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2.3 Approaches to completion of states and the passage organisation To true service in customs

In the centralised state there was a question on personnel completion and a regulation of activity of customs. B.N.Florja who marked presence of a wide range of the subjects making fiscal taxation during the previous period became one of the most authoritative researchers in this area.

On private mytah they were collected by secular and spiritual feudal lords, on state - mytchiki and poshlinniki. «Who these persons were and on what conditions they acquired the right of gathering of trading duties we for XV - first half XVI century generally we have no data. The assumption of some researchers [S.B.Veselovsky, V.E.Syroechkovskogo], that, as well as kormlenshchiki, grand dukes sent for gathering of duties of the people -"lackeys"- now cannot be is supported,

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It is confuted ».

More definitely questions of personnel completion and a regulation of activity of customs can be opened from the moment of occurrence of practice of customs payoffs.

Payoff in Russia have appeared in the conditions of a mongolo-tatar yoke. Originally aggressors have tried to create in subject princedoms [226]

The own local administration headed baskakami. However this way has appeared expensive enough in this connection, already from the beginning of XIV century of a duty of gathering of a tribute and maintenance of order in Russian earths have been assigned to local princes. Was responsible for gathering of a tribute from all Russian earths one of the princes, appointed the khan "great" and a receiving corresponding label. Actually the grand duke turned in Supreme otkupshchika Russian earths, annually paying to the khan the established tribute collected from all Russian earths. The khan thus received only pure benefit, not spending means for the maintenance of local administrations and garrisons.

The activity mechanism otkupnyh customs was approximately same: the state not to bear expenses under the maintenance of customs offices, temporarily transferred the right of gathering of duties at the certain state auction to private persons under condition of payment of the determinate sum by them which could be brought as advance or as total payment. Other state gathering were transferred to a payoff - drinkable, bannyj, the traveller, bridge, etc. not only customs, but also

Customs a payoff have existed about three hundred years, about 1460th till 1763, value of this way of completion of the customs

Establishments it was at various times unequal: at separate stages it was the leader, on others was considered auxiliary, attempts of its full cancellation repeatedly became. At the same time it continued to exist in different political and historical conditions that allows to recognise as its important phenomenon in history of the Russian customs business. Its systematic studying will give the chance to understand better logic of development of customs system in the conditions of government centralisation.

The earliest case of historically confirmed customs payoff is dated the beginning of 1460th years. In one of reading and writing of the period of joint board of Vasily Ivanovicha of II Dark and Ivan Vasilevicha

III Great it was noticed, that Martyn Black and Gridja Ilyin «otkupili tamgu in Pereyaslavl in priests at Blagoveshchensk». Further B.N.Florja results a transfer case on a payoff in 1480th years veschej duties at the auction at Ivan-ON-opokah church, taking place after joining of Great Novgorod to the Moscow state [227 [228] [229] [230].

As was activity of the customs transferred to a payoff is organised, we with the big definiteness can to speak only since 1497 this year oldest of remained the Belozersky customs reading and writing is dated. The state, transferring to a customs payoff, has tried to establish legal frameworks of activity otkupshchikov. Means of it and

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Authorised customs reading and writing were.

Authorised customs reading and writing for otkupnyh customs substantially reminded the contract: the grand duke or the tsar, personally or in the name of the deputies, with another - otkupshchik or otkupshchiki on the one hand acted. Treaty provisions were defined by the state, and otkupshchik, accepting customs on a payoff, assigned to itself a duty to follow the established rules. The public relations connected with transfer of customs on a payoff, in particular, of a condition of a payoff (imprisonment terms and terminations of the contract, the size and an entering order otkupnoj the sums, the sizes of the customs duties and precepts - penal duties) were a subject of authorised customs reading and writing.

Payoff term was initially defined in one calendar year, proceeding from it, the sum brought for it paid off. Otkupshchik has been obliged two months prior to the term termination to declare, whether it is intended to continue the contract next year or wishes to refuse it, and if it of it not

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Did, the contract was considered automatically extended for one year.

The entering order otkupnyh money could be various. For example, the Belozersky authorised customs reading and writing of 1497 ordered otkupnuju the sum (120 rbl.) to bring in two steps with an interval in half a year: 60 rbl. on great meat zagovene (in December) and 60 rbl. in day of memory sacred reigning Konstantin and Elenas (in June). Further in most cases the sum should be brought at a time.

