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a legal basis of activity of the case in mobilisation And a wartime

C the purpose of comprehensive investigation of spheres of legal regulation of activity of boundary guards studies the legal acts reflecting the basic campaigns to management by boundary guards in mobilisation and in the conditions of war, the problematics of definition of the legal status of boundary parts and divisions on a battlefield is investigated.

Participation of ranks of boundary guards in wars of the beginning of the XX-th century had rather specific character. Frontier guards accepted active participation in operations both outside of Russian empire, and on its borders. The main destination of ranks OKPS on war has been connected with conducting razvedyvatelno-diversionary work, protection of strategic objects (KVZHD) or the border. Parts and the divisions of boundary guards betrayed in submission to military command, were used at the discretion of the last.

Activity of frontier guards in the conditions of mobilisation and war has been sufficiently regulated. On overland borders ranks OKPS or continued to bear boundary service, or were consolidated in hundreds (roty), and on sea borders were immediately meted on observant пунктах1. With the announcement of mobilisation or at sudden assault of the opponent of part OKPS immediately started the mobilisation. According to requirements of existing instructions under the guidance of commanders of boundary brigades boundary parts and divisions arrived in the full order of corresponding military command.

Staff of boundary hundreds provided four officer posts (in divisions of Transcaucasia and Central Asia it was necessary on one officer more) and certain quantity of posts of the bottom ranks. So, the horse one hundred consisted of 114 front posts of the bottom ranks and eight not front (only 122). From them 109 obezdchikov, from which one post of the senior vahmistra, 4 posts platoon (younger vahmistry), 7 younger corporals, 8 corporals, 89 private soldiers, and also 5 policemen. Not front posts included the clerk, medical and veterinary medical assistants, 2 oboznyh private soldiers. The last carried out duties of the cook and the baker.

On caucasus and in Central Asia number of private soldiers in platoons could fluctuate depending on regular structure of horses of each department. The lack of medical medical assistants replenished with well trained medical assistant's pupils [279 [280] [281].

Staff of formed pedestrian hundreds OKPS differed a little and depended on degree sformirovannosti horse hundreds. So, number of younger officers could constitute two and more officers. Front posts of the bottom ranks totaled about 210 ranks. If ranks was more than 210 staff provided additional posts of younger corporals and

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oboznyh private soldiers.

On May, 1st, 1912 Nikolay II has approved «Instructions the commander of armies of districts on a case of war with the Tripartite alliance countries», 7 military districts providing transformation to 7 armies. It was supposed, that 79 horse and 79 pedestrian hundreds boundary guards structurally will enter into field connections and parts 1. So, 1st army was formed of Vilensky military district. Under plans of military command the boundary guards as a part of this district should

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To form 13 horse and 16 pedestrian hundreds.

To regulation of activity of ranks OKPS at coast of the seas and other reservoirs located in boundary space of empire, special significance was attached. On June, 2nd, 1900 the commander of the case the general from artillery A.D. Svininym under a signature stamp the Instruction to points of near supervision (further - the Instruction on supervision) "rather confidentially" has been accepted. This instruction reflected experience of application of boundary guards in East and Russian-Turkish wars, and also considered mobilisation mission of the case.

According to the Instruction on supervision in a coastal strip of district ranks OKPS should carry out «continuous supervision of the strip of water space nearest to coast, watch enemy vessels appearing there and boats and to deliver, where

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It will be specified, exact and full data on their actions and intentions ». Simultaneously with it on observation posts the duty under the control over inhabitants of coastal territory, hindrance of their contacts to representatives of foreign vessels, performance was assigned

Counterdiversionary functions: protection of beacons, tracks of [282 [283] messages and the cable lines which are passing along a shore from attempts of "small parties of the enemy».

The service on points was organised by appointment of posts (sentries) proceeding from available forces: the pedestrian policemen and horse obezdchikov. Distribution of military men on posts was carried out in regular intervals and serially, not less than three persons in each turn. On each post one sentry - the armed bottom rank which change was made without planting each two hours as in day, and was exposed at night. Other ranks of turn were or on a cordon, or indoors, near to the sentry.

Active supervision was spent both at threat, and at direct contact with the opponent. At an equal parity of forces frontier guards should were is reserved to steal up to the enemy and to destroy it. In case of considerable overweight of the opponent in force it was required to try to prevent the further advancement of the opponent by fire, anyway not to miss the enemy from виду1.

Duties of sentries included supervision overseas and coast, including sites of the next points. For giving of signals to the next points near to the sentry the mast for vodruzhenija alarm flags was established. Secretly from strangers also the arch of alarm designations in the same place was stored.

At detection of enemy vessels ranks on observation posts had to strengthen vigilance. In similar situations absences of the bottom ranks in the nearest settlements were forbidden, and to the aid of the sentry was sent armed "podchasok" which after the change termination became the sentry.

