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KK with make.

Semantic and syntactic features of an English verb makeоказывают direct influence on its use [23; 25]. In particular, one of semantic features is overcoming of strong resistance, for example: I made the bolt screw in by twisting it with a heavy wrench‘Я has twisted a bolt, rotating its heavy key ’ (an example from [304, with.

75]). It is possible to assume, that in this case make it is possible to transfer value of a verb as follows: (I) countered its resistance sufficiently to ‘ () has put enough efforts to surpass resistance. ’ AGENT (the bolt to screw in) or (I) succeeded in overcoming its resistance thereupon ‘ () has successfully surpassed resistance. ’ AGENTing (the bolt...) .eshche one semantic feature is actualisation of a way of fulfilment of action that is obvious from the following interpretation of an example: It was by twisting it with a heavy wrench that I made the bolt screw in‘Именно rotating its heavy key I have twisted a bolt ’. In this case value makeинтерпретируется by means of an example (I) used the means specified in AGENTing (the bolt...).drugie features of a verb makeзависят from that, how much easily lexical kauzativ it is transformed in analytical - kauzativnyj a link-verb. At kauzatsii actions semantics makeможет to contain a threat shade (including possible promises to hurt). Sravn.: I made him clean the garage by threatening to cut his allowance (if he did not) ‘ I have forced it to clean garage, threatening that, otherwise, I cancel its admission ’. I made him clean the garage by promising to raise his allowance (if he did) ‘ I have forced it to clean garage, promising, that I will prolong its admission ’.

3.1.2.1 As has shown the analysis of a language material, among designs with kauzativnym a verb makeв English language designs of elliptic type prevail (tab. 1 see. Appendix A). They make 90 % from total of considered examples. Neelliptichesky designs make

83 10 % from total of analyzed examples in English language. In example He shouted the paean to his prize in trumpet tones, as though he would make old Grunitz hear in his musty den beyond the sea.'kak in a megaphone it has cried out a hymn to the award as if could force old Grunittsa to hear it from the shabby hovel overseas ’ [409, with. 134] presence of all components kauzativnoj is obvious a design. KK with to makeмогут to be elliptichnymi in two cases: 1) at absence kauzirujushchego conditions (75,5 %): But the hunger-madness made them terrifying, irresistible.'no this hungry madness did its awful, intolerable ’ [416, c. 25]; 2) in the absence of the subject kauzirujushchej situations (25,5 %):. and were enabled to make a long-desired trip into the virgin East, where miners had not yet appeared. ‘.и could organise desired travel on the virgin east where there were no yet miners ’ [416, c. 66]. When from a context it is possible to restore not named components KK we deal with displays eksplitsitnosti / implitsitnosti which should not be mixed with elliptichnostju / neelliptichnostju.

3.1.2.2 By criterion eksplitsitnosti / implitsitnosti KK with makeявляются mainly explicit (72 % from total of examples). In implitsitnyh KK with make (28 %) it is completely unknown antetsedent more often. In example The boy, whenever he was not doing anything, moped in the house. It made her uneasy; it made her nervous, she confessed.'malchik when he idled, oshivalsja at home. It is it constrained, forced to be nervous, admitted she ’ [399, with. 185] grammatical antetsedent it is expressed formal it, and semanticheski it becomes clear of wider context at the reference to the previous offer.

In KK with makeсам kauzativnyj the copular verb is used mainly in the form of active voice as a primary predicate (L.S.Barhudarova and D.A.Shtelinga's term [see 18, with. 307]). However, in some cases kauzativnyj the copular verb makeявляется a secondary predicate, i.e. characterises a subject designated by a subject, not directly, and oposredovanno through opinion, perception or action of other persons. It can

84 to be illustrated by a following example: Dave and Solleks alone were unaltered, though they were made irritable by the unending squabbling. ‘ have not changed only Dejv and Solleks though also them have made irritable incessant quarrels because of trifles ’ [415, with. 47]. The first element of a word-combination-predicate - a verb in the predicative form in a Passive Voice - matters someone's opinion, the assumption, influence. The second element - an adjective - expresses the basic maintenance of a predicate.

3.1.2.3 Means of expression of components KK with makeчастично coincide with means of expression of components KK with others kauzativnymi verbs. Full coincidence is noted in expression kauziruemogo conditions. Means of expression of other components coincide only partially. The quantitative characteristic of means of expression of the subject kauzirujushchej (105 cases that makes 70 % from total of examples) is presented a situation to tab. 3.5.