Questions of the internal organisation and practical activities otkupnyh authorised reading and writing yet did not regulate customs, but attempt officially has been made to fix the sizes of the duties levied from various kinds of the goods. Otkupshchiki should collect the customs duties according to the specifications fixed in the reading and writing.

The important source of replenishment of the income were penal duties - precepts which were high and were collected in equal proportions in favour of the state and otkupshchika. For example, at sale of a horse passing customs, i.e. without payment of the special duty - "stains", with guilty the penal duty - "propjatene" was collected. At cost of a horse in one rouble the stain constituted dengu (0,5 copeck), and propjatene was established in two roubles, one of which went to advantage otkupshchikov, the second - in favour of the Grand duke. At not authorised trade in any goods, passing the official auctions, both participants of the transaction - both the seller, and the buyer were punished: from each of them it was collected on two roubles, one went to advantage of the prince, another - in advantage otkupshchikov [231 [232].

Authorised customs reading and writing of the end XV - first half XVII century which were accepted for otkupnyh of customs, carried territorialnoorientirovannyj character: they regulated gathering at the separate auctions and operated within them. At the largest auctions more private differentiation practised also - here it was supposed

Transfer on a payoff not all auction as a whole, and only separate duties, that

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It was specially reserved in conditions.

Otkupshchikami could be as physical persons, more often representatives of a top of merchant class, and their organisation - merchant and spiritual corporations.

Among the spiritual corporations taking custom charges on a payoff, overwhelming majority constituted monasteries which were active managing subjects in the Middle Ages. Variety of authorised customs reading and writing XVI-XVII has remained the centuries testifying to those, how much often acted in a role customs otkupshchikov monasteries. For example, under the customs Vesegonsky reading and writing to a monastery located in Bezhetsk Top G orodetskogo of district, the right of gathering of the customs duties at the weekly auction in Vesi Egonsky [233 [234] [235] was given to Simonov. The similar privilege have received in 1602 Kirillo-Belozersky a monastery concerning the auction on Volochke Slovinsky [236 [237] [238], the Pesnoshsky monastery in 1621 concerning the auction in village Rogatchyov, Bezhetsky Antoniev a monastery in 1641 concerning the auction in with. A hill. This list can be continued.

Monasteries were in more exclusive position, rather than the others otkupshchiki: they received the auction in termless possession and

Should for it pay annually to the state a quitrent in the fixed size «without naddachi», all sums collected moreover went for own needs.

However for others otkupshchikov the payoff quite often turned to a serious burden: as the centralised state constantly lacked material means, there was a practice of annual increase otkupnyh the sums - "naddacha". The sum otkupnogo payment annually any way increased, thus in attention any real business factors - neither goods turnover volume, nor a rate of inflation were not accepted. In it it is possible to be convinced on an example of the Novgorod customs reading and writing of second half XVI century Of one of them it was said, that by transfer on a payoff of the rotary duty to Ivan Filatovu, it should collect «so much, how many and in previous» - «thirty five roubles seven three-copecks piece and four money», yes moreover «naddachi six rublev». The next year new otkupshchik, Ivan Mikheyev, has received the task to collect already «old forty one rouble seven three-copecks piece and four money» yes «naddachi thirty rublev». Total for one year the payoff sum has increased on 17 %, and for following - on 73 %.

The similar picture was observed and under other duties. So, in other Novgorod customs reading and writing accepted in the same 1587 and transferring to a payoff veschuju the duty at church of Ivan on Opokah, otkupshchiku it was recommended to collect for a year «old sixty six rublev six three-copecks piece and three money yes new naddachi forty rublev, and oboego old to a payoff with novoju naddacheju hundred six rublev six three-copecks piece yes three money» [239 [240]. Here we see growth of the sum of a payoff for one year on 66 %. Representation about that, how much it there was big money, gives such comparison: an annual payoff at the rural Sunday auction in with. Fedorovsky on river Kast close

Yaroslavl in 1595 constituted one and a half rouble, and it included all duties; at the rural Sunday auction in with. Rozhdestvennom in 1596 - two roubles [241 [242].

