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the tendency of "washing out" of genres in sports journalism

After the journalist has collected a necessary material and was convinced of its reliability, it is necessary for it to choose a genre with which help this or that information will be most advantageously presented an audience.

In literary criticism and the journalism theory there are some tens definitions of concept "genre". According to Russian explanatory dictionary under S.I.Ozhegova and N.J.Shvedovoj's edition, «the genre is the kind of works of art characterised by those or other subject and stylistic signs» (Russian Explanatory dictionary, 1994: 53). L.E.Krojchik makes genre definition, as «the special form of the organisation of a vital material, a category historically concrete, typological, gnoseological, morphological, aksiologicheskaja, creative-creative» (Krojchik, 2000: 125-168). At present ordering of journalistic genres is presented, for example, by division of genres on A.A.Tertychnomu, classification of genres of the journalistic creativity, the offered G.V.Lazutinoj, the theory of the text of L.E.Krojchika and classification of genres of V.Tretjakova (the information, the reporting, interview, article, game). In spite of the fact that process of washing out of genre borders has been noted still in the mid-seventies by V.V. Uchenovoj (Uchenova, 1976: 17-26),
Which marked vzaimoobogashchenie genres at the expense of diffusion, only from the end of 1990th concept "genre" the beginning actively to vary, getting new characteristics. After the updating of the heterogeneous press of the USSR directed only on propagation and propaganda, and arrival of the publicism which has had an opportunity freely to express the thoughts, to traditional classification (information, analytical and hudozhestvennoyopublitsisticheskie) for understanding of all variety of genres became insufficiently. In detail process of transformation of a genre has analysed L.E.Krojchik in the work «System of journalistic genres». In journalism the concept "text" (Krojchik, 2000: 125-168) has started to get more actual character. Process of change of concept "genre" on concept "text" has concerned also to a sports printed matter.

World journalistic practice by "sports" genres recognises all information since only they are capable to transfer dynamics of the event, some analytical, and also one hudozhestvennoyopublitsistichesky (sketch). The originality of application of journalistic genres in the field of physical training and sports, according to P.Voronkova's researches, is dictated by immanent features of this sphere:

1. The audience of sports mass-media is the widest and various, unlike an audience of other specific media, for example, business or medical. In news from the sports world the population most part anyhow is interested. And this interest does not depend at all on age and a social status of people. Correspondents shine all most important sports events in the country and abroad, mention both the general questions, and private, create portraits of heroes and analyze those or other tendencies in sports.

2. Object of reflexion - a sports life and its participants in every possible displays and situations. Audiences are interesting not only news, not only the dry statistics, but also every possible okolosportivnye to a detail, entertaining histories from a life of heroes of sports and, of course,
Sensations.

Knowing about requirements of the readers, editorial collectives of large sports newspapers try to publish along with the dry information, sketches, interview and analytical materials (Voronkov, URL).

3. One of the main features of sports journalism should name efficiency. Simultaneously in the world there are thousand sports competitions, and the sports journalist is obliged to give out quickly a qualitative information product at times in the conditions of the most severe dedlajna.

4. From the third point follows, that in sports editions the fact prevails over the analysis (Voronkov, URL).

As it is necessary for journalist to give out the information product in as much as possible accelerated rate, it is necessary to consider as traditional genres of sports journalism all information (the reporting, an information note and interview). The basic genre of sports journalism the genre most suitable to transmission of heat and dynamics of events in sports, - the reporting is considered already many years. The reporting main task consists not so much in informing of the reader, how many in the report to an audience of emotions of sportsmen and fans during competitions. As much as possible brightly to transfer to the reader heat, there are special receptions: «the staticized

Narration (in present time); an abundance of details; it is rhythmical fabulnaja sequence of events; live remarks of participants; at last - strongly pronounced "I" of the journalist, that, according to L.G.Kajdy, «am reflected and in the general stylistic tone, and in lexicon selection, and in a syntactic system of the reporting» »(Voronkov, URL).

With the advent of the Internet and information portals about sports by the big popularity at sports fans the reporting in a mode online, i.e. the form of the reporting which assumes an information transfer about event in a mode of real time has started to use. Sports actions in such reporting move in the short text form,
Consisting of several offers, also each three minutes are updated. Now such kind of the reporting is used on the majority of sports sites, for example, on championat.com, life.ruи etc. Popularity of a genre reporting online has practically superseded from newspaper bands other information genre, long time considered as one of the basic sports genres - the report.

The information note, despite the lapidarnost, is considered irreplaceable according to sports events. Short news on 500­600 printing characters do a picture of a sports life of the country and the world for a day is more information sated and bright. At a writing of such small material the journalist prefers the facts and accuracy of a statement of a material, instead of figurativeness and metaphoricalness of speech.