All facts from occurrence of the and enemy vessels before departure and returning of working boats were brought in postovoj magazine which was led by the senior in each observation post. The magazine form represented the table of three columns. Year, month and finding number were brought in the first on hours or dispatches and returnings of travel (patrol). In the second it was specified ranks names and surnames of sentries (patrol or travel structure). In the third the result of supervision registered. In the same magazine by the sentry of conventional signs (a voice, a whistle, a ring cases of giving were brought in a bell) and circumstances of a different sort of reports.

Drawing up of reports on incidents in absence of the officer were a duty of the senior on point. Requirements to the report were simple: brevity and clearness. It contains data on actions of the enemy and its vessels, it should is obligatory to have number of point and time of its departure. In special cases it was authorised to bring in data reports «... About wreck of the vessel, damage on it of the car and impossibility to continue a way, about indignation or an attack of inhabitants, etc.» [284 [285]

Ranks OKPS on observation posts were in submission of chiefs of observant sites - officers OKPS whom all reports were delivered by horse obezdchikami. The Most important reports on actions of the enemy and its vessels by means of telegraph went to the chief of a site of defence. Thus application of means of communication in the beginning of the XX-th century had no universal character though admitted heads of the case necessary.

Efficiency of introduction in action of the Instruction on supervision is confirmed with results of landing maneuvers at coast of Black sea, spent in September, 1908 with parts of the Odessa military district with the assistance of Crimean brigade OKPS. According to general N.K.Kononova, «.zavedennoe the commander of a brigade daily supervision by persons on duty over all passing military ships and the immediate report on their passage, long before time of maneuvers, has learnt to notice in due time the bottom ranks occurrence of vessels, to understand their versions and has accustomed to technics of reports» 1.

Lacks of the supervision organisation first of all have been connected with imperfection of a communication system. On all shore some posts (mainly officer) have been connected by the governmental telegraph, them ukomplektovannost seldom constituted more than 4 persons (at distance between posts more than 14-15 versts). Thus telecommunication practically was not. According to general N.K.Kononova, it reduced prospecting possibilities of guards: «... Valuable ability of boundary guards to observe by sea, can not benefit at all, in a kind of impossibility or inopportuneness of delivery of reports» [286 [287] [288].

At occurrence of the enemy or reception of data on its approach fire cultivation on coast, start of alarm means on distance of 10 versts along coast was forbidden. In all cases of occurrence of the enemy and obvious disobedience to legal requirements of frontier guards, and also at attempts of local residents to get to the enemy it was authorised to apply

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The weapon.

Serious influence on mobilisation work in OKPS was rendered by the Russian-Japanese war (1904-1905). In the conditions of war of a part and division of Zaamursky district OKPS were considered by the government supreme bodies as a component of armed forces of empire in the Far East. Strategic planning supposed to assign protection of the major communications of army back to armies of Zaamursky district. Taking into account it the district staff had been developed «the Instruction zaamurtsa» 1, representing the instruction for the bottom ranks on actions in fighting conditions.

On March, 7th, 1903 Nikolay II has approved «Position about the rights of Commanders of armies of Priamursky military district and Kvantunsky area under the relation of armies of Zaamursky district OKPS» which ordered for «... Establishments of probably full unity of service and combat training of all armies which are in the Far East, armies of Zaamursky district OKPS concerning their front training and appropriate readiness for performance assigned to them in a wartime of fighting problems, consist under the authority of Commanders of armies of Priamursky district and Kvantunsky area from whom the Chief of Zaamursky district receives respective instructions on this» 2.

This legal act gave the right to military command in the Far East to check level of drill, discipline, a military order and fighting supply of armies of Zaamursky district OKPS which in case of declaration of war arrived in the order of the commander of armies in the Far East.

Activity of ranks OKPS on KVZHD in the XX-th century beginning has been connected with constant threats and reflexion of armed attacks on objects and a roadbed of gangster formations hunhuzov and the Japanese diversionary groups. In the memoirs on 1904 the chief of a staff of 3rd Zaamursky brigade OKPS general A.I.Denikin marked: «Service heavy and disturbing; today each rank in a current of 8 hours patrols along a way, tomorrow 8 hours cost on a post. Special skill is necessary to distinguish, who passes on road - the peace Chinese or idle time“ manza ”- working, hunhuz and the Chinese soldier are dressed absolutely equally. Defensive barracks on our line hunhuzy attacked seldom. But there were [289 [290] [291] cases, that posts simply cut out... Did not pass also weeks that there was no attempt at a track» 1.

Maintenance of uninterrupted movement of military echelons which has been almost entirely assigned to Zaamursky district was one of mainstreams of activity OKPS on KVZHD. Only small army support was thus supposed. Some researchers [292 [293] [294] specify, that along a trunk-railway forces of Zaamursky district OKPS exposed sentries and patrol was carried out, other actions it was not provided.