Practice naddach in the absence of guarantees of quiet economic development of the market interfered with excessive enrichment otkupshchikov, and sometimes led to their ruin when it was necessary to cover shortage at the expense of personal means. For this reason quite often there were situations when there were no the persons, wishing to take this or that auction on a payoff. In such cases the state practised transfer of customs on a payoff under compulsion. In particular, V.N.Zaharov results a similar example from history of Pskov where in 1634/1635 the custom charges were on a payoff at the Muscovite of the Luzhnitsky large village I.Skornjakova. Next year he from a payoff has refused, and in view of the considerable size otkupnoj the sums - 325 rbl. - to find new otkupshchika it has not turned out. Then this gathering has been transferred to a payoff to all posadu to which had to place money and to incur the further organisation of gathering [243].

Transfer of customs on a payoff was favourable to the state, however absence of the state control of activity otkupshchikov led to mass abusings of the last, especially if it there were representatives not local posadskogo the population, and people from the party. Though it was recommended otkupshchikam «sbirat under this authorised reading and writing wholly, and lishka it chrez the authorised reading and writing of any duties not imati» [244], overestimate of the customs duties in comparison with the sizes fixed in reading and writing often enough practised, any collectings of precepts took place. It was guilty in it not only an excessive self-interest

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otkupshchikov, but also the state, constants "naddachami" pushing on infringements.

In second half XVI centuries, in a course zemskoj Ivan Vasilevicha's IV reforms, have been created new type of customs offices - the customs log huts which were completed as the state duty posadskogo of the population which, unlike otkupnyh customs, were under the full control of the state.

Though true and otkupnye customs were under construction on essentially various organizational principles, it is possible to say that the Moscow state from the middle of XVI century aspired to sistemnosti in activity of customs. As first of all it the result (fixed, in advance the gathering determinate sum) from now on there are authorised reading and writing of universal character, suitable for a regulation of activity of customs, irrespective of an order of its completion in concrete year interested.

In authorised reading and writing of the subsequent period there was a similar verbal formula: «to take with the auction all customs duties... On the tsar of a sovereign on belief, in which year of whom in heads and in tselovalnikov will choose, and otkupshchikam, in which year a sovereign a capture on a payoff under this authorised reading and writing by what it is given [them] to former customs officers» orders.

In authorised customs reading and writing of new type the important information was located in the end of the document: from annual additions it is possible to learn, what order of completion of staff in this or that year was. So, tamga on the Trading party of Novgorod during the period with 1571 on 1584 gathered «for belief», that is, as the state duty, local residents appointed administration. In 1584 the petition from Afoni nefedeva from G orodishcha about transfer to it for a year on customs duties payoff in the Trading party of Novgorod has arrived. He promised to make same gathering,

As true customs officers last year - 311 roubles 12 three-copecks piece 4 money, yes to it gave naddachi ten roubles. However heads of five ends (administrative areas) Novgorod asked to leave this gathering on belief, promising to pay gathering of this year with the account naddachi, offered otkupshchikom. Thus, in the relation tamgi, the main trading duty, the true way of gathering in this case has affirmed.

And in the relation polavochnoj duties the situation has developed differently in August, 1577 it has been translated on belief. However next year this duty has been transferred to payoff Larionu Stepanovu Kokorju with a condition of payment to them of previous year gathering - 90 rbl. with naddachej - 20 rbl. more to Collect 110 rbl. it has appeared very uneasy and according to rules, two months prior to the payoff expiry of the term, he declared the refusal of a post otkupshchika. But as nobody was caused otkupit this gathering, Larion Stepans the truth, without new naddachi has been left for the second term. Two months prior to the expiration of the second year he declared again the refusal of a post. This time it was possible to find new otkupshchika - Ivan Timofeeva. pomjatuja as it is difficult to find otkupshchika, on new, 1580 it has been defined only two roubles naddachi, i.e. The payoff sum has constituted 112 rbl. Ivan Timofeev was soon convinced, that it to itself(himself) has defined a post enough hlopotnuju and two months prior to the expiry of the term declared the refusal. As nobody has wished to take gathering on a payoff, in 1581 it has been transferred to belief elective tselovalnikam which have collected only 29 rbl. 18 three-copecks piece and 5 money. Therefore when a year later, in 1582, there was a new candidate in otkupshchiki - Nechaj Osipov, the gathering sum has been considerably lowered - it should collect the sum of last gathering yes naddachi 1 rouble. A year later otkupshchikom there was Simeon Kostkin who should collect the sum

Previous year with naddachej 1 rbl. the Further additions to the reading and writing testify, that in 1585 gathering has been again transferred to belief.