The interview genre is considered the most suitable to realisation of creative possibilities of the sports journalist. Improbably popular among sports journalists this genre is done, first of all, by its orientation to the subject. Interview most full and colourfully transfers an image of the interviewee, its character and essence, using «live human» a voice (Alexeys, 2013: 261-275). For example, materials: «Messina:« For the sake of the son I will offer basketball »(Moskalenko, 2007: 20-21) and« Blatt: In a national team grjadut rigid reforms »(Moskalenko, 2008: 20-21) are examples of the classical interview allowing an audience to look at the professional of the business (they are basketball trainers) on the other hand to see in it not only the high quality expert, but also the good family man and the interesting person.

The fourth genre of sports journalism is the sports review. In a review the journalist analyzes this or that event, for example, Olympic games or the European championships and a pattern by any kinds of sports, or a number of events within the limits of one kind of sports, makes comments on results and reveals accidents and laws of the occurred event, and also estimates separate sportsmen and their achievement on
Analyzed tournament. For example, in a review «the Russian national team: obscenely» the author in detail assorts muffled game of the Russian basketball players on the European championship in Slovenia, and also points out the defects and advantages of other commands on this tournament (the Russian national team: obscenely, URL).

In spite of the fact that traditional genres in sports printing (or interactive) meet journalism to requirements of an audience for information reception, there is a washing out of borders between classical genres and occurrence of the new. At the present stage of development of the Russian mass-media the maintenance and the form of newspaper materials are enriched and vary. Information genres are accompanied by comments, get more analytical character. For example, a material genre «Evgenie Pljushchenko:« I again number one »represent a certain symbiosis between interview, analytical article and a sketch (Moskalenko, 2010: 2-6). In this connection, it is necessary to notice, that sports journalists operate not only classical interview, but also modified, with privneseniem in it of elements of the comment, analytics, publicism, a sketch, a sketch, problem article. Analytical materials are often published with elements of information genres, for example, with interview addition. It turns out, that genres extend for the account privnesenija in them of elements of other genres, thereby enriching traditional genre structure that allows to speak about genre diffusion.

In sports journalism not always it is possible to correlate texts of sports editions with available classifications of genres. In quality zhanroobrazujushchih factors at the analysis of the central mass-media of E.Sadritdinova in the work «Process zhanroobrazovanija in sports editions» considered a subject, the purpose, methods of display of the validity and reprezentatsii. On the basis of it in newspapers «Soviet sports», «Sports - the express train», "Football", «Football. Hockey» and magazines "TotalFootball",
"RJAOsport", "Eurofootball" following genre forms have been in addition allocated:

The information:

- Diagrammes, schemes and tables are considered as traditional forms of giving of the information, however in sports editions they are made comments and by that extend to the separate genre named in many editions as «the Table of transitions» (Sadritdinova, URL);

- Statistics. The quantitative information containing the comment, can represent the high-grade journalistic text as, for example, materials «we Wait the five-100-th goal. Arithmetics of the first club» and «Annals of 30 rounds» in magazine "Football" (Sadritdinova, URL).

The analytical:

- The alphabet. Subjects of a "primary" and "secondary" reality (event, the phenomenon, the book, a telecast) are listed to present on purpose in alphabetic order those audiences or other realities. For example, in a material "Lions"? "Eagles"? "Elephants"? », published in magazine« the Soviet Sports. Football »in 2008, the journalist lists the facts about a starting Cup of Africa, and in« Sychev's Alphabet »the author presents the facts from a life of the football player;

- The questionnaire. Tertychnyj A.A. carries the questionnaire to analytical genres, however in sports editions this genre is presented in the transformed kind (at the expense of change zhanroobrazujushchih factors). For example, in article «Turkey - not abroad» (SSF, 2008. № 1) the competitive effect on purpose is created - to give representation not about the respondent (), and about any subject, event, the fact (Sadritdinova, URL);

- Diary. The given genre is very close to an author's column or the letter of the editor: it also is characterised by subjectivity and an emotionality. However editions declare a new genre in the name of headings, for example «Vasily Utkin's Spanish diary» (the Cup of the King opens talents//SSF. 2008. № 2);

- Rating. The genre means the analysis of the phenomena, subjects,
Sportsmen and their ranging. For example, in March, 2007 in magazine "Eurofootball" there was a material «the Rating of football musicians» (Sadritdinova, URL);

- Transfer. This genre is close to a rating, but subjects are analyzed without comparison and exhibiting of points. For example, «12 handsome men-stadiums for FM» (Eurofootball, June 2005). It is possible to carry To this genre form and «Sports Oscar», annually published in a tabloid «Your Day». On the eve of New Year journalists sum up, naming winners of playful nominations «the Best film of year», «the Best actress»: «Your Day was handed over sports by" Oscar »to best of the best» («Your Day» sports "Oscar" has handed over to the best of the best, 2013: 14-16);

- Comparison. Unlike ratings, two sportsmen here are compared. Texts of headings «Versus» in magazine "PROспорт", and also «It is comparable?» And "antipodes" in popular "Eurofootball" among the Russian fans, are executed in this genre form (Sadritdinova, URL);

- Test drive. The purpose of the given genre form - to try on the journalist (the trainer, the sportsman) a training apparatus, technics or sports kind, and also to give advice to the reader - «As SHunin« Europass "tamed" (SSF. 2008). (Sadritdinova, URL).

