<<
>>

specificity of legal regulation of housing relations in the USA and The Russian Federation (istoriko-comparative aspects).

For application in Russia the American experience of regulation of housing relations it is necessary to consider historical features of development of the housing law in the USA and the Russian Federation.

In XIX century in pre-revolutionary Russia, as well as to the USA, housing relations were regulated, purchase and sale and hiring relations жилья1 were mainly civil legislation, and their basic element. Article 75 of the Basic state laws of Russian empire proclaimed: «the dwelling of everyone is inviolable. Manufacture in dwelling, without the consent of its owner, a search or dredging is supposed not differently as in cases and is perfectly in order, the law defined». In the amendment of IV Constitution of the USA also it is specified, that «the right of the people to protection of the person, dwelling, papers and property from unreasonable searches and arrests should not be broken». Other guarantees of a right to housing were absent in legal systems of Russia and the USA. Thus in item 77 of the Basic state laws it was established: « The property is inviolable. Compulsory purchase immovable imushchestv when this is necessary for any state or public advantage, is supposed not differently, as for fair and decent compensation ». In the amendment of V Constitution of the USA also it was established, that private« the property should not be withdrawn for public using without fair compensation ». In this connection the authorities of two states could not limit the property right of lessors (sellers) of habitation for protection of interests of tenants (buyers).

In the beginning of the XX-th century the most part of the population of Russian empire lived in a countryside, in uncomfortable, but own houses-log huts [494 [495]. The satisfaction of housing requirement of inhabitants of a countryside dared within the limits of ground relations. In this connection the conflict between house owners and tenants did not create strong social pressure.

However formed in Russia under the influence of an urbanization and industrialisation the working class was weighed upon level of the housing maintenance. Ignoring by the power of the granted socio-economic factors of development of the right (an urbanization and industrialisation) became the reason of occurrence of projects of radical reforms of housing sector - redistribution of premises between "bourgeoisie" and "workers". For example, in First program RSDRP of 1903 it was specified in necessity of supervision for «a sanitary condition of the premises which are taken away to workers by businessmen, it is equal as behind the internal schedule of these premises and behind conditions of their return in hiring».

If in the USA courts in the middle of XIX century have confirmed constitutionality of laws on improvement of living conditions and have specified, that the right of a private property of one persons can be limited by the right to life and a healthy living environment of others in Russia such approach began to be applied only in half a century. On August, 27th, 1916 under the influence of a political factor (public excitements in the end 10th years of the XX-th century) the Ministerial council has accepted Position to rise in the price for premises about a prohibition. A year later (on August, 5th, 1917) already the Provisional government has accepted the Decision about an establishment of the limiting prices for apartments and other premises.

The given legal acts forbade house owners to raise a rent more than on a certain percentage parity in comparison with a payment levied in day of the announcement by Germany of war of Russia (on July, 19th, 1914 on old style) [496]. The concrete size of admissible increase of a rent of habitation depended on the premise (three classes, and also «other districts» were established) concerned what class of habitation, whether it surrendered to the introduction of Russia into the First World War, whether the employment agreement in written форме1 was constituted.

In 1917 the well-known Russian jurist S.I.Dobrin has brought for discussion of the legal public of Russia a question: «What consequences for« the tenant »are generated by annulment of the employment agreement with the overestimated price?» He recognised, that from positions of substantive provisions civil (pandektnogo) the rights «the price always is an essential element in the employment agreement» [497 [498] [499]. Hence, all contract that attracts should be recognised void not only responsibility of the house owner, but also a duty of the tenant to release premises. However Dobrin has noticed, that the considered law has been directed on protection of weakness (tenant), and, hence, at its application cannot be

-e

The usual logic pandektnoj sciences is used.

Similar deviation from principles of freedom of the contract and equality of the parties at regulation of relations of rent of habitation was and in the USA. In 1919 in district of Columbia, and in a year in the State of New York laws on the rent control have been passed. In 1922 the Supreme Court of the USA recognised as not contradicting the Constitution the legislation on the rent control.

The provisional government of Russia recognised, that relations of rent of habitation have not only property, but also socially-obespechitelnyj character. Meanwhile, in October, 1917, again under the influence of a political factor, development of the housing law of Russia has gone on cardinal to other way. On September, 2nd, 1918 VTSIK declared martial law introduction, the management of the country has passed to Council of Working and Country Defense. It was legal fastening of a policy of military communism - the internal policy of the Soviet state directed on centralisation of management by economy, a private trade interdiction, curling of commodity-money relations.