Table 3.5

Means of expression of the subject kauzirujushchej situations in KK with make

Expression means Quantity of examples %
Word Pronoun 42 40
Noun 40 38,1
Word-combination 8 7,6
The offer 7 6,7
Emfatichesky design 4 3,8
Design with formal it 4 3,8
In total 105 100

As shows the analysis, the subject kauzirujushchej situations is facultative component KK and more often can be expressed by a pronoun or a noun, both own, and nominal. The pronoun is the most productive means of expression of the subject kauzirujushchej situations in KK with to make:... ' Hist! ' I say. ' Not a word, or they ' ll put us off and make us walk. »Veev la Liberty!« ‘ Tss, - I have told. - words, or they will deduce us and will force to go. - long live freedom! - I have added ’ [409, with. 153].

Also frequency means of expression of the subject kauzirujushchej situations

85 are nouns, and more often nominal (examples see): Another night Dub and Joe fought Spitz and made him forego the punishment they deserved. ‘ One more night Dab and Joes fought with SHpitsem and have forced it to be punished, which he deserved ’ [415, with. 32]. But the hunger-madness made them terrifying, irresistible.'no this hungry madness did its awful, intolerable ’ [416, c. 25].

In 7,6 % of cases the subject kauzirujushchej is expressed a situation by a type word-combination + of +, + + of +, Adj +: Down the neck and across the shoulders, his mane half bristled and seemed to lift with every movement, as though excess of vigour made each particular hair alive and active.'vnizu necks and near shoulders, its nape has half bristled up and, appear, rose with each movement as though surplus of power forced each hair to move ’ [415, with. 68]. And dreaming there by the Yukon bank, with lazy eyes blinking at the fire, these sounds and sights of another world would make the hair to rise along his back‘И when he dreamt on coast of Yukon, it is lazy blinking and looking at fire, sounds and images of other world forced its wool to rise on a back ’ [415, with. 42].

In some cases the subject kauzirujushchej is expressed a situation by the offer (tab. 3.5 see): Then he was a masterful dog, and what made him dangerous was the fact that the club of the man in the red sweater had knocked all blind pluck and rashness out of his desire for mastery.'togda it was a wilful dog, and dangerous it was done by that fact, that the stick of the man in a red sweater has beaten out from it all eagerness to have the owner ’ [415, with. 29-30]. Canned goods were turned out that made men laugh, for canned goods on the Long Trail is a thing to dream about. ‘ Men detection of tinned products as such meal was from area of dreams on the Long Way ’ [415 has forced to burst out laughing, with. 49].

Attract attention cases when the subject kauzirujushchej is expressed a situation emfaticheskoj by a design (Likewise it was this pride that made him fear Buck as a possible lead-dog.'pohozhim in the image pride forced it to be afraid of the Tank, as leader of a team ’ [415, with. 30]) and the offer with formal it (It was a simple matter to give the dogs less food; but it was impossible to make the

86 dogs travel faster.'bylo it is easy to give to dogs of less meal. But it was impossible to force to run dogs faster. ’ [415, with. 52]).

In some cases (30 %) the concrete figure is not expressed and can be defined by means of the contextual analysis by semantic transformations. Such subject kauzirujushchej is expressed to a situation personal or demonstrative pronouns I, you, he, she, we, they, this, that.Например:. distinct and definite as never before, - a long-drawn howl, like, yet unlike, any noise made by husky dog.'chetky and defined as never earlier, - long howl, similar and unlike at the same time on a sound published by husky ’ [415, with. 74].

The quantitative characteristic of means of expression of the subject kauziruemoj is presented a situation to tab. 3.6.

Table 3.6

Means of expression of the subject kauziruemoj situations in KK with make

Expression means Quantity of examples %
Word Noun 64 42,7
Pronoun 26 17,3
Word-combination 35 23,3
Component of infinitive design Complex Object 25 16,7
In total 150 100

The subject kauziruemoj is mainly expressed a situation own and common nouns, at prevalence of the nominal. For example: »Now, you red-eyed devil,« he said, when he had made an opening sufficient for the passage of Buck's body. ' - Now you, the red-eyed devil, - has told it when has expanded pass enough that there has passed the Tank body ’ [415, with. 10]. On the second place on efficiency - word-combinations of different types Adj +, Num +, Adj + + of +, PII + among which prevail Adj + N, Num + N: But Spitz, cold and calculating even in his supreme moods, left the pack and cut across a narrow neck of land where the creek made a long bend around.'no the Spitz-dog, prudent and cool even on a limit of forces, has thrown flight and began to cut off on a narrow isthmus of the earth where the bay created a long bend ’ [415, with. 34]. In 17,3 %

87 cases the subject kauziruemoj is expressed a situation by a personal pronoun in an objective case: But the hunger-madness made them terrifying, irresistible.'no this hungry madness did its awful, intolerable ’ [415, with. 25].