From this example follows, that otkupnoj and true ways of completion of customs did not resist, and vzaimodopolnjali each other. Throwings from one organizational form to another testified to inability of the state to create universal, effectively

The customs working model.

In the middle of XVII century the strongly pronounced tendency to reduction of payoffs that spoke gradual strengthening is traced

The government on places.

Before everything, in 1654, by the All-Russia authorised customs reading and writing it has been cancelled otkupnoe the maintenance mytov, bridges and recarts where travellers of the duty were collected. In the reading and writing it was said, that «those otkupshchiki, enemies to the God and chelovekam., emljut from the goods proezzhuju the duty... Superfluous furtively, [than] pribytki to itself repair many» [245 [246] [247]. Such "villainy" has been specified to abolish and those travellers of the duty to include in the trading rouble duty.

In 1681 in short board of tsar Feodor Alekseevicha for the first time was

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The decree about full cancellation of customs payoffs is accepted. In this document it was specified, that otkupshchiki «its great sovereign to treasury repair much poruhu» in this connection all was recommended since September, 1st, 1681 otkupnye customs to translate on the true maintenance (Decree item 2). It was especially specified in debaring of monasteries to collect trading gathering for the needs (Decree item 12).

It would seem, on it it would be possible to consider history of customs payoffs finished, however in Peter I board they have been again restored in volosts and villages (decrees 1705-1708). It was recommended to give customs and drinkable gathering «eager kupetskim to people», and among them «to the one who to give begins more». Renewal of practice of payoffs in customs business spoke sharp requirement of the state for money in the conditions of war. Introduction of competitions should raise the state income. However merchants have been interested in returning of the means, and also in profit reception, therefore this innovation laid down additional burden on the people.

Interest of the government in long preservation of payoffs is quite clear - at return of gathering of duties on a payoff it not only got rid of expenses on the maintenance of the corresponding device, but also, that is the most important, «provided to itself possibility of the regular and guaranteed receipt at once large sums of money, after all in the country where the subsistence economy as a whole dominated, mobilisation of monetary resources always remained an acute problem». At the same time, aspiration to bjurokratizatsii the managements, expressed in true service, prevailed.

Transfer of customs not quite answered a payoff to idea of centralisation of management, after all questions of their internal organisation and functioning appeared nepodkontrolny to the state. The exception constituted only one direction of their activity - delivery otkupnyh the sums. Therefore, despite many benefits which transfer of customs on a payoff had for the state, in XVI century work on creation of essentially new model of customs - a customs log hut which would be subordinated the central power in all directions of activity was led. Personnel completion of such [248 [249] customs as the state had no means for the maintenance of constant staff of attendants became enough challenge in this connection. The establishment of true service in departure of the state posts on the places, entered during reform of local management in 1550th became way of the decision of a personnel problem He assumed realisation of the majority of posts in system of local management of representatives of local population as the state duty «on belief», that is on a gratuitous basis, during certain term - one year. Introduction of such approach has allowed the state constantly lacking money, to create effective enough the then the device of local management, not putting in it means from the budget.

Otkupnoe the maintenance of customs and true service in most cases organically supplemented each other. There were many transitive variants, especially at the first stage of carrying out zemskoj reforms, during the period with 1551 on 1555 Such transitive variant practice of compulsory payoffs, in particular, was. For example, A.L.Horoshkevich in the course of studying of class structure of attendants of Turchasovsky customs as of the middle of 1550th years marked presence 49 otkupshchikov from among local posadskogo the population [250 [251]. The similar picture can be observed and in the Dvinsky customs reading and writing of 1560 where the group "dvinjan" from 48 persons was mentioned. Presence of such significant amount otkupshchikov from local residents meant, that the duty of gathering of the customs duties has been actually assigned on posad. Practice of compulsory payoffs was not limited to XVI century, in special cases it was applied and during more later time. Century N. Zaharov gives an example transfer into a compulsory payoff of Pskov in 1634-1635 [252 [253] [254].

One of the earliest mentions of "true customs officers» concerns 1551 In the Belozersky customs reading and writing accepted in specified year is spoken about transfer of the most important customs duties for gathering to a group of persons consisting of 2 "Muscovites" and 20 "belozertsev". These persons were not otkupshchikami, and have been appointed for gathering of duties by the central power, at the introduction into a post they made oath and kissed

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Cross.