The existence of the USSR accepted in the first years legal acts about habitation have lowered a contract role in system of housing relations, having replaced its administrative распределением1. Even before introduction of a policy of military communism decree SNK RSFSR from 14.12.1917"About prohibition of transactions with the real estate» which deduced premises from a trade turnover has been accepted. The decree from 20.08.1918"About cancellation of the right of a private property on the real estate in cities» VTSIK has legalised available housing redistribution between

L

The citizens provided and not provided with habitation. Regulation of housing relations in the USSR at the given stage can be characterised as extreme. Thus it is necessary to note essential difference of the emergency legislation of the USSR and the USA. The housing legislation of the USA even in realisation of emergency measures never deduced habitation from a trade turnover. G osudarstvennoe regulation of economic relations to the USA has been directed not on infringement of the property right, its reduction with -

3

derzhanija, and on ordering of its realisation.

On March, 14th, 1921 X congress RKP () has made the decision on transition from a policy of "military communism» to new economic policy which assumed state regulation of mixed economy with use planned and market mechanisms. Housing relations began to be regulated by norms of the civil legislation. For example, participants of hiring of habitation should execute norms about the property rent, established in [500 [501] [502] 1922 in Civil code РСФСР1. Social value of hiring of habitation has found the reflexion in special provisions about habitation hiring - the minimum rates of a payment for premises (item 166), an administrative order of eviction (item 172), quantity of the area on one person (item 173) were established.

However special provisions did not operate concerning the employment agreement

L

The premises belonging to citizens on the building tenancy (item 71). Hence, the price, term, an order of the termination of hiring of habitation were established by the contract, instead of legislation mandatory provisions.

In 1925 the Central bank of a municipal services and housing construction (in abbreviated form - TSekombank, subsequently renamed into Bank of financing municipal and housing construction) which carried out long-term crediting of housing, municipal and cultural and community building, and also complex building of new cities and settlements has been founded. The USSR has founded TSekombank for seven years before creation in the USA Federal council of banks of crediting of habitation and twelve re -

-e

gionalnyh federal banks of crediting of habitation. For legal system of the USA the establishment of such subjects of housing relations as the governmental corporations (federal banks of crediting of habitation, Dzhinni Mej, etc.) was the form publitsizatsii the rights, for the Soviet legal system participation of the state in housing relations through founded for these purposes managing subjects was the form of liberalisation of legal regulation. [503 [504] [505]

In spite of the fact that the Soviet management has ceased to spend NEP in 1931, refusal of its principles at regulation of housing relations has occurred only in 1937. In the Decision of the Central Electoral Committee and SNK the USSR from October, 17th, 1937 «About preservation of available housing and housing and communal services improvement in cities» for the first time have been officially used the term "housing legislation". The decision proclaimed about the termination of management by available housing «small collectives of tenants» and its transfer to local councils. The decision forbade practice of state-private partnership at habitation building (building of houses and summer residences housing - building co-operative societies can be carried out henceforth only at the expense of their own means).

Despite the fact that what, relations of private hiring of habitation continued to be regulated by the Civil code, their role and a place were insignificant. Relations of administrative distribution and management of available housing which were regulated by the Decision of the Central Electoral Committee and SNK the USSR from October, 17th, 1937, became a basic element of system of satisfaction of requirement for habitation.

Essential influence on the further development of the Soviet housing law was rendered by other branch which has stood apart from civil law - the law of master and servant. Laws on habitation have been directed on maintenance of industrial interests, labour relations at the enterprises of various branches eko - nomiki [506]. Restriction of an exchange of office habitation and eviction from it the persons terminating the employment contract, formed steady communications between the worker (tenant) and the employer.

In 1948, at the third session of General Assembly of the United Nations of the USA and the USSR have supported acceptance of the General Declaration of human rights. Article 25. 1 Declarations recognise worthy dwelling as a part of the right on worthy vital уровень1. Representatives of the USA underline, that though the General declaration has no obligatory validity, now it is considered the standard law which principles are supported by the international community as obligatory practice [507 [508].

The International pact accepted to execute the Declaration on the economic, social and cultural rights specifies not only on the right to worthy habitation, but also to a state duty to take measures to gradually to provide full realisation of the granted right. The USA have signed named international the pact, but till now it did not ratify. Refusal of pact ratification testifies that the USA, financing programs of increase of availability of habitation, did not recognise presence at the duty state to provide each citizen with habitation. The USSR has assumed liability to carry out housing maintenance, however, the Soviet legislation did not contain guarantees of citizens on stable use of premises. In standard documents of both states of position on maintenance of citizens with habitation had declarative character [509].