At the same time, our research shows, that during war with Japan frontier guards participated in vanguard and arergardnye fights, carried out a role of assault parts, carried out prospecting, diversionary and counterdiversionary activity. So, the petition of general N.M.Chichagova before military command about allocation of money resources for investigation carrying out in Mongolia was one of primary measures on maintenance of safety KVZHD. Fruits of this activity have been reflected in the confidential report of the chief of district addressed to chief OKPS in October, 1905: « The arrest case in Mongolia zaamurskim travel, almost in the beginning of war, the Japanese officers going with a blasting material to the big bridge through river Nonii, has confirmed fears into the account of plans of Japan to use neutral Mongolia for attempts at the railway and has forced to lead investigation in Mongolia in the most vigorous image. Thanks to released the former deputy and general Kuropatkinym to means, was possibility to undertake variety of measures, for supervision over activity of Japanese, over orders of the Chinese government, over mood of the population in Mongolia and so forth »

The important role frontier guards and in defence of Port Arthur have played. For example, summary Zaamursky group (21st and 36th roty) under command of lieutenant colonel P.D.Butusov «... It was used as assault division and for investigation conducting.» 1

Their division into groups for performance of separate diversionno-prospecting tasks was feature of special spot-checks of groups of boundary guards on backs of the opponent. So, from May, 18 till May, 20th, 1904 by one of groups for the purpose of investigation it is carried out 50-verstnyj transition from n.p. Houana to n.p. Hamzyncha. Spot-check establishes absence of the enemy on pass Hongorvenga Okimov, the big stocks of the materials used by the opponent for repairing of the spoilt cable line [295 [296] [297] are destroyed.

For the purpose of fixing of a military information and features of surrounding conditions records in special magazine were made. So, on May, 29th, 1904 it was fixed: whether «.dlja razuznanija there is a group of colonel Madrinova in CHongchzhin and whether the city is occupied by the Japanese armies since at night 28 heard remote gun shoot, travel of 47 hundred staff - captain Levitsky with the order is sent to reconnoiter a city».

During war miscalculations and lacks have been opened

Mobilisation planning that has caused carrying out of military reform (1905-1912). Within the limits of reform the territorial system of acquisition of armies has been entered, new programs of preparation in military schools are accepted, and financial security has improved.

Experience of application of forces and means OKPS in the conditions of operations has allowed to correct mobilisation mission of the case. For example, the commander of the Warsaw military district in case of the announcement of Russia of war assigned following problems to brigades of 3rd district OKPS: to strengthen border protection, to prevent penetration on territory of empire of spies of investigation and diversionary groups of the enemy, and also not to admit withdrawal from territory of Russia of horses. Requirements on improvement of an arrangement of boundary divisions concerning prospecting possibilities (an exit from woody and marshy areas, employment of favourable observation posts, reduction of a line of supervision abroad) 1 in the same place contained.

Transfer of orders about mobilisation was accurately regulated. All began with the Highest decision on mobilisation which appeared ministers (the military man, sea and internal affairs) and was carried out without expectation of Decree Pravitelstvushchego of the senate (Charter item 272 about a compulsory military service of 1897).

Lists of notified persons and establishments (the military, sea ministries, internal affairs, the finance and means of communication), coming under to the notification, were reduced in special sheets to points where there were the military and civil authorities which are coming under to the notification in case of the announcement of mobilisation. These sheets were annually specified depending on dislokatsionnyh changes and is administrative-regular transformations. The corrected sheets the order of military-district staffs

Were reprinted, and after January, 1st were dispatched.

In OKPS correspondence with military-district staffs was carried out by chiefs of staffs of boundary districts and a case staff. In the end of a year they directed to corresponding military-district staffs second copies of sheets with instructions (red ink) all subsequent changes within a year. The corrected and reprinted copies came back to frontier guards: one in staff OKPS, others two in corresponding staffs of boundary districts [298 [299].

At reception of the corrected sheet boundary districts prepared and sent extracts in brigades and special departments. Legal regulation limits were defined by practical consideration, including through realisation and approbation of mobilisation legal documents (manuals, plans, orders), carrying out of verifying mobilisation, etc. Such checks allowed to elicit the facts of absence of readiness of parts and divisions of boundary guards to war.

On December, 31st, 1909 Position about the organisation and service OKPS in a wartime »(further - Position) has been installed«. According to this legal act the supervising role on preparation OKPS for mobilisation was taken away to the chief of boundary guards. From the moment of the announcement of mobilisation or with the beginning of operations of part OKPS passed in full conducting military department and arrived in unconditional submission to corresponding military chiefs. In case of sudden assault of a part and the divisions of the case located along border of the state - of an aggressor, passed in submission of military department. So, on mobilisation receipt of vessels of flotilla OKPS (with mechanical engines) in the order of sea department, including officers and the bottom ranks of these vessels (Position item 3) was provided.

