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THE WORK GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC

Dissertational work is devoted formation and development of the business press of Russia of a boundary of 1850-1860. After accession to the throne AlekYOsandra II in 1855 revival in the market of newspapers and magazines has begun: was zayokryt Buturlinsky committee (1848-1856), whose duties included private supervision for «spirit and a direction» the Russian literature and periodicals; preparation for carrying out of the major reforms (country, judicial, etc.) has begun; various economic conversions as the Crimean war which has ended with defeat for Russia, has revealed its economic weakness in comparison with the European powers were made.

After 1855 were published more than ten spetsializirovanyonyh economic editions. Capitalism consolidation in a national economy in 50-60th years of XIX century has caused in public discussion suyoshchestvujushchih at that time of economic problems.

The merchants who were key figures of capitalism, but not raspolayogavshie the information necessary for them, wished to receive during an epoch of changes neo - hodimye convergence on movement of capitals, change of the prices for the goods y, with hundred I - niju various industries as in Russia, and abroad.

We consider necessary to explain, that in work it is understood as the business press of XIX century. At definition of concept of the business press and business izyodanija we leant against works of researchers of journalism of D.A.Murzina (Murzin, 2003: 65) and A.V.Vyrkovsky (Vyrkovsky, 2007: 16). We prideryozhivaemsja that definition of the business press which has developed at theorists of journalism (M.V.Shkondina, D.A.Murzina) and according to which «the business information is wider politekonomicheskoj, economic or actually biz - bore-information» (SHkondin, Resnjansky, 2009: 106); it is any information capable «to influence behaviour of agents of the market or reflecting this behaviour» (Murzin, 2003: 65).

A.V.Vyrkovsky defines business journalism as raznovidyonost the qualitative press, representing to the reader necessary inyo
Formation for development and acceptance of the most effective decisions in fiyonansovoj, an administrative or professional field of activity (DeYOlovaja journalism, 2007: 14).

In our opinion, business newspapers and magazines represent a version of the periodicals which purpose is maintenance of information requirements of industrialists and dealers by means of the publication of the various materials containing convergence on development toryogovli, the industries, ways of messages, the finance, etc. That is to deloyovym to magazines and newspapers of XIX century we carry in what were shined razyolichnye spheres of an economic life of the country. As the synonym of the business press in work is used concept of "the economic press».

Magazines and newspapers of economic character were published under the private initiative and government agencies. To the last, the Magazine of manufactories and trade »,« Mountain magazine »,« Magazine of the ministry state imushchestv »,« Magazine of the Ministry of Internal Affairs »concern«.

Our dissertational research is devoted private business peyoriodicheskim to editions. On their pages «spoke a society» about sv about their needs and requirements.

Among publishers of such newspapers and magazines there were outstanding scientists (I.V.Vernadsky, M.J.Kittary, I.K.Babst) and beginning industrialists (F.V.Tchizhov), officials of various departments (K.V.Trubnikov, N.A.LebeYodev, V.J.Shvittau), beginning journalists (P.S.Usov).

Growth of an exit of business periodicals begins since 1857: then publishers have a hope, that the merchants buyodet to develop according to the progress which has outlined in the country, they planned by means of special economic editions likvidiroyovat blanks in knowledge of industrial and trading estate. Have practically simultaneously started to leave «Magazine for shareholders» K.V.Trubnikova, «the Economic index» I.V.Vernadsky, «the Intermediary promyshlennoyosti and trade» P.S.Usova. As their purpose was to serve interests promyshlenyo
nosti and trade in the conditions of developing capitalism and the day before «veliyokih reforms».

We investigate eleven private economic newspapers and zhuryonalov, leaving during the period with 1857 for 1865, which did not come into the view of researchers (or they have partially been studied), and meanwhile predyostavljajut extreme interest for history of journalism of Russia and istoyorii its economy as in them it was developed programs buyodushchih changes of economic sphere of Russia.

Many of business newspapers and magazines of this period remained till now not touched on regiments of newspaper archival storehouses; the scientific base on the given question is rather small. Periodicals of a boundary of 1850-1860th years discussed vital for the further well-being of the country questions: about serfdom cancellation, building of railways, ro ste the industries, custom duties change, free work, work zhenyoshchin and children, development of the credit, etc.