Except the gravitating to information or analytical nature of genre forms at the analysis of a text material in printing federal mass-media texts are found out, genre atributsija which is ambiguous. For example, the genre form «a family album» where photos from personal archive of sportsmen are made comments by journalistic texts or someone's citations. The texts which genre form it is possible to name «sports history» or «sports archive» use the big popularity. (Sadritdinova, URL). The given texts are devoted annals of sports events, and they cannot be carried to one of traditional genres. They combine zhanroobrazujushchie factors, characteristic for memoirs,
Sketches, articles. For example, in a material «the Beginning of the beginnings» the author tells World Cup history (TotalFootball. 2006, 2007). Some editions publish texts which are difficult for ranking as one of known genres. Appearing from number in number, they become parts of difficult genre structure of the sports edition. For example, it is possible to find the texts which do not have under the form analogues in one friend of mass-media in magazine "РЯОспорт": a bet (not simply dialogue or polemic, and dispute of two known people on money concerning this or that sports event), «up&down» (an original rating of the events defining «system of values of magazine») (Sadritdinova, URL).

Thus, disorder of the press of the USSR, begun in 1990th, has induced mass-media to clearing of strict one-style giving of materials. Borders between genres became all less accurate, and concept "text" - more and more actual. The Internet and the mobile appendices which have opened in XXI th century before an audience huge possibilities in reception of the information, have given rise to qualitatively new stage of formation of a content of the sports periodical press. Today fans can receive news in the pure state set of methods at any moment and in any point of space, and not only by means of sign symbols, but also the video image. Therefore newspapers in struggle for a survival have started to offer the reader that the Internet - resources often to give not in a condition - judgement of occurring sports events, the comment, analytics and so on. Besides, printing mass-media have dared at complication of classical genre forms and creation new, many of which steels cards of those or other sports printing mass-media. The editor of department of sports of the newspaper «Sheets. Friday» Evgenie Sljusarenko so explains the reasons of "washing out" of genres: «the Reason of it, in my opinion, - more and more"clip"consciousness of the reader, unavailability, unwillingness and inability to perceive large one-style forms. It concerns, however, not only sports journalism, and journalism as that. And not only journalism -
Convergence, mixing of styles it is characteristic now for all creative certificates: from music to architecture. In the West this process has been started much earlier, during Soviet time the classical journalism and the classical reader has been as though preserved"». (From interview to the author of dissertational research from April, 13th, 2012).

According to E.A.Sljusarenko's fair statement, the principal cause of genre diffusion has more global value: it is covered not only in a competition of printing mass-media to Internet resources, but also in change of perception by the person of the information in a century of TV and the Internet. The person who has learnt advantages of reception of the information by means of the dynamical colour image, that is in the certain facilitated form, as a rule, does not wish to perceive large one-style text forms. Thus, the sports press reflects the dynamic processes occurring in system of genres of modern mass-media. The main tendencies, characteristic for sports editions on an example of federal mass-media: "washing out" of genres, occurrence of new, specific forms, a generality of genres for the newspaper and journal periodical press. All it allows to predict the further expansion and complication of genre system (Sadritdinova, URL).

However sports mass-media it is not limited only to federal editions. Regional printing mass media play an important role according to sports events places. In spite of the fact that on periphery professional level of journalists and journalism as a whole leaves much to be desired, local mass-media, as well as central, are compelled to go on a way of "washing out" of genres. The reasons of the given phenomenon in provincial sports journalism basically the same, as in federal (a competition to Internet resources, "clip" consciousness of readers), but the main reason consists in other - in absence of efficiency.

