (to vote for the candidate) as this choice will be followed by responsibility. But, it is necessary to notice, that authors of a discourse possess a wide choice of expressional means for expression of the feelings and emotions.

Victory on elections or inauguration are not intense situations. In this case, on the foreground there are such things, as valuable reference points and society ideals.

Now many philologists study language of a policy, that is linguistic features of a political discourse. The political discourse reflects a life of the country with all its ideology, culture, philosophy etc., that can include even division into categories «» and "another's".

Speaking about occurrence and understanding of a political discourse, T.A. van Dejk has concerned ideas of two types of knowledge. The first type of knowledge is the conventional knowledge. The second type of knowledge admits only any certain communities, for other people who are not entering there, it is simple opinion or belief (T van Dejk, 2000: 209).

The purpose of a political discourse is a prompting to action (Bayley, 1985: 77). The success of a public statement is defined by that, how much the politician will justify expectations of the listeners. However, trying to win liking of the addressees, politicians not always address to rational arguments. To build the correct argument, it is necessary to show, that the protected position corresponds to interests of voters. Even more artful way - simply to argue aloud, in the presence of an audience, resulting pluses and minuses of this or that decision.

Any discourse (not only political) is directed on suggestion, the system of views of the probable interpreter, on purpose is thus considered

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To change the plan, reasons and motive of acts. According to A.Schopenhauer to convince the interlocutor in something it is possible, skilfully operating with concepts known to it (Schopenhauer, 1819: 58).

The first category of installations describes level of trustfulness, liking to proponentu, and acquisition vyjgryshnyh positions in this sphere depends on talent of the orator and from character of the recipient. To change installation of the addressee in the necessary channel it is possible, carefully having thought over speech, having placed the protected thesis in the necessary place of the report. Thus listeners think, that they, voluntary, make the decision.

People always expect something from speech of interlocutors. The speech behaviour breaking accepted expectations, can reduce effect of influence (if the unexpectedness is not pleasant) or strongly to raise it is when for the addressee suddenly there is something more pleasant, than it is expected in norm. Distinguish situations with inactive and with active participation, and with unwillingness to accept the point of view of the sender. At inactive perception it is expected, that degree and force of speech suggestion will correspond to norm. Authoritative persons can manage in this case and not intensive means, reserving more intensive ways for that moment when it is necessary to accelerate influence. For the others proponentov influence intensive methods are recommended less. From representatives of a strong half of mankind intensive means, and from the weaker sex - nizkointensivnye, as a rule, are expected. Discrepancy to this norm - speech weakness of men both inappropriate cynicism and sharpness of women, - plunging an audience in a shock, reduce effect of influence. And the fright caused by news that negation of inspired thought will lead to risky consequences for the addressee, often promotes the best perception to various degrees of influence: the greatest susceptibility in this case happens to malointensivnym to means, and the smallest - to high-intensity.

In a situation with dynamical perception of suggestion the recipient as though

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Helps to convince itself, in particular, if he hopes, that all occurs in its interests.

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A source: AKININA Polina Sergeevna. LINGVOPRAGMATICHESKY FEATURES of the AMERICAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE (on a material of performances of the US president of Barrack Obamy). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Vladimir - 2019. 2019

More on topic § 3. Functions and efficiency of a political discourse:

  1. § 3. Functions of a political discourse
  2. § 4. Efficiency of a political discourse
  3. § 2. Concept definition «a political discourse»
  4. irony in a political discourse
  5. § 2. Concept definition «a political discourse»
  6. § 5. The inaugural reference as a genre of a political discourse
  7. § 5. The Inaugural speech as a subgenre of a political discourse
  8. § 3. A reality «The greatest Generation» as a way manipuljativnogo influences in the American political discourse
  9. the First chapter THEORETICAL BASES of the POLITICAL DISCOURSE
  10. the First chapter THEORETICAL BASES of the POLITICAL DISCOURSE
  11. the Appendix 1 Recurrent lexicon in B.Obamy's political discourse
  12. § 3. Realities «The Greatest Generation» and «The Great Depression» as a way manipuljativnogo influences in the American political discourse
  13. § 1.2. Functions of a legal mechanism of increase of efficiency of activity of members of controls of economic societies.