Persons of many editors of business papers unreasonably zab yty: M.J.Kittary, N.A.Lebedev, I.P.Balabin, V.J.Shvittau - names of the last do not meet even in the help and educational literature. Meanwhile their role in development of the business press is undoubtedly high: they worked for the blessing oteyochestva, not sparing themselves, sustaining financial losses.

Till the present moment there is no complex research where business newspapers and magazines of 1857-1865 would be analysed, activity of employees among which were outstanding lichnoyosti is not described also: D.I.Mendeleyev, N.H.Bunge, G.P.Kamensky, I.K.Babst, N.S.Leskov, etc.

The given dissertational work meets the specified lacks and javljayoetsja complex research of the private business press of the period stanovyolenija capitalism in Russia (1857-1865).

Urgency of the selected theme. History of Russian journalism isyosledovana non-uniformly enough. So, revolutionary-democratic izyodanija XIX centuries are studied in details enough, conservative and libeyo
ralnye - it is not enough. The history of the business press as a whole, and in particular deyolovyh editions of 1857-1865, only partially drew attention issleyodovatelej, among them «the Intermediary of the industry and trade» (Kljuchkov - skaja, 2008, URL), «Exchange sheets» (Yesin, 1983; Silantev, 2013), «the Economic index» (Mihajlik, 2003; Lapshin, URL).

Today, when interest to the domestic industry, toryogovle, economy takes a considerable place in public consciousness, and d eyolovaja the press is integral making modern periodicheyoskoj the press, studying of occurrence and development of economic newspapers and zhurnayolov will help to consider past experience at release of editions of similar type. neyodarom the editor of business papers F.V.Tchizhov spoke: «For what we write and for what we print? To transfer concepts another that them to share» (To about - val, 1993: 19). Therefore the urgency of the theme chosen by us is obvious.

Degree of its readiness. The scientific base of research shares on time frameworks on the sources which have left before revolution of 1917 and poyosle of it. We had been studied the maintenance leaving in 1857-1865 gayozet and magazines.

Among pre-revolutionary researches it is necessary to note especially nauchyonye works on history of Russia of V.O.Kljuchevskogo (Kljuchevsky, 1904), M.PoYokrovskogo (Pokrovsk, 1911) and histories of development of economy Russian impeyorii I.S.Blioha (Blioh, 1882), N.K.Brzhesky (the Ministry of Finance, 1902).

For the historical review and revealing of preconditions of formation d eyolovoj the periodical presses we used works of scientists poslerevoljutsionnogo perioyoda: on history of Russia - A.S.eagle, V.A.Georgiev, N.G.georgieva, T.A.sivo cinchona (Eagles, Georges, georgieva, Sivohina, 2007); N.Rozhkov (Small horns, 1928­1930); histories of economy of Russia - Of this year Strumilin (Strumilin, 1960); M.I.Tugan-Baranovsky (Tugan-Baranovsky, 1934); A.G.Hudokormov, V.A.Pogre-binskaja, M.A.Sludkovskaja (Hudokormov, Pogrebinsky, Sludkovsky, 2010­2014); histories of the Russian finance - JA.V.nightingale (Nightingales, 2003).

The literature on a business press is not numerous. At research the what
nomicheskih magazines and newspapers we were guided by works, posvjashchennyyomi press typology, among which D.N.nechaeva and V.V. TuYolupova's research (Nuchaev, Sheepskin coats, 2006), the collection under M.V.Shkondina and L.L.Resnjansky's edition (SHkondin, Resnjansky, 2009). Unfortunately, in A.I.Akopova's work «domestic special magazines» (Akopov, 1986) there is no economic section (magazines in area estestvoznayonija are considered only, technicians, medicine and agriculture). The historical aspect on osyonove an extensive empirical material is presented to A.V.Eremenko's dissertations (Eremenko, 2006). However occurrence of the business press somniyotelno is carried by the researcher to the end of XIX century.

As to sources of formation of the business press, research on the given question practically are absent. An exception are A.V.Predtechensky's works (Predtechensky, 1986) and A.I.Akopova (Akopov, 2002). Development of journalism of I half XIX century is considered by V.V. Tikhonov (Tikhonov, 1959), L.B.Genkin (Genkin, 1971), A.J.Gorchakovoj (GorchakoYOva, URL).