The essence of mobilisation OKPS consisted in arms and supply of all ranks by regimentals and equipment according to wartime requirements. Staffs and commands were disbanded, however the part of their staff could be transferred in military department. The bottom ranks of the disbanded staffs of districts, brigades and departments, medical and veterinary infirmaries and branches were meted on mobilizuemym to hundreds or had special mission (the medical assistant, clerks, etc.).

By position (item 6) it was established, that at mobilisation of overland brigades OKPS separate horse and pedestrian hundreds, and in sea brigades and special departments - the pedestrian hundreds and separate horse commands were created.

After the announcement of mobilisation staffs of districts and brigades OKPS were disbanded, and officers of staffs went to horse and pedestrian hundreds. Chiefs of departments of boundary brigades had envelopes of red colour with an inscription «to Open in case of the mobilisation announcement» 1. In them concrete instructions about an operations procedure with the beginning of the mobilisation period or military actions contained.

As management to actions on preparation of mobilisation plans the above-stated Position, and also the data informed voennookruzhnymi by staffs about military heads served, in submission which, fighting problems of formed hundreds and commands, about an order of holiday and the reporting of a monetary and other contentment concrete parts OKPS were transferred to a wartime, and also data about rekvizitsionnyh areas. Plans for mobilisation considered also missions of generals, a staff - and ober - officers, medical and veterinary surgeons, other class ranks of the case which were not a part of formed hundreds and commands [300 [301].

Mobilisation plans were constituted in each district, a brigade, a department, group, a cruiser, a separate command and a medical institution. Plans included sheets about number and part alertness, mobilisation notes with appendices, mobilisation diaries and instructions, requirements and other papers which at mobilisation came under to delivery or departure.

Preparation of mobilisation plans was carried out by chiefs of staffs and commanders of parts. According to Position item 12 mobilisation plans of a staff of district, a brigade or a special department came under to the statement chiefs of boundary districts. Storage of mobilisation plans was carried out by confidential order. On mobdokumentah the inscription «On mobilisation» was made.

Separate researches testify that besides mobilisation plans in boundary districts Reasons about actions of brigades of districts in case of war »[302] prepared«. These certificates subscribed chiefs of districts OKPS and staffs of military districts. Reasons were constituted in strict conformity with requirements and instructions of commanders of armies of military districts. According to them mobilisation notes of brigades prepared.

The analysis of Position and the project confidential «Manuals for mobilisation of parts OKPS», the case developed by a staff in 1911 (further - Manual), has shown absence of any references to interdepartmental and departmental regulatory legal acts in the form of "Reasons".

Manual consisted of twelve departments, the list of written data and documents, obligatory at working off of mobilisation plans, and also four appendices with concrete forms of documents (samples). The mobilisation note was constituted according to departments of Manual and included actions both for preparation in a peace time, and on performance of mobilisation works.

The note maintenance should correspond to material possibilities of a part and local conditions (a department I). During direct mobilisation the note intended for inquiries and explanations. Requirements to its drawing up were rather simple: brevity, clearness, definiteness. The most convenient form of a note the form developed by practice of military department admitted: «... Fields at pages are left on the left side. The note text is written on one only the left pages. On fields of the left pages references to appendices, and on fields of the right pages - references to statutes and heads orders are marked. The right pages serve for amendment» 1.

Under requirements existing in the case all correspondence on mobilisation, including all copies of mobilisation plans, should be stored whenever possible separately from other confidential correspondence necessarily in a strong case, a box or a chest under a key, sealed by the sealing wax press.

On the basis of extracts from staffs of boundary districts, practical calculation of the notification by staffs of brigades and special departments of the subordinates who are not receiving the telegrammes directly (including customs points and other administrative agencies on border), on places the Plan of transfer of orders about mobilisation »was constituted confidential«. The plan consisted of several sections in which the officials receiving the telegrammes about mobilisation were specified, directions of orders about mobilisation (for example, the courier on a boundary post), and also distance and time of movement of the courier to a post. Other points of the plan under the similar form provided a direction of couriers from the nearest posts in remote [303 [304].

Considering possibility of damage or destruction by the opponent of cable stations, Manual recommended to notify in addition the officials, directly received telegrammes, and also ranks of the military and sea departments in common lodging with frontier guards habitation (a department II).

raskvartirovanija in Manual the department III which ordered to commanders of departments in a peace time in detail has been devoted questions to get acquainted with places raskvartirovanija the future mobilised hundreds, to draw kroki these points and roads going from them. Besides, it was required to constitute in writing a short plan of action of commanders of hundreds on raskvartirovaniju (statistical data), measures of protection and communication with the next hundreds and commanders of parts.