In 1964 the Civil code of RSFSR which contained Chapter 28 «premises Employment», quantity of articles in which has been accepted (46 articles) exceeded other chapters of the code. Relations of hiring of habitation [510] have been most in details regulated. The arrangement of norms about housing rent in the Civil code of RSFSR has been caused by that the legislator perceived them as property relations. That fact, that the given relations had high social value, demanded an establishment of some differences from usual rent of the real estate: the "rent" control, the public and trade-union control of process of granting of habitation, withdrawal of surpluses жилья1. Thus the rights of employers under contracts, prisoners with citizens, and under contracts, prisoners with Councils of deputies state, public organisations [511 [512] [513] [514] essentially differed.

Heterogeneity of the Soviet housing legislation was marked and in the scientific literature. So, N.D.Egor specified: «the Relations arising between executive committees of Councils of People's Deputies and citizens on granting by it of a floor space, and the relation of hiring of premises are very narrowly connected, are in indissoluble unity, but are non-uniform. The first — administrative, the second — civil-law».

Coming back to experience of the USA, it is necessary to establish, that in the late sixties of the XX-th century in the USA process publitsizatsii private-law regulation of housing relations and, first of all, institute of rent of habitation proceeded,

4

That has become history of the American right, as «leasehold interest revolution». Change of a mode of legal regulation has begun with refusal of vessels to apply the doctrine of freedom of the contract and risk on the buyer to rent of habitation [515]. Instead of the given doctrines courts began to form doctrines of meant guarantees of suitability of habitation to residing and an interdiction of reciprocal eviction. Subsequently the named doctrines have been issued in texts of laws on habitation.

In the USSR imperative regulation of housing relations began to dominate over optional after in the Constitution of 1977 the right of citizens on жилище1 has been established. The recognition has served in the Constitution of 1977 of a right to housing as the beginning of formation of independent branch of the housing legislation, as legallistic expression of the right for habitation [516 [517] [518]. The non-uniform file of normative acts about habitation receives ordering in the Bases of the housing legislation of USSR accepted in 1981 and union republics, and also housing codes accepted subsequently. The legislator has tried to separate housing-legal regulation from the civil legislation - in Chapter 28 of the Civil code of RSFSR there was only article 295 «the premises Employment agreement» which contained sending to the Housing code of RSFSR. Kodifitsirovannoe the housing legislation has been directed on maintenance of stable and steady use of habitation that limited dependence of races -

3

smatrivaemogo legislations from the labour legislation.

However process of isolation of the housing legislation from civil, labour and financial has not been finished. The direction of development of considered branch was changed again by a political factor - signing on December, 8th

1991 of the Agreement on creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States in which the termination of existence of USSR was established. Accepted in

1992 the Law «About bases of a federal housing policy» has established the new (market) approach to habitation as to property (goods), the right actually - sti on which is not limited to quantity, the size and стоимостью1. With acceptance of the Civil code of the Russian Federation (further - GK the Russian Federation) renews, almost overcome earlier, dualism of regulation of housing relations [519 [520] [521] - the given relations began to be regulated again simultaneously civil and the housing legislation. Chapter 18 GK the Russian Federation contains norms about the property right and other real rights to premises, and chapter 35 - premises employment (including social employment). Besides, chapter 36 regulates gratuitous using premises.

Mainly norms of the civil legislation regulate relations of hypothecary crediting. The governmental order of the Russian Federation from August, 26th, 1996 № 1010 had been founded Open joint-stock company «Agency on hypothecary housing crediting». The concept of activity of Agency has been based on the American hypothecary model and developed with the assistance of advisers from economy Institute

-e

Cities (USA) and Fanni Mej. The government of Moscow with the assistance of advisers of the Harward university also developed the concept of activity of the Moscow hypothecary agency. Besides, in 1997 the State Duma of the Russian Federation and the Congress of the USA in common developed the program «the House for your family» [522]. Within the limits of the program, the USA should give to joint Russian-American Fund of habitation and the mortgage the low-percentage credit for development of the Russian system hypothecary kredito - vanija [523].