Features of newspapers of XIX century and their development are investigated in a number of works. In B.I.Yesin's work «the Russian pre-revolutionary newspaper. 1702 - 1917 the Short sketch» (Yesin, 1971) the history of newspaper business in Russia since time of an exit of "Sheets" (1702) prior to the beginning of the XX-th century is presented. In work the general are revealed tenyodentsii both laws of development of newspapers and some typological osobenyonosti Russian pre-revolutionary press. However positive influence kapiyotalizma on development of the domestic periodical press by the author is not considered.

In Yesin's other work «the Russian newspaper and newspaper business in Russia. Problems and teoretiko-methodological principles of studying» (Yesin, 1988) the proanalysis and - rovany the general questions of studying of newspapers and newspaper business, interaction gas e - that-government-capital, economic nesvoboda, typology rusyoskoj journalism.

For us A.N.Bohanova's work «a bourgeois press of Russia and the large capital became rather important. End XIX-1914 of» (Bohanov, 1984), in which
Process of capitalisation of the press of a boundary of the XIX-XX-th centuries is analysed, koyogda newspaper and publishing business has turned to branch of capitalist business.

In the book «Large bourgeoisie in poreformennoj Russia (1861-1900)» V.J.Laverycheva in section «Capitalists and periodicals» rassmotreyono development of the press and influence on it of large capitals in last quarter of XIX century (Laverychev, 1974), as well as in E.V.Letenkova's monography «LiteraturYOnaja the industry» Russia of the end XIX - beginnings HH in »(Letenkov, 1988) in which development of the bourgeois-democratic periodical press in konyotekste socially-economic problems is investigated, and also their influence on creativity of writers-publicists (V.A.Giljarovskogo, V.M.Doroshevicha, Is scarlet. P.Chekhov).

The special works devoted to history of business journalism Ro with - these specified period while is not present. At present there is only an uchebno-methodical working out to B.I.Yesin's special course «History of the business press 1702-1917» (Yesin, 2005). Volume at the brochure small, but it vazhyona as contains the valuable facts about formation of business journalism in Russia. However the analysis of business newspapers and magazines and their maintenance is absent, as it did not enter into a problem of the researcher.

In spite of the fact that censorship of periodicals of XIX century is studied full enough (Shchebalsky, 1862; Skabichevsky, 1892; Lemke, 1904а, 1904б; Engelgardt, 1904; Rosenberg, Yakushkin, 1905; the Seamy side, 1989; ZHirkov, 2001; Patrushev, 2011), separate research on mutual relation deyolovoj the press and censorship is not available now.

As to researches of economic editions, they are rather poor. With reference to newspapers Trubnikova «Magazine for shareholders» and «Exchange sheets» we leant against B.I.Yesin's works (Yesin, 1983) and K.V.Silanteva (Silantev, 2013). About "Intermediar" P.S.Usova the literature nemnoyogochislenna, but the books which have appeared recently and articles are worthy, for example, L.A.Kljuchkovsky's work in which the researcher has considered history of mutual relations of P.Usova and the founder cable
P.Rejtera's agencies (Kljuchkovsky, 2008, URL).

Characterising F.V.Tchizhov's activity and features of magazine «VestYOnik the industries» and newspapers "Shareholder", we have taken advantage I.Simonovoj's of book (Simonov, 2002) and the outputs containing in ours issled ov ayonii, left in 2011 (Surnina, 2011). The Same and from I.V.Vernadsky: any researches devoted «Economic index» and "EkonomiYOstu", us it is not revealed. An exception is the third chapter of the dissertation of N.K.Mihajlik «I.V.Vernadsky's edition“ the Economic index "and" the Economist ”and their public value», where is is short considered izdatelyoskaja Vernadsky's activity (Mihajlik, 2003), S.A.repinetsko's dissertation go «Formation of ideology of the Russian liberalism during discussion kreyostjanskogo a question by publicism 1856-1860» Where also it is analyzed soyoderzhanie several numbers «Economic index» and it is given vnim and - nie V.Bezobrazova, N.Bunge, A.Butovskogo, G.Geta's to articles, With. G romeki, etc. (Repinetsky, 2009: 56), and also G.S.Lapshinoj devoted dejatelnoyosti by M.V.Vernadskoj's in magazine article (Lapshin, URL). Therefore for a basis our researches of the given periodicals (Surnina, 2008-2018) are taken.