In initial model of true service of officials of local administration representatives of the central power appointed. In particular, in annual additions to the Novgorod customs reading and writing of 1571 the formula «tsarevy is fixed and the grand duke clerks have ordered to take on belief tamgu and all customs duties [such]» [255], repeating with 1571 for 1585 However in later model of true service instead of appointment tselovalnikov representatives of the central administration the elective order of employment of posts when tselovalnikov selected posadskoe the population gradually has affirmed.

A.A.Zimin in one of the works noticed, that «having transferred gathering of duties in hands elective from communities, the government has assigned to them a duty to pay in treasury those sums which to it guaranteed earlier otkupshchiki. In a case of a shortage it was recommended to them« razvedchi on itself, that money of a half-thread from itself »[256]. And as the majority of private soldiers customs tselovalnikov there were not rich merchants, and simple townspeople, the missing sum was compensated by all community, actually having turned in the subsidiary debtor under the given obligation. That fact, that posadskie communities in many cases meaningly went on losses, shows their preference of a true way of completion of customs otkupnomu.

It is visible, in particular, from an addition to the Novgorod customs reading and writing of 1571 dated on 1583 There is said, that to the tsar merchant Afonja nefedev from the Site of ancient settlement with the request for transfer asked humbly it on a payoff tamgi in the Trading party of Novgorod with naddachej 10 rbl. over previous year gathering. In the answer of the head of five ends of Novgorod preservations of true service at customs have applied, having promised to provide to treasury

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Specified naddachu.

Customs attendants of true customs were selected from among representatives posadskogo the population. G.K.Kotoshihin wrote, that «in all cities posadskie people are arranged by large villages and happen suitably vybirany in imperial services in true heads and tselovalniki» [257 [258].

The organisation of elections of customs officers in XVI century was carried out zemsky by the head, and in XVII century - voevoda. Election returns of true customs officers were protocoled: sushchestvovoval a special kind of accounting documents of local administration - «a choice on a head and tselovalnikov». It was assured by signatures of voters - inhabitants posada which bore the subsidiary liability for the candidates: in case of a shortage of duties they could be involved by true customs officers in payment of not gathered additionally sum [259].

Election returns were informed to Moscow in supervising order of a territorial administration: «And as true (behind the oath) a head and tselovalnikov to gosudarevu to a God kissing you will result, and the customs duties and kabatskie money uchnut sbirat on a sovereign - and you about that otpisal and a choice behind hands and kabatskomu to any factory a list has sent to Moscow in the order» [260].

High demands were made to personal qualities of candidates. So, in the reading and writing of tsar Alexey Mihajlovicha Uglichskomu voevode it was recommended «to choose one person best and truthful, prosperous, which there would be any auctions and crafts, and customs, and kabatskie gathering for custom» [261 [262].

The information on means of maintenance of office discipline has during this period fragmentary enough character. It is known, that the considerable role in it was initially taken away to means moralnoreligioznogo influences, major of which was krestotselovanie. From the moment of occurrence of regular public service in all spheres adjuration was accompanied by a church ceremony of a kissing of a cross why also jury attendants of customs were called during this period tselovalnikami. On rezultatm elections new structure of attendants swore in - «krestoprivodnoj records» with which text it is possible to familiarise in the Appendix of 1 present dissertation.

At the first stage the introduction into a post true customs officers in the presence of voters made oath that will collect diligently and disinterestedly customs and kabatskuju profit, not to lend to anybody customs and kabatskie incomes, not to give «voevodam and to mandative people in

Honour and in a promise of money from a tavern, wine and honey and from medvjanyh rates to wax and

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Other anything ».

Besides it, it was recommended to them by custom charges «not korystovatsja, on the expenses and on trade gosudarevyh money to itself not imat and to give to nobody, superfluous money not sbirat» [263]. To refuse conducting own business for execution of true service - «the promise was especially fixed to the crafts and behind the auction not to go, and to be incessantly at customs and kabatskogo gathering». From this it is visible, that the true service was enough a burdensome duty, especially recognising that it was not paid by the state.

At the second stage of the introduction into a post true customs officers got acquainted with the maintenance of the authorised customs reading and writing of the customs about what the corresponding addition to the text became. It has kept for us the unique information on personal structure of the persons sending customs posts, and their class accessory - for example, from additions to one of the Novgorod customs reading and writing, given out on March, 17th, 1571, it is possible to learn names of all true customs officers who were carrying out powers in action of the reading and writing with 1571 on 1585 [264 [265] [266] [267].