However, the American experts advised the Government of Russia only on economic aspects of refinancing of hypothecary credits, not mentioning questions of legal regulation of the given relations. In this connection, domestic and American laws on hypothecary crediting had essential differences. According to a principle of equality of participants of civil relations the Agency on hypothecary housing crediting fulfilled all duties assigned to joint-stock companies, and did not possess any special rights. Regulation of activity of the American hypothecary agencies (Fanni Mej, Freddi the Poppy, Dzhinni Mej) had special character and was carried out at legislative level. For example, Fenni Mej it has been released from a duty to register issue of securities in the Commission on stock exchanges and securities and to carry out calculations through banks of Federal reserve system of the USA, and also it is allocated by the right to unlimited volume of crediting national банками1. Special powers of the American hypothecary agencies were given for realisation of their social duties. For example, the Federal act accepted in 1992 about stability and financial safety of the enterprises of housing sector (The Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act) has obliged Fenni Mej and Freddi Mek to buy the loans given by banks and other credit institutions to families with low incomes, or living in degrading areas [524 [525].

At the further application of the American model of hypothecary crediting in Russia, the governmental hypothecary agents should get the special driver's licence, including the right to operative reception of budgetary credits.

In 2005 the new Housing code in which the quantity of civil-law norms has considerably increased has become effective, in particular, is administrative-legal regulation of management by available housing change -

Elk on grazhdansko-pravovoe1. Thus, absence of accurate differentiation of subjects of the housing-right and civil-law regulation has caused a collision of norms of corresponding branches of the legislation. With istorikopravovoj the points of view, the specified collision has generated a competition between development of housing and civil branches of the legislation [526 [527] [528].

Owing to development of the civil legislation of the USA, the housing legislation of this country does not cover all complex of the public relations connected with habitation, being limited to social aspects of such relations. So, in 2002 the Committee on financial services of the House of Representatives of the USA systematised 107 convocations federal housing zakonoda -

-e

telstvo in «Meeting of organic laws about habitation and development of settlements» in which has allocated following groups of laws: about development of settlements; about public habitation and about a rent relief aid; about social habitation; about other kinds of the federal housing help; about the help at habitation acquisition; about maintenance with habitation of the homeless; about maintenance with habitation of radical Americans and Hawaiians; about mortgage insurance, discounts, collecting put in pawn and increase of reliability of housing credits; about the secondary market of mortgage loans; about habitation in a countryside; about regulating programs; about the Ministry of housing construction and development of cities.

On July, 21st, 2014 the Federal act № 217-FZ in the Housing code of the Russian Federation had been made changes the buildings of rent houses directed on stimulation. According to the given changes the private builders who have offered at auction lower size of a rent for rent of premises in the rent house, will receive the ground area, and also a number of other privileges in rent.

To the USA, and, in certain degree, in pre-revolutionary Russia development of institute of rent of habitation went on a way of granting to the tenant (instead of to the lessor) side benefits, guarantees and advantages. In the USA tenants insist on rent registration in connection with presence in the given country of institute of the control over a rent.

Experience of the USA specifies that for development of the market of rent of habitation in Russia it is necessary to stimulate interest of the tenant legally registrations of relations of rent. Formation of demand for long-term rent of habitation will lead to natural occurrence of corresponding offers, including, in the form of granting of premises in rent houses. Hence, the legislator should protect, first of all, interests of the tenant of habitation (as weakness of relations) by putting on of additional duties on the lessor, and already as facultative and less foundations - чивой1 measures - to give financial privileges to the lessor at the expense of means of regional and local budgets and funds.

The recognition, that development of available housing of the USA is general welfare and the public interest causes application of an imperative method of legal regulation. In the same cases when relations on use of habitation do not demand an establishment of an inequality of subjects, to their regulation other branches of the legislation (more often civil) are applied. For example, property relations of using, possession and the order premises as a building component, are regulated grazhdanskopravovym by institute of the horizontal property [529 [530]. The given institute contains provisional rules and extends both on inhabited, and on the uninhabited real estate.

At regulation of housing relations within the limits of the housing legislation of Russia it is used both imperative, and optional regulation methods that specifies in absence of legal uniformity of the given relations. The domestic housing legislation regulates not any certain group of homogeneous public relations, and all complex of relations developing in housing sphere. The housing legislation of the USA does not regulate all relations developing in housing sphere since till the moment of its formation the given relations already were exposed to a regulation norms civil, financial, labour and of some other branches of law. For the purpose of protection of the social and economic rights of citizens in housing sphere in the USA housing laws which established exceptions of norms of other branches of law were passed, but did not replace with itself the early current legislation. As a result executions of a contract of inhabited rent and the mortgage admit the USA [531] as the right of the separate persons who do not have premises, to reception from the state of the help and privileges, and the universal right (guarantee) of inviolability of a private property to the inhabited real estate.

