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THE APPENDIX 2

World mass-media, limiting quantity of own correspondents in zones of military actions, even more often resort to use of materials so-called «civil journalists» (blogerov). Of them it is impossible to keep in touch With many constantly because of technical problems and from safety reasons: in a rating of the international Committee on zayoshchite journalists Syria in 2012 has headed the list of the most dangerous countries for journalists (Committee to Protect Journalists.

Analysis and data on Syria, URL). For the past from the beginning of war three years many foreign mass-media have ceased to send there the employees, and some media have started to refuse and materials of correspondents-frilanserov: buying them foyotografii and videoclips, they push other reporters to go on too high risk - such is a position, for example, the British newspaper «Sandi Tajms» (The Sunday Times) (Rogers, URL). What sources agencies to which anyhow should fill news lines use?

To find out, what quantity of materials at illumination vooruyozhennyh agency conflicts borrow, relying on free ispolyozovanie products, we have decided to compare materials about war in Syria two largest international news agencies - "Rejter" (Reuters) and «Asso - shiejted Press televizhn the News» (APTN, further AP).

Our purpose was to define, how much these two news agencies delivering to television channels worldwide audiovisual konyotent, rely on materials of nonprofessional journalists, blogs and informal "news agencies" (agregatorov a content) at war illumination in Syria, and to define, and what part of these materials was used freely. As in this foreshortening materials of agencies earlier nobody izuyochal, we have decided to spend zondazhnoe research. The assumption that to half of thematic content of agencies was our hypothesis —
It on the materials created by nonprofessionals which are borrowed on the terms of free use of products.

For two approaches with a difference in half a year (to be convinced, that kolichestyovennye indexes are stable), 59 rollers and skripyotov (descriptions to them) for 17 days totally have been analysed: materials are chosen from October, 19 till October, 26th, 2012 and from March, 25th till April, 2nd, 2013 accessible depth of archive (about 7-9 days) was Natural limiting.

We fixed the same characteristics in all rollers and their descriptions; we have tried to give to research a system, having made samples with a difference in half a year; we believe, that made on the basis analiyoza outputs meet the requirements of materials reprezentativnosti (2012-2013 it is possible to consider the revealed steady tendencies characteristic for all activity of our two sources concerning the chosen theme); the quantitative and qualitative analysis of materials has been carried out, outputs are presented in the form of the text and diagrammes.

During research in a card about each of products we otmechayoli: agency - "Rejter" or AP, timing, a source, short soderzhayonie products. We considered, shooting (with division into the progovernmental mass-media, povstancheyoskie mass-media, on official and "civil" news agencies) takes place amateur or profesyosionalnaja; verifitsi - ruemost products (whether operative check on the specified data), presence of a graphic material (violence scenes etc.

is possible), presence loyogotipa (as references to the source), and also whether checked product agency on reliability and-or authorship.

Own shootings of agencies is, as a rule, press conferences or the negotiations which were passing in capital of Syria. Materials about war to the Syria which have been removed in other countries (in camps of refugees in Jordan, Turkey, in a camp of the Syrian opposition abroad etc.) were not considered (tab. 1 see).

Table 1. Sources of video data of agencies about war in Syria:

The agency name Own shootings Other mass-media and агент­ства* Amateur deo ** vi -
Reuters 6 % of video 23 % of video 71 % of video
APTN 15 % of video 37 % of video 48 % of video

* Borrowed video (at television channels, agencies).

** The amateur shootings borrowed from social networks, oppozitsiyoonnyh sites and the sites-agregatorov similar "JUtjub".

The diagramme 1. Materials across Syria agencies Rejter

Reuters: materials across Syria

The diagramme 2. Materials across Syria agencies APTN

APTN: materials across Syria

Video of the Arabian television channels is, in most cases, propravi - 213

telstvennye "Sirian-TV" (SYRIAN TV) and "Al-Ihbarija-Tv" (AL - IKHBARIYA TV). The Syrian news television channels regularly translirovayoli shootings from acts of terrorism in Damascus and from meetings of president Bashara Asada with miyonistrami and from other official actions.

Video of other agencies (or the resources which are representing itself as agencies), for example, of Chinese central TV "Si-si-ti-vi" is, as a rule, sketches about a life in the country captured civil vojyonoj. "Si-si-ti-vi" does not conduct shootings directly from a front line.

Videos from a front line almost exclusively amateur, and in podavyoljajushchem the majority of cases they have been created by insurgents and dokumentiyorujut an event on a front line. These rollers prevailed among konyotenta "Rejter" (70 %, see the diagramme 1) and made about 50 % of materials in tape AP (see the diagramme 2).