At the third stage of the introduction into a post the new structure of attendants accepted at replaced tselovalnikov customs property. From donoshenija voevody in supervising order it is possible to learn, how it occurred: «Ordered new to a head and tselovalnikam about gathering of our Great Sovereign of customs treasury to give the authorised reading and writing and from the new trading charter the list, and others ukaznye to memory, and terezi, and weights, both veschy kontar, and pjatennye tubes, both grain measures, and a customs log hut with any factory - all is available, and in that it between itself ordered rospisatsja».

The aggregate term of discharge of duties of customs attendants at a true way of completion of customs constituted one year, and in XVI century date of the introduction of true customs officers in a post could vary, but gradually by XVII century term with 1 has everywhere affirmed

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September of one year on September, 1st of the following. In a special mode customs of fairs, especially seasonal nature fairs functioned. Such fair, in particular, was Arkhangelsk, in unique sea port of Russia of end XVI-XVII century the Customs here functioned some months in a year in navigation - from May till September.

Originally (in 1550-1560th years) all true customs officers concerned a category tselovalnikov, there was a post of the true head of customs - customs a head a little bit later. One of the first mentions of this post has remained in the text of the authorised customs reading and writing of Great Novgorod accepted in 1571 In it the boyar and the Novgorod deputy was recommended «in gosudarevoj oprichnine on the Trading party brati tamgu and all customs duties to visitors and merchants Moscow and Novgorod on a sovereign of the tsar on belief, in which year of whom in heads... Will choose» [268 [269] [270]. From this citation it is visible, that customs a head it was appointed administration, it is primary it did not depend from posada that is why could belong as to the Novgorod merchant class, and Moscow. A.I.Shemjakin considers, that «on imperial command the most visible visitors [271 [272] divided among themselves sequence of state services for some years forward, strictly it observing». From their number the imperial decree appointed customs heads in customs of the largest trading cities of Russia - Moscow, Arkhangelsk Astrakhan, Kazan, Nizhni Novgorod.

There was a practice prisylki on the major auctions of customs goals of other cities that should prevent abusings, in particular, arrangements tselovalnikov with local merchant class. So, in 1623 to Pskov as customs goals of customs and kabatskogo a court yard from Novgorod cheti people Makariy Venevetinov yes Savva Dubensky »have been directed« muromtsy posadskie. As new customs heads in Pskov were nonresident, it was recommended to local administration «court yard customs and kabatskomu to heads dati kind, close customs, gostinogo and monetary court yard and taverns that it, being in stojane at our business, in domestic stojani nuzhi was not» [273 [274].

Customs heads supervised activity tselovalnikov, however could be made accountable for a shortage of duties on a level with them.

As it was already mentioned, the most important customs were headed not by simple merchants, and representatives of elite of merchants - visitors who differed from the rest posadskogo the population not only trade volumes, but also a way of life. According to V.B.Perhavko, in the Moscow state there was a practice of the invitation of visitors for smart dinners to the patriarch and the tsar (in particular, in board of tsar Michael Romanov and patriarch Philaret).

For this reason, if during any moment the concrete customs was headed by the representative of corporation of visitors, in diplomas it appeared as the visitor, instead of as customs a head. Item 1 Novotorgovogo of the charter (1667) directly fixed a rule of appointment of visitors on the higher posts of customs attendants in the Arkhangelsk customs - «on Dvina at the Arkhangelsk city in customs byti on jarmanke to the visitor with companions», and as follows from item 8 context, the visitor was

The representative of the Moscow merchant class. The big customs in Moscow

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Also the visitor traditionally headed.

On the basis of sources of B.N.Florja accessible to it has drawn a conclusion, that the majority of customs goals-inogorodtsev were representatives of exclusive merchant corporations of Moscow - visitors, a hundred drawing room, surozhan: «It is impossible to consider casual, that, possibly, considerable enough group of customs goals belonged to a top of capital merchant class. It were representatives of the same social stratum who in first half XVI century co-operated with the government at a capture of payoffs... Given to visitors and members of other merchant organisations the special rights and the privileges allocating them from rests posadskogo the population of the country, have been connected with necessity to bear defined« services »in favour of the state, and hardly probable not from them the service in the financial device» was main just.