Both in Russia, and in the USA, the most difficult for realisation is the right to be the provided constant dwelling. For realisation of the named right state and municipal authorities should accept and execute social security programs. The question on acceptance of housing programmes dares at distribution of means of budgets of corresponding levels. Besides, at legislative level privileges and the privileges connected with habitation are given to separate categories of citizens. However granting of means the citizens interested in realisation of other functions of the state demand also. Large tax bearers also demand reduction of the size of social expenses of the state, for the purpose of reduction of the size of taxes levied from them.

In this connection the size of the State expenditure on development of housing sector depends on a political conjuncture. So, in the election campaign of 1948, democrat Truman successfully used the shortage which has arisen after the Second World War of habitation. Political promises have been embodied in new programs of stimulation of building of accessible habitation. In forty years comfortable living conditions had the majority of Americans. The interrogation of congressmen spent in 1993 has shown, that, in their opinion, security habitation costs on last place among hundred basic questions state политики1. Having received the majority in both chambers of the Congress, republicans have reduced in 1995 the budget of the Ministry of habitation and city development to 25 %, and have continued twenty five percentage reduction within 1996.

In Russia level of security of citizens habitation depends on an economy condition. So since 1990 for 1996 the volume of the constructed habitation in Russia was reduced to 45 % that was a consequence of decrease in the size of state financing of housing sector and privatisation building organiza -

-e

tsy. The increase in solvency of the population has led to housing construction growth in the first decade of the XXI-st century.

Political and economic conditionality of the size of the state housing maintenance limits possibility of judicial protection of the right to habitation. Meanwhile, power of judicial protection is obligatory an ale - [532 [533] [534] cop of any subjective права1. V.F.Jakovlev noticed, that «the right to housing as a legal personality element is protected by court, only as the concrete right as courts of justice are not engaged in floor space distribution and cannot be engaged» [535 [536] [537]. Thus, proclaimed in the Constitution of the Russian Federation the right to habitation can be for -

-e

shchishcheno only referring to federal acts and the subordinate legislation. In case of absence in the legislation of the Russian Federation of norms on the habitation granting, persons requiring it are deprived possibility to realise the right.

For the decision of this pravoprimenitelnoj problems can be used the legal criteria of distribution of habitation formulated in the USA. As it has been specified early, in the Constitution of the USA there is no mention of the right to habitation, however, the persons requiring it, can protect the right, referring that everyone has the right to the minimum conditions for maintenance of a life [538], and also on obshchepravovoj an equality principle. Two named criteria are applied in the USA alternatively to economic and political criteria of distribution not only habitation, but also any social help. Under any economic and political conditions the state is obliged to find possibility of granting of the help for human life preservation. In turn, the equality principle before the law, with reference to the social legislation of the USA, will be transformed to a principle of equal possibilities [539]. The state is responsible for maintenance of equal social possibilities for all groups of the population. In the housing legislation of the USA the principle of equal possibilities is applied to maintenance of fair distribution of habitation between tenants of different settlements of one staff. Courts define sufficiency of the measures of housing maintenance accepted by municipality, comparing its available housing with funds of other settlements which have identical statistics. In Russia the equality principle before the law starts to be applied to protection of the right to habitation the Constitutional Court Russian Федерации1.

Thus, in Russia and in the USA the recognition the state of housing laws of citizens became the basis of acceptance of laws on habitation. According to N.M.bark kunova, «in historical sequence not the objective right precedes subjective, and on the contrary, subjective - objective. Historical development always begins with private, instead of with the general. Therefore earlier separate rights, and already then the general norms regulating them» [540 [541] are created.

The requirement for the place of residence is needs of nature of each person. However laws on maintenance and protection of such requirements have been accepted in the USA only in the middle of XIX century, and in Russia even later - in the XX-th century beginning. To this relation on satisfaction of housing requirements were regulated, mainly, by norms of civil law. Occurrence in the USA, and after cancellation of the serfdom and in Russia, has demanded a new layer of industrial workers from the state of protection of their interests. In this connection housing laws initially were not obshchegrazhdanskimi, and special (collective) 1, i.e. were given to certain social groups.