As to «the Industrial leaf» M.J.Kittary, «the Manufacturer and the industrialist» N.A.Lebedev, «National riches» I.P.Balabina and «the Industrial newspaper» V.J.Shvittau, is prepared by us in 2016-2017 a cycle of articles which has laid down in a basis of dissertational work.

At work on the dissertation we used materials from sledujuyoshchih archival funds:

1. Research department of manuscripts of the Russian state library: f. 332 (F.V.Tchizhov),

2. Department of written sources of the State historical museum: f. 44 (I.K.Babst),

3. The state archive of the Russian Federation: f. 109 (the Third branch of own its Imperial Majesty of office),

4. The Russian state historical archive: f. 772 (the Main thing
Management of censorship of the Ministry of national education), f. 777 (Petrograd committee on press affairs (the Petersburg acceptable committee) the Ministries of Internal Affairs).

In two last archives there are the acceptable affairs got in otyonoshenii of business periodicals, and also petitions reyodaktorov about an exit of newspapers and magazines with detailed programs are stored.

Object of our research - business newspapers and magazines of the period of formation of capitalism in Russia (1857-1865): «Magazine for shareholders» (1857-1860), «the Economic index» (1857-1861), «the Intermediary promyshyolennosti and trade» (1857-1863), «the Industrial leaf» (1858-1859), "Economist" (1858-1865), «the industry Bulletin» (1858-1861), «proyoizvoditel and the industrialist» (1859-1861), "Shareholder" (1860-1863), «BirYOzhevye sheets» (1861-1879), «National riches» (1862-1865), «proyomyshlennaja the newspaper» (1865-1867).

Subject - features of formation of the business press of the period of formation of capitalism, its functional and typological features, subjects and a problematics of publications of business newspapers and magazines, its contribution to capitalism development to Russia second half XIX centuries.

The purpose and research problems. The dissertation purpose is revealing of the significance of business papers in capitalism formation to Russia, development of the business press in Russia and features of its functioning.

During research before us there were following problems:

1. Definition of the reasons of occurrence of business periodicals,

2. Correlation of directivity of editions with actual ekonomicheskiyomi problems in the country and with governmental economic policy,

3. Restoration of history of editions, definition of their purposes and problems, anayoliz programs, structure and the maintenance of the given editions, a circle sotrudnichavyoshih in them authors, and also definition of a reader's audience,

4. Revealing of influence of editions for an economic life of the country,

5. Value of editions in system modern it of the press,

6. Research of editorial activity by K.V.Trubnikova, I.V.Veryonadsky, P.S.Usova, M.J.Kittary, F.V.Tchizhov, N.A.Lebedev, I.P.BalaYobina and V.J.Shvittau,

7. Definition of prospects of the further researches of the given theme.

Scientific novelty. The given dissertational work - the first complex research of the business press of 1857-1865. For the first time on base vnushitelnoyogo a circle of sources (archival and printing materials, complete sets of numbers «Magazine for shareholders», «the Economic index», «posredniyoka the industry and trade», «the Industrial leaf», "Economist", «the industry Bulletin», «the Manufacturer and the industrialist», "AktsioneYOra", «Exchange sheets», «National riches», «Industrial gas e - you», and also other editions selectively leaving simultaneously with them - «the Rural accomplishment», "Contemporary", «the Russian bulletin», etc.) - isyosledovany as periodicals, features of their structure, a theme of the materials published in them, a circle of employees, the closing reasons, and activity and merits of their publishers and editors (K.V.Trubnikova, I.V.Veryonadsky, P.Usova, F.V.Tchizhov, M.J.Kittary, N.A.Lebedev, etc.).

The theoretical significance of dissertational research obuslovyolena that business magazines and newspapers peyorioda capitalism formation in Russia for the first time are in a complex investigated. The collected, systematised and generalised data received during work, have allowed to enter «Magazine for shareholders», «the Economic index», «the Intermediary of the industry and trade», «the Industrial leaf», "Economist", «the Bulletin promyshlenyonosti», «the Manufacturer and the industrialist», "Shareholder", «Exchange a permission oyosti», «National riches», «the Industrial newspaper» in system modern it of mass media to give scientific representation about their role in capitalism development in Russia on a boundary of 50-60 years of XIX century, to estimate the contribution of editors of business papers to development of the press of XIX century.