Let's consider a problem of "washing out" of genres in regional mass-media on
Example of the most popular printing editions of Tver - «the Tver Life» (daily log), «the Caravan +Я» and «Local Time» (both weekly journals). The given newspapers from the point of view of giving of the sports information are vivid examples of regional journalism. In regions weekly editions prevail over daily, and efficiency of weekly journals is relative. In connection with comment domination over the fact the system of predominating genres in regional printing mass-media looks differently, than in federal. In such editions analytical articles, reflexion articles - interview, reviews, sketches and publicistic notes (Voronkov, URL) prevail. Andrey Borisova's analytical article «Record Duisburg - 2013» (Borisov, 2013: 4) in which the author analyzes the international competitions on rowing and successful performance of the Tver sportsmen, bright to volume an example. Owing to absence of efficiency the thematic sight also is displaced: On pages of weekly journals materials about private life of people of sports (Voronkov, URL) are more often published. For example, «Alexander Torchenjuk: Over transition in THK long did not think» (Volgin, 2013: 5) - interview to the beginner of the Tver hockey club of sports, a life and a new command. In given articles authors use epithets, metaphors, often use multidifficult, bulky syntactic designs. The concept and an editorial plan lean against knowledge already available for readers of the made event, its outcome. (Avenue «Stars of world hockey on the Tver ice (the USSR-Canada: 50 years later)» (Moskalenko, 2003: 13)).

Sports heading in such editions as «the Tver Life» (daily log) and «the Caravan +Я» (weekly journal) is published traditionally once a week, therefore information genres in regional mass-media practically are not used. For example, the classical reporting owing to absence of efficiency has completely disappeared from pages of newspapers. For regional sports mass-media the modified reporting at which there are signs analytical or art is more actual
Publicistic genres - «THK has played on bronze» (Artyomov, 2013: 4). Even laconic information notes are transformed, getting the characteristics inherent in genres of interview or analytical article. For example, «Kovalchuk will collect hockey stars in Tver» (Arsenes, 2013: 13). The author did not begin to be limited to the dry information, and has added the comment. In interview journalists quite often use analytics or sketch elements. For example, a material «Row from here!» (Ilyichev, 2013: 13) where the author has told about how the Tver oarsmen and jahtsmenov move from the "rendered habitable" territory, it is possible to carry as to interview (an information genre), and to analytical article (an analytical genre) as at article there are signs of both genres. As to analytical (a review, analytical article) and is art-publicistic genres (sketch) for them in the Tver mass-media "washing out" it is practically irrelevant. They, as a rule, represent an example of classical genre division because are the most suitable to regional editions. In a sketch «the Actor, the fighter, fakelonosets» journalist Andrey Krylov has in detail described an uneasy way to the big sports of the master of single combats of Feodor Serova without addition in it of elements, characteristic for other genres (Krylov, 2013: 4). However there are also exceptions. For example, a material «Row from here!» As it was mentioned above, has signs and analytical article, and at the same time the interview characteristic. Occurrence in regions of local sports Internet resources, for example, sprint-tver.ru, also has influenced on zhanroobrazovanie in the periodical press - reportings remind analytical articles more and more, however, to create and use new genres in the regional periodical press sports journalists are yet ready. It is necessary to allocate only the Tver weekly journal «the Caravan +Я» which in giving of the materials is equaled on the largest federal tabloids. In August, 2013 in the newspaper the material «Beauty - terrible force» (Ilyichev, 2013: 9) in which the journalist named ten most charming and attractive sportsmen of Tver has been published. A genre of the given material
"Transfer" is one of the most popular in the central editions. If to players "have distributed" places it would be possible to name the given genre "rating" with confidence.

Competition of sports printing mass-media among themselves, and also with the Internet and mobile appendices, change of perception by an information audience, "clip" consciousness of readers - all it has led to qualitatively new stage of formation of a content of the sports periodical press for which occurrence of new genres and "washing out" of the traditional is characteristic. Genre diffusion which in the late nineties yet did not perceive seriously neither journalists, nor researchers turns out, that, became the extremely actual for zhanroobrazovanija in sports editions. Moreover, the future of the sports press behind transformation and behind new genres, that is behind the "text" theory. To volume the proof the various genre forms which have appeared rather recently, but already won love of the reader are bright: a diary, a rating, the alphabet, statistics and so on. However the tendency of "washing out" of genres has global character as it is actual not only for federal, but also for regional mass-media.

The reasons of genre diffusion about identical both in federal, and in the regional periodical press. Unique, basic difference consists in the following: regional editions have come to "washing out" of genres not thanks to a rigid competition to local sports Internet resources (those in regions a little), and owing to absence of efficiency. In the central mass-media even more often journalists place emphasis on absolutely new genres, thereby trying to interest it is as much as possible readers and to distract them from the Internet.

The basic genres of sports journalism in regions continue to remain classical analytical and hudozhestvennoyopublitsisticheskie, "washing out" is actual basically for information genres. Thus, genre diffusion became one of the basic tendencies of development of modern sports journalism.

However to say that classical division of genres, becomes once irrelevant, it is wrong, as the similar consequence of "washing out" can lead to chaos in zhanroobrazovanii.

2.3.

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A source: Schmidt Oksana Jurevna. the PROBLEMATICS, SPECIFICITY of FORMATION And DEVELOPMENT of the TVER SPORTS JOURNALISM. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2018. 2018

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