The ranks attached before mobilisation came under to a direction in the parts. The exception was constituted by variable structure of the educational groups which property on mobilisation was stored in educational groups (a department of IV Manual). Thus sending of ranks for mobilisation was made in following cases: for performance of fighting problems, reception on requisition of horses, vehicles, complete sets of a harness and vjukov, sendings of valuable property in back, konvoirovanija property of families of military men, reception on open sheets a supply, transfers to addressees of red envelopes with orders about mobilisation.

Completion questions loshadmi, them kovki and orders sick animals were regulated by a department of V Manual which first paragraph had otsylochnyj character and addressed to subitem "in" and "g" Position articles 9. These points concerned replenishments of missing horses to boundary hundreds (horse commands) through requisition «in a stock» from boundary districts, volosts and settlements. Such districts and settlements were appointed chiefs of staffs of military districts in coordination with corresponding staffs of districts OKPS. The exception was constituted only by provinces of the Kingdom Polish where owing to item 44 of the appendix to Charter item 745 about zemskoj duties the simplified order of delivery of horses operated.

In appendices to mobilisation notes of parts which directly requisitioned horses, separate sheets under the special form (№ 12) appendices of II Manual with instructions of horses and persons at which they are requisitioned, and also specific goals and the ranks which are carrying out collection prepared. These data joined in instructions of chiefs of posts. The ranks appointed for requisition, were supplied with receipts for payment for horses and bridles for a drive of animals.

Manual regulated questions and rear maintenance of mobilisation actions. So, the department VI concerned kinds of an army contentment (proviantskogo, privarochnogo and fodder), and a department VIII regulated the organisation of transports, their maintenance. In a department VII questions of placing of things, marching equipment and arms of the bottom ranks on posts before storage, delivery of arms and cartridges to ranks which in a peace time did not arm (the clerk, etc.) were regulated. The organisation of evacuation of patients was regulated by a department of IX Manual, it defined the device medical and veterinary parts.

Cash security of parts of the case in the conditions of mobilisation provided the sums for economic and other economic needs. Were there and the money received from exchequers under special requirements, in advance prepared in a peace time that was adjusted with staffs of military districts. At part mobilisation cashed on «percentage papers», the above-stated requirements, liquidated the officer credit capital, carried out delivery of money to the bottom ranks, and also pledges under the executed obligations (a department of X Manual).

From chiefs of parts it was required, that the officers subordinated by it, especially future commanders of hundreds, have been well acquainted with the statutes operating in military department defining an order of reclamation, reception, storage, delivery and the reporting by all kinds of a contentment. Such order was established by orders of military department № 346-1899 and № 239-1909 1

To all officers who are a part of mobilised hundreds, and also to the officer and class ranks decreasing in the order of military department, military-elevating money stood out: to generals and class ranks (on posts III-IV of a class) - on 250 roubles; to staffs-officers and class ranks (on posts V-VIII of a class) - on 150 roubles; ober - to officers, civil and medical ranks (on posts IX-XIV of a class), to weapon masters in ranks of IX class and more low, and also to the class medical assistants who have been not approved in ranks - on 100 roubles.

To the ranks which have received the order on mobilisation, «marching rations», and were in war conditions - «field rations» stood out. So, the size of "a marching ration» commander of hundred constituted one rouble a day, and field - two roubles a day. Other officers of boundary hundreds received on 75 copecks and 1,5 roubles соответственно2.

To officers of horse hundreds and the bottom ranks appointed under the order of military department in horse parts, according to circular GSH № 87-1911 the grant to purchase of own saddle horse in the size provided for payment of horses of "a riding grade», levied at the population on a military-horse duty stood out. Besides, officers on own saddle horses received so-called

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Fodder money (the order on military department № 306-1895).

To families of officers and the class ranks leaving constant residences, room money, money for servants employment, the grant to departure relied. To families of generals money resources for four horses, and a staff - and to subaltern officers, civil and medical ranks - for three relied. Such money was called "progonnymi".

The families of the bottom ranks sent in back, could take advantage of journey on railways or waterways or supplies depending on family structure. According to orders on military department № 387-1909 and № 322-1910 fodder money for the period of following provided wives and children of the bottom ranks (from 7 till 16 years) in the size established for these ranks, and for children to 7-year-old age - in half of this size. Money for satisfaction of requirements of members of families of frontier guards was required to be stored in strongboxes of parts.

Mobilisation rules and the norms, concerning activity of boundary guards, were corrected by acceptance of local legal [305 [306] [307] instructions. For example, in 1913 the certificate «About the organisation and service OKPS in a wartime» 1 according to which to all hundreds guards in case of the introduction of Russian armies into war without their preliminary mobilisation the problem - carrying out of investigation of the opponent on concrete directions and participation in cover of mobilisation expansion of army parts and connections was put has been accepted.

On July, 17th, 1914 the western military and boundary districts of Russia have received emergency telegrammes about the beginning (on July, 18th) the general mobilisation, transfer of army and fleet on the martial law [308 [309] [310].