The practical significance of the dissertation consists in switching-on in a scientific turn before not mastered material: not investigated journal
Articles, archival sources (acceptable affairs, correspondence, diaries). RezultaYOty works can find application at a writing of proceedings on istoyorii the business press of Russia, and also are used at lecturing on isyotorii Russian journalism of XIX century, at creation of uchebno-methodical grants and working out of special courses on the given period.

Methodology and methods of dissertational research. Work has interdisciplinary character (history of Russian journalism, istoyorija Russia, economy history), as has defined use of general scientific and concrete methods of research. We had been used istoriko-typological, descriptive and rather-historical methods that has allowed to carry out complex research of theoretical and empirical bases of dissertational work and to reveal laws of formation and functioning of the business press.

As to teoretiko a-methodological basis of research in the course of work on the dissertation we were guided by works of theorists of the journalism, dealing with problems of typology of means mass inyoformatsii - JA.N.Zasursky (Zasursky, 2003), B.I.Yesin (Yesin 1981, 1989); mutual relations of the press and the capital - A.N.Bohanova (Bohanov, 1984), A.L.Reuelja (Reuel, 1956); the press and censorships - M.K.Lemke (Lemke, 1904), P.A.Zajonchkovskogo (Zajonchkovsky, 1978), G.V.Zhirkova (ZHirkov, 2001); rabotayomi researchers slavjanofilstva - B.F.Egorov (Egorov, 1988), N.I.tsim baeva (TSimbaev, 1978, 1986), T.F.Pirozhkovoj (Pirozhkova, 2002); works of historians of domestic journalism - B.I.Yesin (Yesin, 1971, 1988), S.J.Mahoninoj (Mahonina, 2004), L.P.thunderous (Gromova, 2005).

The research hypothesis consists that business papers of 1857-1865 which exit is caused by economic development of Russia, predn and - znachalis for development and strengthening of arising capitalism, propayogandy free work, industrial production mechanisation, razviyotija the internal and external trading markets, change financial sisteyomy, formations of credit institutions, developments of railways and an exit
The domestic industry on world level; the business press of 1857-1865 was an incitement to development of similar editions in vtoyoroj half XIX centuries and in the XX-th century beginning.

The positions which are taken out on protection:

1. Occurrence of business papers in 1857-1865 obuslovyoleno features of development of Russia in first half XIX centuries: bourgeoisie growth, development of the domestic industry and trade, nastojayotelnoj necessity of protection from the state, and also the legislative and acceptable conditions which have created possibility for intensive development of the press after death of Nikolay I,

2. Business papers of 1857-1865 served interests promyshlennoyosti and trade in the conditions of capitalism developing in Russia, they podyoderzhivali the domestic manufacturer,

3. The maintenance of business magazines and newspapers directly reflected problems of the present,

4. Business papers of 1857-1865 accepted active participation in discussion for choice the further way of development of Russia,

5. Business papers of 1857-1865 went in avant-guard modern it of periodicals and influenced economic orders pravitelyostva (in particular, on custom duties of 1868),

6. Business papers of 1857-1865 were an integral part siyostemy periodicals of the specified period,

7. Business papers from-for infantilism and neobrazovanyonosti merchants which did not understand importance of similar newspapers and magazines were closed and did not ensure with their material support,

8. Business papers of 1857-1865 have influenced growth ekonomiyocheskih newspapers and magazines in 70th years of XIX century and the subsequent up to nachayola the XX-th centuries.

Reliability degree. High degree of reliability of results of the carried out research is ensured strong teoretiko -
Methodological base, in volume of the spent empirical researches (11 business newspapers and magazines of 1857-1865; archival sources - tsenyozurnye affairs, diaries, correspondence; the memoirs literature), complex priyomeneniem various methods of research.

The essential part of work is made by its philological component. The overwhelming quantity of empirical convergence is received with the help anayoliza texts, their substantial, genre and structurally-thematic hayorakteristik, carried out by traditional philological means.

Reliability of research is caused by that outputs are received as a result of analytical work - complex research private deyolovyh newspapers and magazines of 1857-1865.

Structure and dissertation composition. A composition dissertatsionyonoj works as a research definite purpose, tasks in view and osyonovyvaetsja on it is system a-chronological principle. The structure dissertatsiyoonnogo compositions consists of the introduction, three heads, the conclusion, the list liteyoratury, the list of sources of examples, the list of reductions and the appendix. The research volume makes 447 pages of the text executed on stanyodartu of typewriting. Appendix volume - 11 pages.

