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Definition of concept of loan

In spite of the fact that in linguistics attempts of the description of loans were already undertaken, till now there is no uniform point of view on this problem. On the one hand, in wide value, loan is one of ways of enrichment of dictionary structure of any language.

On the other hand, in narrow value, under loan understand process of penetration and adaptation of the borrowed lexeme in other language, and also result of this process: actually a loan word assimilating in new language system [Lobkovsky 2008: 111].

In domestic and foreign dictionaries it is found following definitions of the term "loan":

- «loan - the reference to lexical fund of other languages for expression of new concepts, the further differentiation already available and designations of subjects unknown before (quite often these subjects become known to native speakers only owing to contacts c those people, from whose languages corresponding words are borrowed)» [Ahmanova 1966: 146] (we will notice here, that O.S.Ahmanova places emphasis on process, instead of on result of loan);

- «loan - an element of another's language (a word, a morpheme, a syntactic design, etc.), transferred from one language in another as a result of contacts language, and also process of transition of elements of one language in another» [LES] (in the given definition are considered both process, and result);

- «loan - a word from other language which on a pronunciation, a writing, word-formation is arranged under accepting language» [Duden] (is considered only the result).

it is necessary to notice, that further us the result of process of loan, namely, lexical units, pronikshie in this or that language from other language will mainly interest. However in some cases at discussion of problems of the theoretical plan it appears inconvenient to spend accurate border between the specified two sides of the problem of loan, especially by consideration of separate scientific concepts.

the Problem terminological nerazrabotannosti theories of loans is mentioned by L.M.Bash. It defines loans as the words which have come to language from other languages, transferred by graphic means of accepting language and not undergoing any other changes or "transformations" [Bash 1989: 28].

many domestic and foreign linguists were engaged and engaged in Studying of loans. Loan as process and result investigate B.N.Zabavnikov [1966], L.P.Krysin [1968], V.I.Zabotkina [1989]. U.Vajnrajh [Weinreich 1953], E.Haugen [Haugen 1950]
study loan in aspect of problems dvujazychija. Investigating speech behaviour bilingvov, U.Vajnrajh does conclusions about interference display at different language levels, and also about communication of an interference with the loan phenomenon. As to result of language and cultural contacts L.Blumfilda's works [1968] are devoted loan. The historical way of loans as a part of Russian is a subject of scientific works of V.V. Vinogradova [1994], E.V.Shustrovoj [2008]. Loan process as threat to cleanliness of language and culture is considered in V.G.Kostomarov's works [1994]. V.Betts [Betz 1949], E.A.Rajst [1966] is investigated by kinds of loan words. In particular, in V.Bettsa's works classification of word-formation cripples in German language (Lehnubersetzungen) is presented. The loan reasons are object of research in A.N.Kobzheva's [1974] works, P.N.Denisov [1974], V.M.Zhirmunskogo [1976], K.S.Gorbachevicha [1978], A.S.Beljaeva [1984], E.V.Rozena [1991], M.A.Brejter [1997].

as process of transferring of words of one language in another D.S.Lotte's works [Lotte 1982] are devoted loan Research. The author considers as loan («literal loan») a word which has passed in the given language from any language in that form in what it exists in this language at the moment of loan. According to the scientist, small phonetic changes of a loan word do not need to give values as they can be caused features of sound system of perceiving language. On the contrary, change of affixes, a root, the terminations in a word are considered as process of creation of a new word, therefore such word is not «loan in the pure state». D.S.Lotte's similar loan names «transformed (preobrazuemym) loan» [in the same place: 10].

In D.S.Lotte's work formulates criteria for loan word reference to number of the mastered. As us features of perception and understanding of English-speaking loans interest, arises
a question on on the basis of what the word speaking another language is considered «» or "another's". The author offers following criteria:

1) conformity of a sound combination of a loan word to a traditional sound combination of the given language;

2) conformity of the morphological form and separate formal signs of a loan word to common words in the given language;

3) presence of derivative words from the given loan.

Among the factors influencing reference of loan words to mastered, D.S.Lotte names prevalence and rate of the use of loan, and also absence of synonyms [there æå:11].

the Big contribution to the theory and practice of studying of loans to Russian has brought L.P.Krysin [Krysin 2004] which understands loan as «process of moving of various elements of one language in another» [in the same place: 24], meaning by «various elements» units of different levels of language. The author writes about loan of a word, a phoneme, a morpheme which allocation occurs on the basis of a number of the one-structural words united by the general derivational value, about syntactic and ­ strukturnosintaksicheskom loan, that is influence of syntactic designs speaking another language on designing of phrases in borrowing language, and also about semantic loan or tracing. The most widespread case is a loan of words, and less typical - loan of phonemes [in the same place].

Some foreign theories of loan are considered in A.V.Zelenin's article [Zelenin 2008]. In particular, the author specifies, that S.Poplak, M.Michan, D.Sankoff, K.Miller investigate loan as synchronic process. In works CT. Tomasona, loans are defined by T.Kaufmana as the incorporated elements speaking another language in language of some group speaking or transferred of one language in another «substantsionalnye elements»: morphemes, words, phraseological units. Bringing
a result, A.V.Zelenin notices, that loan is a material, concrete result of language contacts at phonetic, morphological, syntactic levels [in the same place: 86].

Considering loan in a context dvujazychija, E.Haugen defines loan as «attempt speaking to reproduce in one language the skills acquired by it as the carrier of other language». E.Haugen investigates, first of all, the linguistic aspect of process of loan, therefore suggests to consider loan as including an element of transferring and a substitution element. Transferring he names lines of similarity between a loan word and its original in language-source, substitution - available distinctions. «Substitution means, that imitation of the foreign sample does not reach perfection, but it means also, that this sample became more familiar and close for carriers of borrowing language» [Haugen 1967: 350].

a Number of researchers specify in a close connection of loan with economic, cultural, political influence of one people on another [Lobkovsky 2008: 110]. As marks V.M.Zhirmunsky, loans cannot be analyzed without the account sotsiolingvisticheskogo character of the given phenomenon because they are closely connected with the facts of history, psychology and even human physiology [Zhirmunsky 1948: 82]. I.E.Kljukanov considers loans as the semiotics phenomenon arising at intercultural dialogue in a communicative universum [Kljukanov 1998]. E.F.Volodarsky names lexical loan by a certain phase in the course of loan of cultural values and result of contacts of cultures in this connection addresses to representatives of not linguistic branches of knowledge who, in its opinion, should study loan process together with linguists [Volodarsky 2002: 96].

1.1.2.

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A source: OVCHINNIKOVA MARINA SERGEEVNA. ENGLISH-SPEAKING LOANS In INDIVIDUAL CONSCIOUSNESS (PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Kursk - < year>2018.

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