Many families of ranks OKPS have been forced to leave the places of permanent residence, lost property and appeared in a distress. On October, 28th, 1915 the government of Russia has allocated 250 thousand roubles for delivery of grants to the ranks which have lost property at intrusion of German and Austro-Hungarian armies. The sizes of grants it was established depending on a place of former service of ranks, their post, danger degree in which there were boundary bodies, possibility presence to rescue property. First of all it were ranks of Verzhbolovsky, Graevsky, Rypinsky, Aleksandrovsky, Kalishsky, Veljujsky, Chenstohovsky, Novobrzhesky, Sandomirsky, Tomashevsky, Volynsk, Volochinsky, Hotinsky case brigades. Grants for commanders of departments constituted from 240 to 480 roubles, senior vahmistram (to the senior clerks) - from 60 to 120 roubles, to other bottom ranks boundary

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Guards - from 40 to 80 roubles.

Questions of export of property and families of frontier guards were regulated by norms of a department of XI Manual. Export was come under by families of frontier guards, icons, the donations transferred to storage in the nearest passing churches, regimentals, marching equipment and arms of the ranks which were in holidays and business trips.

Manual contained the requirement on destruction or reduction in worthlessness of the weapon and an ammunition if they could not be rozdany to ranks or regimentals, equipments of military men and horses, and also superfluous products and fodder are transported on assembly points. Other property was left in the closed, sealed premises. It could be deposited to local authorities. In such cases estimated sheets under the form specified by Manual (enc. II) were constituted.

The list of the works made at mobilisation, order of protection of border the mobilised parts and fighting problems of parts were established by a department of XII Manual. It contained concrete steps on mobilisation. First of all it was necessary to notify guards ranks. In these purposes couriers with red envelopes in which there were orders about mobilisation were sent. In a staff (if it was on border) or on a post sentries were exposed. For protection of border or removal of sentries pair patrols or travelling went. Separate military men

The others were recalled on «needs of mobilisation»,

Were equipped in a marching way. The military man the weapon and the ammunition stood out, the necessary property kept within vehicles. Monetary payments, calculations under obligations were made.

Confidential and mobilisation documents, except for the plan of mobilisation of a part, other property which is liable to destruction, was verified with the inventories constituted in advance in a peace time then destruction was made. On corresponding forms of sheets marks about quantity of the left or destroyed subjects fodder, proviantskogo, «privarochnogo contentments and otopochnyh materials» [311] were put down. It was if necessary carried out kovka front and perekovka the requisitioned horses. The last could be carried out both in point of a constant disposition, and on assembly points of hundreds.

In interests of qualitative carrying out of mobilisation in OKPS conducting diaries and mobilisation instructions was provided. For example, all works on disbandment of a staff of boundary district (brigade) at mobilisation should be executed on samples of diaries and instructions. Their forms contained in Manual (enc. III) by which ranks of educational groups and лазаретов1 were guided also.

The appendix III contained also samples of instructions for various categories of officials: the chief of the horse branch appointed for protection of a site of the railway, the senior escort, the chief of sentry at customs office, the senior post at a customs slingshot, senior (younger) vahmistra group, etc. For example, the instruction to the chief of a post from among the bottom ranks demanded the following: « Collect all cash people of a post, declare it about mobilisation and volume, that a group assembly point (there - that), the pedestrian hundred (there), horse hundred (there). Declare to all bottom ranks, that in case of sudden assault of the enemy, during post mobilisation, half of people (mostly policemen) take rifles and how many is cartridges (from account) and occupy a ditch (the platen or in general any closing) and keep the enemy fire; the others are equipped and saddle horses, the bottom ranks before others made run to replace the people, reflecting the enemy that also it to give the chance to be equipped. Have followed absent people if the last are nearby... »[312 [313]

The specified sample provided change of sentries with posts in last turn. Before it was required to replace the person on duty of a post and to replace with its hour (policeman). To organise delivery of cartridges from a box with an emergency ration. The quantity of a given out ammunition depended on the decision of the commanding person (as a rule, instructions were developed and subscribed commanders of groups) and was accepted in compliance with conditions. The first equipped policeman should replace the sentry at a cordon. obezdchikov (or policemen) it was supposed to direct two pair travel (patrol) on border for removal of sentries and their returning to a post for equipment. In this case travel remained to protect a post distance, time was established by command at the rate of necessities to spend mobilisation of a post and to pass to an assembly point. Not expecting change, travel should follow on a hundred assembly point (or group).

The post property as personal so state, and also the building, in the presence of time, surrendered to local authorities (in an instruction it was specified to whom) or was left in closed premises of a cordon. At threat of capture of property by the enemy it was required to result it, and also not taken out foodstuffs in worthlessness. With a view of maintenance of personal security during following of frontier guards, and also transports with property on a hundred assembly point (or group) patrol was sent.

