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a cultural distance between German community and groups of immigrants

For the analysis of objective factors lingvokulturnoj immiyograntov the short review of the basic waves immiyogratsii which have caused residing of a significant amount of people miyogratsionnogo origins in modern Germany is obviously necessary to give adaptations.

Process of active entrance of immigrants in Germany has begun in 1950th years. Thus preconditions and geography of the centres of streams of immigration considerably differed.

S.V.Pogorelsky allocates four basic waves of immigration in GerYOmaniju:

1) the First wave is connected with shortage of personnel in the late fifties - the beginning of 1960th years in post-war Germany in which there was that nazyvayoetsja "economic miracle". nekvalifitsirovannye came from the South European countries (Portugal, Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia) and from TurYOtsii. At this time there was a concept «Gastarbeiter» - the worker-visitor: predpolagayolos, that after the termination of contracts workers will return to the countries. UroYOzhentsy the South European countries, really, either have left home, or were successfully dissolved in German city landscapes. In Turkey the standard of living was much below European, therefore many Turks remained. On zayokonodatelstvu in some years of stay they could receive razresheyonie on constant residing, and in due course - and on citizenship. This stream has begun formation of Turkish diaspora - the largest in GermaYOnii.

2) the Second wave represents the returning of the ethnic Germans which have begun since 1953. To immigrants of this group the status "pereyoselentsev" (Aussiedler), after 1993 - «late immigrants» (Spätaussiedler) has been appropriated.
Ethnic Germans have formed considerable Russian-speaking diaspora in GerYOmanii as their majority lived before in territory of the USSR.

3) the Third wave is formed «kontingentnye by refugees» - groups immiyograntov, accepted on quotas and answering defined harakteristiyokam. In 1990th the powerful part of this wave was made by representatives of the Jewish nationality from the post-Soviet territory which have added russkoyojazychnuju diaspora in Germany.

The fourth wave are political refugees from the different states. Along with the valid political refugees (dissidents from sotsiyoalisticheskih the countries, Palestinians, Kurds) many people have tried vosyopolzovatsja this program. At impossibility to prove the fact politicheyoskogo prosecutions immigrants remained in Germany illegally [Pogoerelsky 2006: 91-93].

As a result on the statistican for 2017 in Germany lived 18,6 million people with a migratory origin that makes 22,5 % of the population. 8,5 million from them have German citizenship. In Germany people with the migratory past can be divided on two categories: people, actually immigriroyovavshie (10,6 million) and the people who were born in Germany in families of immigrants (5,4 million). About 3 million immigrants of a Turkish origin, is, undoubtedly group of immigrants of Germany in the lead by quantity. In interests perspektiyovy a demographic parity of Germans and migrants it is necessary to notice, that middle age of the first makes 45,6 years, the second - 34,7 years. The number of men of a migratory origin on 50,3 % exceeds number German muzhskoyogo the population [Destatis http].

The most numerous are groups turetskojazychnyh and russkoyojazychnyh immigrants.

For an estimation and comparison of group factors of acculturation issledueyomyh groups of immigrants it is obviously necessary to analyse steyo
Stub of similarity К1 and К2. To the given purpose it has been decided to apply an index kulyoturnoj distances on I.Babikeru see [Stefanenko 2004].

Results of the analysis of a cultural distance of groups of immigrants from priniyomajushchego communities are presented to tab. 1.

Table 1.

Category German culture Culture turetskoyojazychnyh immigranyotov 1 generations Culture russkojazychyonyh immigrants
Language German The Turkish Russian
Religion Christianity Moslem Christianity, atheism
Family structure Modern, egaliyotarnaja Traditional, patyoriarhalnaja Modern, egaliyotarnaja
Level obrazovayonija Average / High The low Average
Material komyofort The high The low Average
History vzaimodejyostvija the people Political soyotrudnichestvo with

1950th

Great otechestvenyonaja war 1941-1945

The Holocaust

Special interest for the present research represent predposylyoki mezhjazykovyh contacts. Both groups of immigrants have faced with inoyostrannym language already in Germany. The majority of Turkish immigrants, prieyohav to Germany, had even no initial knowledge of German language. Group of Russian-speaking immigrants people with German roots and people evyorejskoj have made nationalities, and also members of their families. In most cases Я1 for Russian Germans there was a Russian, but in families the sensation of a generality with German culture and language remained. It is necessary to notice, that in territory of the USSR stayotus German language as foreign was very high. The part of immigrants studied German language at school.