During research it is revealed, that cases of a combination of the subject kauziruemoj situations with kauziruemym a condition, shown in infinitive design Complex Object take place. They total 16,7 % of examples, such as: “It was a simple matter to give the dogs less food; but it was impossible to make the dogs travel faster, while their own inability to get under way earlier in the morning prevented them from travelling longer hours.” ‘ It was simple to give to dogs of less meal, but it was impossible to force to run dogs faster as their inability to move from a place even did not allow to dogs to run long ’ [415 in the morning, with. 51].

In the majority of examples KK with makeкаузирующее the condition antetsedenta is not expressed (53 %). The quantitative characteristic of means of expression kauzirujushchego conditions is presented to tab. 3.7.

The most frequency means of expression kauzirujushchego conditions in KK with make the same as and c let, modal verbs (71,4 %) are. The Most widespread among them - could, should, would, can, might: But now and then he would weep upon the bananas and make oration about the lost cause of liberty and the mule.'no from time to time he cried over bananas and held speech about the lost reason of freedom and the mule ’ [409, with. 156].

Table 3.7

Expression means kauzirujushchego conditions in KK with make

Expression means Quantity of examples %
Modal verb 50 71,4
Desire verb 9 12,9
Adjective 9 12,9
Word-combination 2 2,8
In total 70 100

In identical quantity of examples kauzirujushchee the condition is expressed by desire verbs (want, wish) and adjectives (tab. 3.7 see): I need my share of that ten thousand. I want to work a copper deal in Idaho, and make a

88 hundred thousand. That's the business end of the thing.'mne my share in ten thousand is necessary. I wish to adjust copper manufacture in Idaho and to earn one hundred thousand. It is commercial issue of a suit ’ [409, with. 212]. Peripheral means of expression kauzirujushchego conditions in KK with to makeявляются word-combinations: He walked again into the shop, and came up very close to her. This sorrow with a veiled face made Mr. Verloc uneasy.'on has again entered into shop and has come nearer to it (the wife). Its sad kind, her face covered with a veil, it has forced Mr. Verloka to feel uncomfortable ’ [399, with. 232].

Kauziruemoe the condition is expressed in KK with makeв 66 % of cases. The quantitative characteristic of means of expression kauziruemogo conditions is presented to tab. 3.8. The most productive means of expression kauziruemogo conditions in KK with makeв difference from KK with letявляется an adjective: Two or three of the freighter sloops were engaged to assist in the work, for the captain was anxious to make a quick return in order to reap the advantage offered by a certain dearth of fruit in the States. ‘ Two or three cargo launches have been involved to help with work, as the captain aspired to accelerate returning to earn on shortage of fruit in States ’ [409, with. 40].

Table 3.8

Expression means kauziruemogo conditions in KK with make

Expression means Quantity of examples %
Adjective 33 33,3
Component of infinitive design Complex Object 24 24,2
Word-combination 24 24,2
Subordinate clause 12 12,1
Participle II 3 3,1
Adverb 3 3,1
In total 99 100

Verbs - components of design Complex Object (24,2 %), and also word-combinations with structure Adj + N, Adj + prep + N, N + prep+N, prep+N+of+N are less frequency: “It is such women as you that strew this degraded coast with wretched exiles, that make men forget their trusts” ‘ such women as you, cover

89 this degenerated coast unfortunate exiles that forces men to forget the promises ’ [409, with. 23]. In 12,1 % of examples KK with a verb make kauzirujushchee the condition is expressed by a subordinate clause:. but when I attempt a discourse the words come out as they will, and they may make sense when they strike the atmosphere, or they may not «‘.но when I try to have serious conversation, words take off, as it will like, and they get sense when rend the air, or do not get ’ [409, with. 78]. Kauzirujushchee the condition expressed by a participle II and an adverb, is presented by individual examples: The long-enduring people had determined to make their protest felt.'vynoslivye people have decided to give to the protest oshchutimost ’ [409, with. 215].

3.1.3

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A source: BESSONOV NIKITA JUREVICH. SEMANTIC OF CAUSATIVE VERBS OF THE LINKS IN DIFFERENT-STRUCTURED LANGUAGES (ON THE MATERIAL OF ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES). Theses for the degree of candidate of philological sciences. Tver - 2018. 2018

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