Because of it the first laws on habitation had extreme, a temporality. Legislators proved necessity of acceptance of "room laws» emergency position in economy and sphere of public health services [542 [543] [544]. But also in conditions stabilisation in the given spheres and decisions of the put short-term problems legislators continued to apply to regulation of relations concerning habitation an imperative method and public law means.

Social and economic conditionality of laws on habitation does not mean negation of intersystem factors of development of the right. Thus in Russia in bolshej degrees, than in the USA on housing legislation development influenced

-e

Political factor that braked process of formation of corresponding branch. After acceptance of the General Declaration of human rights, housing laws get universal character - the states proclaim, that everyone has the right to habitation, but accepted in the subsequent the international documents on the social and economic rights have been ratified not by all countries.

The USA aspire not to assign to themselves fix liabilities on maintenance of citizens with habitation. Housing laws in the given country have found reflexion in the Constitution text, and the housing legislation has no accurate ordering [545]. This negative experience of the USA should be considered at acceptance of new housing laws in Russia.

One of the basic problems of the Russian housing law is the aspiration of citizens to deduce the relation of hiring of habitation from a field of a legal regulation. Relations of rent of habitation often are not made out properly, that allows lessors to eject tenants ahead of schedule. It occurs that at the present stage during private-law regulation of housing relations is not considered almost social and a legal status of their subjects. Solving a problem of a combination private-law and publicly - the legal beginnings of the housing law, it is necessary to consider the American experience pub - litsizatsii the given branch.

The history of formation and development of the housing law of the USA specifies that the public mode can be applied not only to relations of citizens and the states, but also to some private-law relations of citizens, an example of that is the rent institute. In the USA function of housing social security can be carried out not only by granting by the state of the financial help to separate categories of citizens, but also by investment of such categories of citizens with the special rights. An accessory to different legal families and historical features of development of the housing law of two countries do not allow to apply norm of the American legislation and judicial doctrines during regulation of housing relations in Russia. Nevertheless, at acceptance of new housing laws it is necessary to consider the principles generated in the USA and the basic approaches publichnopravovogo regulations of housing relations.

6. WITH. 51.

<< | >>
A source: Kabluchkov ALEXEY JUREVICH. EVOLUTION of LEGAL REGULATION of HOUSING RELATIONS In the USA IN SECOND HALF XIX - XX centuries (ISTORIKO-LEGAL RESEARCH). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Kursk - 2015. 2015

More on topic specificity of legal regulation of housing relations in the USA and The Russian Federation (istoriko-comparative aspects).:

  1. HEELS ALEXEYS JUREVICH. EVOLUTION of LEGAL REGULATION of HOUSING RELATIONS In the USA IN SECOND HALF XIX - XX centuries (ISTORIKO-LEGAL RESEARCH). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Kursk - 2015, 2015
  2. §1 Legal regulation of participation of the debtor in competitive relations in istoriko-comparative aspect
  3. §1 Legal regulation of participation of the debtor in competitive relations in istoriko-comparative aspect
  4. the Chapter I. Legal regulation of representation of the rights and interests of the child in the Russian Federation, France and Austria (istoriko - and sravnitelnopravovoj aspects)
  5. the CHAPTER II. LEGAL REGULATION of PROPERTY RELATIONS of the PERSONS CONSISTING In ACTUAL MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS, In the RUSSIAN FEDERATION And the USA
  6. Chapter 1. Legal regulation of the relations connected with realisation of laws of succession of the child (istoriko - and rather-legal aspects).
  7. Chapter 3. Regulation of housing relations in the USA in second half of XX-th century.
  8. the CHAPTER III. REGULATION of OTHER RELATIONS of the PERSONS CONSISTING In ACTUAL MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS, In the RUSSIAN FEDERATION And the USA
  9. the CHAPTER I. Istoriko-theoretical aspects of a tax legal status of physical persons in the Russian Federation.
  10. § 3.2. The comparative analysis of legal regulation of insurance of civil responsibility for injury of the European Union and the Russian Federation
  11. THE CHAPTER II. SPECIFICITY OF LEGAL REGULATION OF STAGES OF PLANNING, THE STATEMENT AND EXECUTION OF ACCOUNT OBLIGATIONS OF SUBJECTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
  12. federal aspects of development of institutes of the housing law of the USA.
  13. 3. The federal legislation as the basic source of legal regulation of a labour safety in the Russian Federation and the USA