At the same time, at less significant auctions by customs heads there were representatives of local merchant class, and sometimes sluzhilye and even simple posadskie people. V.N.Glazyev notices, that in the Voronezh customs in 1640-1670th years sons seigniorial »were customs heads«, that, in its opinion, spoke weakness local posada [275 [276] [277] [278]. Thus, the social accessory of goals and tselovalnikov depended on many factors - volume of goods turnover, affinity to traditional shopping centres, time of the basis of concrete settlement, a social composition of the population of a city and nearby territories, etc.

As it was already mentioned, the true service in customs was serious test not only because customs officers carried out the duties gratuitously, not leading in service the own craft but also because true customs officers were duties materially responsible for gathering - «a shortage of the customs duties, that at them before former in a shortage will be years, a sovereign on them twice» orders to take. The reading and writing which has been given out after hundred years after quoted, spends the same thought: « And to customs heads and tselovalnikam henceforth the customs duties to order sbirat before the present years with profit that in custom charges of a great sovereign to treasury there was many replenishment... And their court yard and stomachs and crafts are taken will be in payment of not gathered additionally customs money ». In case of absence at true customs officers of necessary means, to them painful procedure pravezha, known since times of mongolo-Tatars was applied: put on pravezh the poor debtor within one month daily caned on calves of feet. Such prospect, certainly, scarecrows of true customs officers why private overestimate of customs payments was constant practice. Actually, the state pushed with the rigid repressive policy them on abusings.

According to I.D.Beljaeva, the researcher of traditions of self-management in the Russian public life, «elective to itself ruin only waited, for imperial disgrace and otnjatija property on a sovereign in case of shortages; and therefore cared of benefits of the society which have selected them not so much, how many about that not to get to a trouble and not to lose the own

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Property ».

In 1653-1667 there passed customs reform of tsar Alexey Mihajlovicha in which course customs taxation within all state has been unified, the uniform system of measures is created, there is begun destruction of payoffs. Preparation of customs reform on time has coincided [279 [280] [281] with acceptance Cathedral ulozhenija 1649, therefore acts of times of reform and poreformennogo the period have been developed on qualitative higher level.

The nominal decree of 1673 supposed for the first time a shortage of custom charges in comparison with planned targets. However, investigation of the reasons was in that case spent - absence of "larceny" (assignment of the state sums), "cunnings" (understating in coordination with the proprietor of the goods of its customs cost for reduction of the size of duties), "ponorovki" (infringements in interests of merchants of rules of conducting customs books and periods of storage of the goods), "neradenija" (default or poor-quality discharge of duties) [282 [283] was checked. On all these suspicions it was recommended «investigations syskivat firmly and who is possible to torture, pytati». If in the course of trial of fault of customs officers it was not found out, the shortage of duties on them was not collected.

From this it is visible, how much heavy burden for posadskih people and merchant class was attraction on true customs service. Not only that they had no possibility during service to lead the crafts so in addition could lose all or a property part. In maintenance of office discipline rigid compulsion, constant threat of reprisal from the state, and in the long term prevailed and threat of divine anger - «kljatvoprestupniki in a hell the heated frying pans lick».

The truth in poreformennyj the period has been made for the first time attempt

To enter an element of encouragement for diligent attendants at "device"

Duties (overfulfillment of the planned sum) to create and positive stimulus to

To diligent discharge of duties - caused a stir customs attendants have started to favour imperial gifts. G.K.Kotoshihin wrote: «And which person the visitor and the trading person, being in golovstve in customs and at other gathering in which year year before a year of treasury will collect more, and the praise happens it for that service from the tsar, and there is it a salary, on a cup or on a ladle silver, yes on cloth, yes on kamke; and to their companions tselovalnikam on a ladle silver, yes on cloth and on a taffeta, depending on profit and the person» [284 [285].

A.I.Shemjakin results the memory text postelnichemu to G.I.Golovkin about grant of dignity Yaroslavl customs to a head to Stepan Kuimovu «for the device of the customs duties» in 1689 «gosudarskogo salaries kamki

291

karmazinu ten arshin ».

