<<
>>

Classifications of loans in Russian

the classifications Presented in earlier named works have universal character and are applicable to different languages. There is a question on presence of classification of loans in Russian and also because object of the present research are English-speaking loans, about existence of classification of loans from concrete language (in this case from English language) in Russian.

M.I.Fomina has developed classification of the lexemes borrowed in Russian which distinguishes loans from slavic languages and loan not from slavic languages. It unites the last in following groups on their degree osvoennosti.

1. The international lexicon which version is the international lexicon.

2. Ekzotizmy, lives applied to the description and a life of other people.

3. Varvarizmy which because of weak assimilation are alien terms for Russian.

4. The is grotesque-comic speech based on the excessive use ekzotizmov and varvarizmov that creates comical effect [Fomina 2002: 138].

JU.T.listrova offers two classifications of loan words. The first classification distinguishes types of loans on the basis of a parity with systems of contacting languages, that is language-donor and accepting language. The second classifies loans on the basis of communication of the maintenance of the message with a national-cultural originality. In the classifications the author considers loans in Russian. According to JU.T.listrova's first classification allocates following types of units.

1. A full impregnation speaking another language which is observed in the event that the text fragment is inserted into the Russian text on a foreign language without any changes. It can be both the independent offer, and a compound sentence part, an interjection, an introduction design.

2. The partial impregnation speaking another language representing a part of the foreign text or separate offers, partially assimilated or included in syntactic relations by rules of borrowing language.

3. Kontaminirovannoe, or an impregnation Russian-speaking another language, that is Russian word or the offer used by rules of a foreign language or with infringement of rules of Russian.

4. A zero impregnation, that is the Russian translation text inserted into original Russian speech [the Listrova-truth 1986: 24-26].

S.Seshan allocates anglicisms - language loans, anglicisms - words speaking another language, time ekzotizmy [Seshan 1996].

V.I.Karasik notices, that «languages differ on degree of immunity to another's word», i.e. there are languages which actively accept words speaking another language, and there are the languages resisting to given process. So, V.I.Karasik writes, that the Bulgarian language is inclined to use own resources for the name of the phenomena, in the Czech language words speaking another language get is derisive-ironical konnotatsiju. The author explains a similar susceptibility to loans by boundary position of ethnos, necessity of underlining of the identity [Karasik 2002: 176].

In the work [Karasik 2002] V.I.Karasik considers types English and American kontseptov, introduced in Russian language consciousness. Analyzing English-speaking kontsepty and their penetration into Russian culture, the author traces how the words, displaying data kontsepty, pass in Russian. It is necessary to notice, that V.I.Karasik studies kontsepty in lingvokulturologicheskom aspect in this connection in understanding of the author kontsepty represent «a multidimensional network of values which are expressed lexical, phraseological, paremiologicheskimi units, case texts, etiketnymi formulas, and also rechepovedencheskimi tactics reflecting, according to E.M.Vereschagin and V.G.Kostomarov, repeating fragments of a social life» [Karasik 2002: 113-114].

To the first type the author carries zero or empty kontsepty. Such kontsepty are presented by the lexical units replacing with self of a word of Russian without semantic differentiation. V.I.Karasik names similar lexical units «English varvarizmami», appearing, as a rule, in speech of those people which for various reasons often speak in English. As examples the author results a word-combination a face about tejbl in which words a face and tejbl replace with themselves Russian words the person and a table, and also zaspikat from an English word speak, childrenjata from children, vindovochka from window.Âåðîÿòíî, zero or empty the author names such kontsepty that they, as a matter of fact, not
are English-speaking kontseptami as these kontsepty have arisen not in English culture, and in Russian culture, but as verbal reprezentatsii kontseptov words of English language act. The maintenance kontseptov a face about tejbl, vindovochka, zaspikat do not reflect specificity of English mentality. Features such kontseptov are shown in their means obektivatsii in Russian system: words of English language undertake a basis, but to them Russian prefixes, suffixes and the terminations are added.

To V.I.Karasik's second type carries kvazi-kontsepty, the designating realities borrowed from English or American culture. Here it is a question of penetration into other cultures and languages not only subjects and the phenomena which have appeared initially in «the English-speaking world», but also their names. For example, with occurrence and distribution of computer technics to Russia, to Russian the words designating these objects (the scanner, the printer, etc.) have entered.

Among the English-speaking loans reflecting kontsepty second type, used by us in the given research, it is possible to name loan a site. Proceeding from examples of the use of this word in texts of mass-media, we see, that behind it any estimated characteristic is not necessary. The anglicism a site is used for a phenomenon designation for which in Russian there is no corresponding equivalent.

the Third type make parasitic kontsepty which are designated by English words on purpose to give to any phenomenon or event special, more prestigious kind. V.I.Karasik results an interesting example: at the airport of Domodedovo after passage of examination of luggage passengers received a boarding pass with Joint-Stock Company stamp «Ist lajn aviejshn the security guard». This inscription has been intended only for native speakers of Russian, differently the text would not be transliterated. According to the author, use of English words has certain intention: to show, that the given service does not differ from corresponding services in English-speaking culture, is
same effective, fast and safe. V.I.Karasik otmechet, that parasitic kontsepty are similar with kontseptami the first type, but differ from them the claim for additional sense.