Directly on posts the documents intended for the purposes of mobilisation, were stored in cartridge boxes with an emergency ration which were sealed by the commander of group. In the same place the instruction for vahmistra (if the post was vahmistorsky) was stored. Documents on members of families, in the presence of those, on posts and in groups were stored together with mobdokumentami.

Orders and orders of chiefs of boundary districts and commanders of brigades detailed norms of laws and other legal acts, concerning preparations for war. For example, the order of the chief of 5th district OKPS from January, 22nd, 1911 № 13 contained requirements on drawing up in large scale of plans of coast of each group and a coastal strip of the sea adjoining to it in case of war «... For possible use of that knowledge of district with a view of defence and supervision» 1.

Working out of the legal acts connected with preparation for war, was carried out in conditions when in boundary space of Russia, first of all within the Kingdom Polish, southwest borders and in the Far East, there were the levels of population, differing by isolation and even animosities to a political system. Among them were foreign subject (owners of manors, trading firms, shops, the small dealers serving, and also holders of bawdy houses), living in cities near to border or simply travelling (staying) with the relatives. According to S.N.Galvazina, many of the specified assisted special services of the opponent «even without any compensation» [314 [315] [316]. Therefore it is not surprising, that this environment the foreign scouts directed to plans and plans of the state and military management of empire actively operated.

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On July, 5th, 1912 the law making changes and additions in legalisations, concerning espionage activity has been approved. The law established necessity of reception of the permission to the device of wireless telegraph or on the maintenance of carrier pigeons in boundary military districts at the corresponding chief of district.

In development of the specified law the act - the List of the [317] data which publication in the press was forbidden on November, 29th, 1912 has been accepted. Data on mobilisation readiness of parts and army and fleet divisions were among them.

The condition of alertness of army and fleet in many respects depended on ability OKPS to solve a problem on mobilisation mission. Separate functions carried protivodiversionnyj and prospecting character. For example, the commander of the Warsaw military district in case of the announcement of Russia of war assigned to brigades of 3rd district OKPS of a problem on strengthening of protection of border for the purpose of hindrance to penetration «spies of investigation» and diversionary groups of the enemy, to an exception of cases of withdrawal from the Russian territory лошадей1.

In interests of perfection of mobilisation readiness constant interaction of frontier guards with the army officers, including carrying out of employment on fighting and mobilisation preparation was carried out. On B.M.Shaposhnikova's memoirs, in the beginning of February, 1913 to it, adjutantu 14th cavalry division of the Warsaw military district, it was entrusted to check up alertness of 16th boundary Sandomirsky brigade. About results of work SHaposhnikov wrote: «...zdes we have fulfilled a plan of action of investigation along the left coast of Vistula, have conducted lessons on a theme“ the Organization of fight of a kernel of horse hundreds with advanced parts of the opponent forwarded through Vistula ”. My arrival to frontier guards has brought a variety their monotonous life. 15-20 officers who diligently carried out the tasks charged to it have gathered for employment, studied charters and tactics.» [318 [319] [320]

Check of efficiency of performance of the plan of orders about mobilisation in case parts was spent often enough. Such check had for an object to develop receptions of the simultaneous fast notification by the means (couriers) of ranks on posts and in groups taking into account possible damage of telephone and cable communication lines by the opponent, and also reception of the information for entering of corrective amendments in «the Plan of transfer of orders

0 mobilisation »(enc. II Manuals). The notification Procedure for test was drawn by analogy to the valid notification to some reservations. So, orders« About notification checking »were sent only to parts, commands and establishments to officials of a brigade or a special department. Envelopes with instructions on notification check went usual order. The courier handed over a pocket watch on which notification time was verified. They knew about notification check on which they should report on counter commanding persons, to the bottom ranks and persons on duty at posts. Terminal points of transfer of orders

To 0 check of the notification were defined by area of manufacture of check (a brigade, a department, group) and the form of an order (the form № 6 appendices of II Manual).

On July, 17th, 1914 military and boundary districts in the west of empire have received telegrammes about announcement G ermaniej wars of Russia. Management OKPS has finished mobilisation and expansion of brigades in time. On border sites, where there were no active operations (coast White, a part of the Baltic and Black seas, border with Persia and Afghanistan), frontier guards, after transition in submission of military and sea command, remained on the places and continued to protect them in former режиме1.

With the beginning of operations on the boundary divisions which were a part of Vilensky military district, problems on border land protection, defile and other major points in the nearest sites to border, dispatch of travelling for investigation about the opponent, protection of the artificial constructions nearest to border, customs property, delivery and assembly points, drawing of harm to the opponent, etc. [321 [322] have been assigned

Within the limits of realisation of plans of fighting mission employment by frontier guards of enemy territory was supposed. For example, on August, 3rd, 1914 2nd pedestrian boundary one hundred generated on the basis of one of departments of 8th Graevsky boundary brigade, as a part of 104th Ustjuzhsky regiment in a marching order has passed border of Prussia where practically without fight was of the Bast then one hundred carried out of a problem on protection of a city [323] is taken.