It is important to notice, that the rights to some amateur videorecordings have been bought, or the agency has agreed with legal owners about their use. If it was not possible to agencies to come into contact with pravoobyoladateljami they resorted to free use of products.

Use purpose in a case with considered agencies javljayolos the message on news, informing. Legitimacy of publications to judge difficult; but it is necessary to notice, that videorecordings were published in interyonete on purpose to show a pattern an event in Syria, and frequently - to accuse the opponent of crimes. On one resource checked up by us, whether it be accounts on "JUtjub", agregatory or informal news agentyostva, there were no special interdictions for free use. Average duration of rollers has made two minutes at both investigated agencies; materials are used by agencies in commercial objectives. OtmeYOtim, that all analysed materials concerned political, sotsiyoalnyh, economic or religious questions and carried news hayorakter.

In comparison with the purpose and character of use volume vtorostepeyo
nen (Richter, 2009: 233), as well as other factors. We consider, that in given siyotuatsii for the sake of society informing (that, as a rule, wished avyotory, Langley, 2012: 5) similar products could be used without the permission of the author and without fee payment, but with obligatory references to the source and on the author.

Carrying out the analysis of the selected materials, we have come to conclusion, that agency "Рейтер" often addressed to free use proizveyodeny. The agency has specified, that has got the rights or has received resolution to use about 20 % from the products analysed by us (see the diagramme 3).

The diagramme 3. A share of amateur materials about Syria, on ispolyozovanie which agencies Rejter and APTN have received resolution

In a case with agency "Рейтер" the bought videoclips, sostavljajuyoshchie 20 % of all amateur videos, are broadcast without logos. That kasayoetsja the others of 80 % almost 2/3 from them have a logo - that can schitatyosja source instructions. Thus in accompanying texts in one of agency "Рейтер" materials exact sources ljubitelyoskih rollers (a mark «social networks» difficult to recognise as instructions isyotochnika) were not specified. Thus, approximately in third of cases agency Rejter naruyoshaet the rights of the author to a name fixed by the international agreements (for example, item 61 item 1 is the Bern convention on protection literary and huyodozhestvennyh products, 1990: 14), and conditions of free use of products.

As to agency AP it in 100 % of cases has noticed, that to a floor -

cheno resolution to use by clients of agency of all videoclips. Thus 52 % of all amateur videos are noted by a badge of a site-agregatora or insurgent grouping. In the text of all scripts accompanying downloaded from Internet of video, sources are specified. Thus, agency AP does not resort to free use, but can break the rights avyotorov on a name (the agency does not specify names of authors which sometimes ukazyyovajutsja in sources though more often videos are published on behalf of any insurgent grouping) - see the diagramme 4.

The diagramme 4. Marks of the borrowed videoclips in tapes of agencies Rejter and APTN

In a situation when agencies should use amateur audiovisual products, sharply there is a problem atributsii, that is definitions of authenticity and a due accessory of these materials. "Rejter", as a rule, it is limited to the prevention: «We cannot check up reliability of the presented information», «Is informed, that it is removed in suburb of Damascus (number, month, year)».

AP accompanies each such video messages of two kinds:

1. The detailed description of a source: a name, occupied in the conflict poyozitsija. For example, «“ SHam News netvork ”(SHAM NEWS NETWORK) is the freely organised oppositional group which members are in Syria and behind its limits. The group spreads video and a photo the antigovernor - 216

stvennyh performances in the Internet. They declare, that are not connected with oppoziyotsionnymi in lots or any states ».

2. Preventions. For example, «the User content not moyozhet to be completely verified. We have checked up the information sledujuyoshchim in the image: records are translated and checked up by regional experts who have confirmed authenticity of a place of actions and events».

It is necessary to notice, that amateur materials often not sootvetyostvujut legal and to ethical standards, do not pass check on podlinyonost. Agencies and mass-media try to change professional nezavisiyomyh journalists reporters-fans. It conducts to decrease in quality of materials and infringements of copyrights: protection iskljuchitelyonyh the rights of the Syrian journalists, blogerov decreases; to the journalists using agencies or sites-agregatory who do not specify the author and a loan source, it becomes more difficult to check up the information. It reduces kayochestvo final materials and allows to manipulate mass-media (Langley, 2012: 10).

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A source: Sobol Margarita Nikolaevna. FREE USE of PRODUCTS In MASS MEDIA of the USA And Russia. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2016. 2016

More on topic THE APPENDIX 2:

  1. the Appendix
  2. the Appendix 4
  3. the Appendix
  4. THE APPENDIX
  5. the Appendix
  6. THE APPENDIX
  7. the APPENDIX 4
  8. the Appendix
  9. the Appendix
  10. the Appendix
  11. the Appendix
  12. THE APPENDIX
  13. the Appendix