We consider, that to the loans expressing parasitic kontsepty, it is possible to carry some English-speaking loans which we use in the given work. So, the anglicism moll is used for a designation of the big shopping centre where various shops settle down. However instead of a word habitual for Russian people "shopping centre", in mass-media loan from English language is often used. Possibly, additional obshcheotsenochnyj the sense put in kontsept moll, consists that moll can cause a positive image of the large shop offering excellent service in consciousness of buyers, extensive assortment of the goods and other entertainments.

To the fourth type strangers chastnootsenochnye kontsepty which reflect values of another's culture concern. Unlike kontseptov the second type behind which stand mental the essence, existing in Russian validity, but not having own name in Russian, kontsepty the fourth type specify in such phenomena which are not characteristic for Russian culture, but are standard in culture of the English-speaking countries. For example, in Russian culture long time was absent kontsept «selfish blessing» as earlier mercenary rendering assistance was condemned. In English culture data kontsept exists for a long time and has found an embodiment in a word sponsor. C development of capitalist relations into Russian culture has got data English-speaking kontsept together with a word expressing it which was transformed to a lexical unit the sponsor.

In the research we use English-speaking loan loukoster which can be carried to the loan words designating kontsept of the fourth type. The idea of the airline offering the low prices for air flights, has initially appeared in the USA, and then has extended in
Europe and other countries worldwide, including in Russia. Together with formation kontsepta in Russian lingvokulture in Russian the word which is its verbal reprezentatsiej has entered.

There were in Russian such words, expressing strangers valuable kontsepty, as a spoiler and fejk, dominating in speech of modern Russian youth. A spoiler, as a rule, name the action made by someone who prematurely opens a film or book plot. Fejk is that mismatches the validity that is a fake or distortion of the known facts. Acknowledgement of a conclusion on distribution of loans a spoiler and fejk in speech of the Russian youth we find in the research which spent in 2015 and has found reflexion in the scientific publication «Modern loans from English language in speech of representatives of youth culture» [CHekletsova 2015] in which author E.I.Chekletsova describes results of interrogation of students of the universities which purpose consisted in revealing of the most popular loans for last 5-7 years. On the basis of results of interrogation the author allocates 177 loan words among which we also find fejk and a spoiler.

V.I.Karasika's Classification shows, that, on the one hand, occurrence of English-speaking loans in language can be a loan consequence kontseptov, put by these into words. On the other hand, in language there can be the borrowed units which are not verbal obektivizatsiej of strangers kontseptov. Ways of loan thus differ. At loan kontseptov in language get words designating them without cardinal changes, that is English words keep typical sounding, but get other writing. In a case with zero kontseptami in language English words which get not only a writing typical for Russian, but also other grammatical form and sounding get.

Studying of classifications of loan words had for us great value at drawing up of the case of English-speaking loans for
an experimental research. Forming questionnaires for experiment carrying out on subjective definitions and associative experiment, we, first of all, tried to avoid varvarizmov and ekzotizmov. We consider, that use in the experimental task of similar impregnations speaking another language would become a considerable barrier to perception and understanding native speakers, especially those who is not able to read in English. We assume, that would be in that case received bolshee quantity of refusals, than in case of use of loans which finally have been selected for carrying out of experiments. For the given research we chose the mastered loans, that is the loans assimilated in language-recipient. We carry the English-speaking loans graphically transferred by means of accepting language to them, grammatical combined with in other words in the text, actual at present, that is often used both in mass-media, and in daily speech. In the chronological plan investigated English-speaking loans can be carried to the newest occurrences which have filled up dictionary structure of language - of the recipient within last twenty years. It is interesting, that among considered anglicisms are available such which have appeared in English language rather recently, but already had time to get into other languages of the world. So, loan selfi has arisen in 2002, and in 2013 has been recognised by a word of year in English language [URL: http://en.oxforddictionaries.com].

Thus, the considered points of view on the maintenance of the term "loan", and also a variety of classifications of loan words show, that the phenomenon investigated by us still is not defined with due accuracy. Nevertheless, dividing the point of view of the majority of domestic authors, in the given dissertational work we understand the lexical units which have come in language-recipient from other language which serve for a nomination abstract or real
objects of the surrounding validity as loans, and are a natural consequence of language and cultural contacts.

1.2.

<< | >>
A source: OVCHINNIKOVA MARINA SERGEEVNA. ENGLISH-SPEAKING LOANS In INDIVIDUAL CONSCIOUSNESS (PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Kursk - < year>2018.

More on topic Classifications of loans in Russian:

  1. Classifications of loans
  2. CHAPTER 2. Classifications of sources of law of Russian empire in action of the Code of laws of Russian empire
  3. the State loans of the subject of the Russian Federation
  4. §1.3 Classifications of additional guarantees of realisation of constitutional laws and freedom of the person and the citizen established Subjects of the Russian Federation
  5. chapter 2. The analysis and an estimation of modern Russian practice of the bank control over a reflexivity of loans.
  6. Research of features of understanding of English-speaking loans by carriers of Russian and Bulgarian languages
  7. the Factors influencing functioning of English-speaking loans in consciousness of native speakers of Russian
  8. Chapter 2. Classifications of the remedial facts
  9. Chapter 2. Classifications of juridical facts
  10. the Classifications used in work
  11. the Classifications used in work
  12. 1.4. Classifications of abbreviations and abbrevem
  13. classifications of speech genres
  14. 1.2.1 Classifications of metaphors about transfer
  15. irony classifications: the short review
  16. Classification of loans in German language
  17. § 4.1. Classifications of waiver of immunity