As one of forms of razvedyvatelno-diversionary activity of frontier guards flying travelling which within 2-3 hours got on enemy territory for hindrance of activity of the opponent acted: damage of telegraphs, the movement termination on railway roads and other 2

Activity of parts and divisions OKPS in the Transcaucasian region had the features. Under agreements with Turkey and Persia (1893-1897), to ranks OKPS granting the right to cross border at prosecution of the armed robbers, to the First World War beginning the district has been well enough studied, confidential relations with frontier inhabitants, including in adjacent territory that has allowed to raise efficiency of investigation are established. For this reason of a part and division of boundary guards defended and led investigation of boundary space, prepared attacks on the important points of the opponent. So, located on direction Sarykamysh - Erzurum the Bardizsky group of boundary guards, operating as a part of Russian army, «accepted direct participation in investigation conducting, own ohranenii,

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Preparation of reserves and the engineering equipment of occupied positions ».

Boundary parts and divisions were used by a military management on the most important and vulnerable directions. The example of Sarykamyshsky battle which occurred at direct participation of boundary guards (Bardizsky group) is indicative. Sarykamyshsky operation proceeded hardly less month at the front more than 100 versts and in depth on 100 - 150 versts. Losses a Turk have constituted about 90 thousand persons, and loss of Russian armies - 26 тысяч1

In spite of the fact that the legal acts regulating mobilisation and fighting activity of parts and divisions OKPS, it was not provided large boundary formations, in the conditions of the big losses and deviation of Russian army in 1915 the Russian military command the decision to generate horse and pedestrian (infantry) boundary divisions was accepted. In May-June, 1915 of one of the first the Summary boundary division has been developed. It has been generated on the basis of 1st Rypinsky, 2nd Kalishsky, 3rd Riga and 4th Nemansky regiments. The Boundary artillery brigade was given to a division. This connection was a part of 10th, and after 4th and 3rd armies of the Western front [324 [325].

It is necessary to note active participation of large boundary connections in front offensive operation of Southwest front by spring-summer of 1915 (Brusilovsky break) where for the first time in history world war the item front (Austrian) on all its extent has been broken through. As a part of 7th army, in 2nd cavalry case the Summary horse boundary division, as a part of 11 th armies - the Zaamursky boundary horse division operated, in 9th army as a part of 33rd army case were 1st and 2nd Zaamursky boundary infantry divisions [326].

The expediency of the specified organizational-regular decision proves to be true an operative report on the May, 22nd, 1916, testifying, that parts of 3rd Zaamursky boundary infantry division (41 army case), having begun attack at 12 o'clock 30 minutes, an hour later have grasped the first, the second and a part of the third line of enemy entrenchments in the centre of the Samushinsky site. The same day in 33rd case 2nd Zaamursky boundary infantry division around Hrumovsky wood at 17 o'clock 20 minutes attacked and took the first line of the enemy entrenchments, which Austrian parts equipped during seven and a half months (strengthenings represented multilevel wire entanglements under an electric current, some numbers of land mines and mark) [327].

Experience of fighting application of boundary formations in days of the First World War has shown change of forms, ways and character of their activity of boundary guards on a battlefield depending on conditions of tactical conditions. Since 1915 in process of increase in scales of operations boundary horse and infantry parts and connections began to be created. In the conditions of long item war application of forces of boundary guards in view of absence of concrete premilitary theoretical plans and standard workings out

It was caused by practical necessity and expediency.

Thus, activity OKPS in mobilisation, at threat of military aggression and in the conditions of direct contact with the opponent was accurately regulated constantly corrected

Mobilisation plans and other standard legal acts adjusted with military department. It was caused by experience of participation of boundary guards in the previous wars and military conflicts and has proved the expediency in days of the First World War. However army command has not been consider enough experience of professional work of boundary guards in a peace time. During the premilitary period legal bases of activity of boundary guards in the conditions of war as the special combat arm which were carrying out special functions, for example, protection of back, legality and public order maintenance in front districts or use of large boundary connections as a part of a field army have not been developed. Constant resubmission of boundary regiments and divisions to command of armies and army cases, absence of theoretical and legal base of application of boundary guards reduced efficiency of use of its possibilities on a battlefield.

State influence on the relations developing in the course of legal regulation of activity OKPS and by means of corresponding legal means, has been aimed at creation of necessary conditions for maintenance of national safety in boundary space of Russian empire and behind its limits. Role OKPS was defined by national interests of the state, necessity of its social and economic development and realisation of legitimate rights of citizens of empire.

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A source: Parsukov Vladimir Aleksandrovich. LEGAL REGULATION OF ACTIVITY OF THE SEPARATE CASE OF BOUNDARY GUARDS (1893 - 1917). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Chelyabinsk 2018. 2018

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