Some of imperial gifts can be seen and today - quite often customs to a head it was handed over silver, and sometimes and the gilt ladle with nagradnoj an engraving. For example, the silver ladles welcomed to visitor Ivan Gurjev for service in the Moscow customs in 1676 are stored in the Armory Museum of the Moscow Kremlin, to a member of the Drawing room of hundred Filatu Hlebnikovu for profit at gathering kabatskih and customs money in Perm, Solikamsk and CHerdyni in 1698 On these ladles corresponding inscriptions [286 [287] are engraved. In a collection of the State historical museum and the Armory Museum has remained over thirty such ladles which were standing out in 1680-1690th years. Besides, there is an information on the rewardings which have remained in other collections [288]. The weight of these ladles was considerable, value high, but there is a question, whether it is possible to consider such rewarding by material encouragement? Already one that these ladles are now presented in one state storehouse, testifies, that encouragement it had personal character and after death awarded the ladle should be returned in treasury. Thus, and such encouragements do not allow to say, that the office discipline in customs was provided not only reprisal threats, but also a material interest of attendants.

In general, speaking about stimulants of diligent service in true customs, it is necessary to notice, that repressive methods obviously prevailed. In one of imperial reading and writing of XVII century it has been written down: «And to heads and tselovalnikam for their larceny to be in a death penalty without any mercy and who such thieves to that business will choose, to those elective people it will be made

295

Punishment on rozyskaniju ».

Thus, in the Moscow centralised state in second half XVI century for the first time there was a customs service as a special kind of the state activity. During this period it was carried out on a gratuitous basis as one of duties posadskogo the population. All was involved in its practical realisation not posadskoe the population, and, first of all, its top as rigid enough demands were made to candidates-they should be orderly",« are not inclined to pitiju », are fair. Besides it, they should possess a certain property condition which would give the chance to them to serve the whole year on a gratuitous basis, and, in case of a shortage of payments, to compensate this property a shortage. Therefore at selection of candidates the priority was given to representatives of merchant class, is on occasion exclusive to representatives of corporation of visitors. Originally to posts could be appointed both competent, and illiterate inhabitants posadov, but in process of growth of office-work the literacy requirement in large customs becomes obligatory. [289]

Introduction of a true way of completion of customs has allowed the state to create alternative otkupnym to customs which functioned without the direct state control. It gives the basis to speak about origin in the Moscow centralised state of customs service as services state. True customs officers by the position actually already were officials of the lowest link of a finance administration.

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A source: BALKOVAJA Valentina Grigorevna. CUSTOMS SERVICE In the CONTROL SYSTEM of the RUSSIAN STATE (XVI-XVIII centuries): ISTORIKO-LEGAL ASPECT. The DISSERTATION on competition of a scientific degree of the doctor of juridical science. Moscow - 2017. 2017

More on topic 2.3 Approaches to completion of states and the passage organisation To true service in customs:

  1. 3.3. Approaches to completion of states and the organisation of passage of regular service in customs of Russian empire
  2. legal regulation of passage of customs service by employees and federal civil servants of customs bodies of the Russian Federation.
  3. 1.1. Customs service as a component of customs business The states
  4. concept of customs service of the Russian Federation as special kind of public service.
  5. § 3. An order of passage of public service and legal guarantees of office career
  6. § 2. Crimes against an order of passage of military service
  7. 3.3.1 Approaches to substantial filling of the agreement between the Customs union and EU in the field of customs cooperation
  8. problems of passage of public service, introduction of system of an estimation and career planning of civil servants
  9. Chapter 2. Special questions of passage of the municipal service, caused by its public character
  10. THE CHAPTER III. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PASSAGE OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND THE PROBLEM OF ITS STANDARD LEGAL MAINTENANCE
  11. 2.1. Legal maintenance of principles of activity of customs service of the Russian Federation.
  12. 2.1. A place of customs service in systems central and local Managements
  13. THE CHAPTER II. THE CONDITION AND PROSPECTS OF PERFECTION OF IS ADMINISTRATIVE-LEGAL REGULATION OF THE MECHANISM OF PERSONNEL MAINTENANCE FEDERAL kontrolnonadzornyh ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF PASSAGE OF THE STATE CIVIL SERVICE
  14. 3.3.2 Approaches to substantial filling of the agreement between Russia and EU in the field of customs cooperation
  15. 3.1. Changes in the departmental organisation of customs business
  16. Chapter 1. The teoretiko-historical bases of customs service of Russia
  17. Chapter 2. Organizational formation of customs service In the Moscow state
  18. § 1. Legal regulation of the organisation and activity of customs bodies in the Russian Federation
  19. Chapter 3. Development of customs service in the conditions of formation Russian empire
  20. the CHAPTER II LEGAL BASES of ACTIVITY of CUSTOMS SERVICE of the RUSSIAN FEDERATION