In chapter 1 «Preconditions of occurrence and the subsequent razyovitija business papers in the middle of XIX century» are investigated the reasons vozyoniknovenija business papers: bourgeoisie formation in Russia, images and - nie joint-stock companies, key reforms in the field of economy from the beginning of XIX century till 1865, that as a result has led to growth of economy of Russia and stayonovleniju a capitalist way of development. Also the review business presyosy since XVIII century to the middle of 60 years of XIX century is given.

The second chapter «Development of business papers in Russia of 1857-1865» comprises three sections. In the first activity of editors, editors-publishers of business papers of 1857-1865 is considered: are resulted biograyoficheskie convergence on them, mutual relations with acceptable vedomyostvami are described. In the second section the characteristic of economic newspapers and zhuryo is given
Cash of 1857-1865: periodicity of their release, the subscription price, osobenyonosti structures (departments), the circle of employees, an audience is mounted, on kotoyoruju they are calculated. In the third section employees business izdayony are specified 1857-1865. The first women-employees of business papers are noted also.

The third chapter «Problematics of business papers of 1857-1865» soyostoit from four sections. In the first it is a question of problems of the present and their reflexion on pages of business papers of 1857-1865: a country question, free work, development of intermedia in Russia, problems internal and foreign trade, industry development in Russia, proyoblemy technical, trading and industrial formation in Russia, r e - formation of a financial system of Russia, development of joint-stock companies, problems of agriculture and agriculture, wildlife management. Also in danyonom section a practical advice which were given to readers, foreign news, criticism, the bibliography and announcements in business periyoodicheskih editions of the specified period are considered. The second section is devoted zhanrovoyomu to an originality of materials of the business press of the middle of XIX century: are allocated analytical, information and artly-publicistic zhanyory. In the third mutual relations of the business press and censorship are analyzed. For the first time analysis of the acceptable affairs got by Central administrative board of censorship in the ratio «Economic index» is resulted, is considered, how much uneasy there were ratios between editions business periodicheyoskih editions and censorship. In the fourth section the reasons of closing of business papers are specified.

In the conclusion the outputs proving a hypothesis are presented; obobyoshchajutsja research results, are defined the further prospects izucheyonija the business press of Russia.

The dissertational composition supplements the appendix «Lists sotrudyonikov business periodicals of 1857-1865», in which predyostavleny full lists of employees «the Economic index","proyo
myshlennogo a leaf "," the Economist "," the industry Bulletin "," proyomyshlennoj newspapers »(in 1865),« the Manufacturer and the industrialist ».

The literature list makes 379 works, including domestic and foreign authors; the used sources of examples - 115 archival materials, newspapers and magazines.

Work approbation. Results of research, were reported on ezheyogodnyh international scientifically-practical conferences at faculty of journalism of the Moscow State University of a name of M.V.Lomonosova (2008, 2009), on Vserossijskojkonferentsija young scientists «Philology and journalism in the beginning XXI veyoka» at the Saratov state university (2010), in a number of oral doyokladov on chair of history of the Russian literature and journalism of faculty of journalism of the Moscow State University of a name of M.V.Lomonosova, on doktorantskom a seminar. Also results of research were discussed during competition scientific izyodany journalism faculty where the monography «I.V.Vernadsky's Business papers (1857-1865)» in which the part of results provedenyonogo researches contains, has been awarded the second place.

On a theme of dissertational research 30 works are published, including: articles in the editions recommended Higher attestative komisyosii of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the List conducting retsenzirueyomyh of scientific magazines and editions - 20; monographies - 4; articles in scientific magazines and collections - 3; theses and materials in scientific collections konyoferentsy - 3. Total amount of publications - 85,42 items of l.

Scientific workings out are used at creation of curriculums «History of the Russian journalism», «History of the business press of Russia».

Key positions of the dissertational composition are approved during lecturing at the rate «Histories of the Russian journalism», and also in a number of articles published in scientific magazines.

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A source: SURNINA IRINA ALEKSANDROVNA. PRIVATE BUSINESS NEWSPAPERS And MAGAZINES In CAPITALISM FORMATION In Russia (1857-1865). The dissertation author's abstract on competition of a scientific degree of the Doctor of Philology. Tver - 2019. 2019

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