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various directions in gender researches

Throughout already several decades the foreign research thought is under the influence of conceptual system of a gender as philosophical, linguistic, political, social, psychological and anthropological phenomenon.

Relations of the man and the woman always were the focus of attention the most various spheres of human activity, including a science, art, a daily life, however long time to the woman refused not only in realisation of the civil rights, but also in historical consciousness.

Philosopher N.A.Berdjaev considered, that the feeling of history at women is developed very poorly: «If in the world the female beginning histories would not be dominated, the world would appear in private consciousness» (Berdjaev, 1997). Antiquity of times of Aristotle and Platon tried to solve «a gender question» division of "man's" and "female" has begun. So, «the man's beginning» associated with rationality. Female, on the contrary, meant a randomness, a non-existence.

Equality of floors stimulated a reflexion in the West European society concerning display "man's" and "female", that is substantially connected with distribution of the feministic theory and the literature (K.Williams, 1997; J. Butler, 2000; T.Lauretis, 2001). As marks E.S.Gritsenko, interest to language problems in the feministic theory has arisen from interest to a gender, instead of to language (Gritsenko, 2005: 3). The gender, thus, has been connected with ideas of feminism, representing a problem of the woman, its female difference. Studying of these problems lays in area feminologii which object of research are laws of female behaviour in society. Feminologija mezhdistsiplinarna as it studies all spectrum of the accompanying problems connected with position of the woman, including social and economic processes, evolutionary development of the social status. Feminologija studies such problems, as the woman and the power, a state policy concerning women, women and formation (N.I.Reznichenko, 1999; O.A.Hasbulatova, 1998, 1999, 2001; N.E.Furtat, 1999).

Traditionally it is considered, that gender studying occurs within the limits of several directions: philosophical, sotsiopsihologicheskogo,

Biological, sotsiokulturnogo, linguistic. V.A.Kameneva
Believes, that distinctions in social behaviour of men and women speak presence of three models of social development: biological, sotsiobilogicheskoj and sotsiokulturnoj (Kameneva, 2005: 21).

In social psychology the gender is treated as "socially mediated" expression of a biological floor (Gritsenko, 2005: 4). Such understanding of a gender is based on interaction with norms societies, expectations, and also the difficult mental processes occurring to the person. It is considered, that distinctions in social behaviour of men and women have provided a survival of the person (K.Williams, D.Best, 1986). Because biological characteristics of people cannot explain various social roles, the concept "gender" which represents interaction of social and cultural norms which the society orders to men and women in connection with their floor biological (Voronina, 2002: 12) is entered. Initially carrying over from concept sexus (a biological floor) on gender (a grammatical category of a sort) has been made for the purpose of overcoming of natural determinancy (Kirilina, 2000: 18-19).

In the biological approach to gender researches natural features of men and women are considered. All distinctions are accepted as a nature reality. K.Jung noticed, that distinctions in behaviour of men and women speak distinction in their psychology (Ship's boys, 1998).

According to I.Hoffmann, the gender basis as social concept is formed by following characteristics: 1) a biological floor; 2) polorolevye stereotypes; 3) «the gender display» (Hoffmann, 2001: 315). I.Hoffmann specifies, that the concept of the gender display is based on concept of a gender as «cultural western korreljata a floor». It is supposed, however, that in various societies and social groups there are various conventional forms of the gender display (Zdravomyslova, 2002: 69).

The theory of social designing of a gender defines such concepts, as gender identity, a gender role, a gender stereotype and gender differentiation. Voronina specifies, that the gender
Identity assumes, that the person accepts definitions of courage and feminity which exist in its culture (Voronina, 2002: 23).

Those social roles, samples and norms of behaviour which can concern manners, concern gender roles of speech, clothes, gestures of men and women (Ivanov, 2002: 61).

The interesting category is represented by gender stereotypes. By A.V.Kirilinoj's definition, gender stereotypes - «cultural and socially caused opinions and presuppozitsii about qualities, attributes and norms of behaviour of representatives of both floors and their reflexion in language» (Kirilina, 1999: 98). I.A.Tupitsyna allocates some groups of gender stereotypes: stereotypes maskulinnosti and feminnosti; the stereotypes connected with razdleniem of family-professional duties (Tupitsyna, 2003: 143-144). According to Krejdlina, under gender stereotypes it is necessary to understand the opinions which have developed in public collective on characteristics of floors and on norms of their behaviour. In a society long since there is a traditional cast, social rituals and the estimations, concerning an expression of emotions of men and women. There are both man's, and female poses, gestures, gait. So, men always were considered less sensitive, than women, their mimicry was a force and courage embodiment when the female mimicry, on the contrary, personified vulnerability and fragility (Krejdlin, 2005: 121).

As notices I.S.Bazhenov, men in the art text are more often described in an emotional condition of anger, contempt, the woman - confusions, fear. However recently it is considered to be, that women express some emotions the same as also men (Bazhenov, 2003: 212).

To concept of a gender stereotype of the art text J.V.Kljukina addresses. According to the researcher, the gender defines features of perception of appearance of the person. Stereotypification of the external
Shape corresponds with type of gender identity of the person (Kljukina, 2011).

M.V.Garanovich differentiates concepts of a gender stereotype on courage stereotypes, stereotypes feminnosti, stereotypes of speech behaviour of men and women (Garanovich, 2011).

The gender stereotype as a way of a manipulation is considered by human consciousness in M.V.Semkinoj's work. Gender stereotypes in advertising influence consciousness of the consumer (both female, and man's). And, as the author of the given research specifies, recently in advertising there was a new image of the modern emancipated woman in opposition to an image of the woman-housewife and sexual object.

E.A.Kuznetsova considers, that the gender stereotype «an image of the woman» is fixed in phraseological units in which formation of a picture participate sotsiokulturnye factors and ethnos historical development. Gender stereotypes form a dichotomy "man's" - "female". (Kuznetsova, 2012).

The category of a gender stereotype appears one of the most demanded research objects. The big attention is given to research of a gender stereotype in mass-media, business dialogue, from the point of view of social identichenosti subjects. (T.B.Ryabov, 2009; V.V. Sokolskaja, 2003, h.p. Mahakova, 2007; E.V.Isakova, 2006; K.N.Ahmadeeva, 2011; T.V.Fedorova, 2008; R.M.Bobodzhanova, 2006; M.V.Garanovich, 2011).

On the basis of the aforesaid we will accept concept of a gender stereotype as one of the major factors participating in communications and possessing ability manipuljativnogo of influence. It is represented logical, that in situations of romantic dialogue (for example, flirtation), behavioural installations kommunikantov are dictated by gender stereotypes existing in a society.

1.4.2.

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A source: KNYAZEVA ANASTASIA ANDREEVNA. SPECIFICITY of COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOUR of the PERSON In FLIRTATION SITUATIONS: GENDER ASPECT (ON the MATERIAL of ENGLISH-SPEAKING FICTION). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Ivanovo - 2017. 2017

More on topic various directions in gender researches:

  1. the basic directions of gender researches
  2. Gender roles and gender relations
  3. 1.2. Conceptual directions in researches of political socialisation
  4. theoretical bases of gender linguistics
  5. 2.1. Gender relations
  6. 2.3.2. Gender stereotypic signs kontsepta the soldier
  7. nonverbal behaviour of the person in gender aspect
  8. gender signs
  9. features and patterns of acceptance of gender roles of women in trehpokolennyh families
  10. Features of a choice of a floor of the Parent and the Child in various age and gender groups
  11. Rough volumes of investment streams in directions. Deadlines of investments in directions.