It is more than similarities to an accepting society Russian-speaking immigrants show in a question of religion and family structure. The majority russkoyojazychnyh immigrants were either Christians, or atheists, a part structure
ljali iudei. Both Germany, and the USSR (then Russia) were the secular states where the society life separated from church. It promoted reduction kulyoturnoj to a distance between group of Russian-speaking immigrants and Germans.

Moslem confession - one of considerable distinctions of Turkish diaspora and accepting community in Germany. Under S.V.Pogoerelsky's remark, Islam, even in a moderate Turkish variant, interfered "rastvoyoreniju" diasporas in the liberally-democratic state with Christian roots. Besides, Turkish immigrants of the first generation were from selyoskoj districts where adherence of religion and to traditional family way was stronger, than in cities [Pogorelsky 2008: 151]. Therefore wives turetskojazychnyh immigrants of the first generation were engaged in housekeeping and had very few contacts to German culture. In Germany and the USSR (Russia) we estimate structures of families as similar.

The educational level of Russian-speaking immigrants was, in general, dostayotochno high. Turkish immigrants of the first generation were neobrazovany, occupying niches of not qualified labour.

The material comfort became the main reason of immigration of both groups of immigrants. In its USSR it is possible to estimate as average, in Russia the beginnings of 1990th years - as low. In Turkey the majority of emigrants of the first generation had the lowest standard of living.

We will estimate history of interaction of the German and Turkish people as favorable. In 1950th years political orientation of Germany and Turkey sovpayodali, therefore the spirit on cooperation was positive. The history vzaiyomodejstvija Russian and the German people is very difficult and inconsistent. AkYOtivnoe cooperation of two people since Petrovsky times has established a lot of cultural, economic relations. Even the shock which was brought VeliYOkaja by domestic war of 1941-1945, has not broken these strong communications. MnoYOgie Russian Germans in territory of the USSR assotsiirovali itself with Germans, instead of with Russian or other people of republics. The Holocaust has laid down a heavy stain on
Interaction of Germany with other countries, however, thanking the politician on «isyokupleniju fault», Germany was possible to restore the Jewish community successfully.

Summing up to the aforesaid, we can conclude, that from two issleyoduemyh groups the generality turetskojazychnyh immigrants is more distanyotsirovannoj from accepting German community in cultural measurement. Russian-speaking immigrants show a number of cultural distinctions from priyonimajushchego communities, but, in general, it is expedient to estimate them as much more similar to representatives of a German society. Thus, protsesyosy acculturations and lingvokulturnoj adaptations, characteristic for group tuyoretskojazychnyh immigrants, represent more difficult phenomenon, than the similar processes peculiar to a generality of Russian-speaking immigrants. It speaks the objective factors connected with the big distance between cultures.

The given factors can be estimated as essentially important at an estimation intercultural and mezhjazykovyh contacts between Germans and immigrants in territory of Germany.

1.3.

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A source: SHAHOVA Marina Andreevna. LINGUOCULTURAL ADAPTATION AS A FACTOR OF ACCULTURATION (discursive practices in modern Germany). Thesis for the degree of candidate of philological sciences. Tver - 2018. 2018

More on topic a cultural distance between German community and groups of immigrants:

  1. types of cultural-speech behaviour of immigrants
  2. 3.2.1. German language of Russian-speaking immigrants
  3. functional typology of language formations in a situation of German-Turkish and German-Russian language and cultural contacts
  4. objective factors of an interference at German-Turkish and German-Russian language contact
  5. immigrants in Germany: a sociological sketch
  6. 3.1.2.1. The General characteristic of language variants of the second and third generation of immigrants
  7. suffrages of citizens severo - the German union and the German empire.
  8. 4.3.2 Calculation of factor of correlation and the equation of a regression presenting interconnection dispariteta and distance
  9. Lingvokulturnaja adaptation as the factor of acculturation of immigrants in Germany
  10. the Appendix 2. A small parametrical kernel of German language (by data «the German-Russian dictionary» under the editorship of M.J.Tsvillinga)