<<
>>

1.3. Language and culture. Kognitivnye discourse bases

Pragmatical norms, in turn, reflect values of different cultures. The cultural norms reflected in speech certificates, differ in different languages. V.V. Kabakchi marks «... During language historical development its primary orientation to concrete culture is expressed that in it the language means directed on service of communicative requirements of the given people collect: it is the intracultural terminology (realities), specific means of speech etiquette of the given people, phraseological units, pertinent in lips of the people-carrier of the given language» [Kabakchi 1990: 31].

Many anthropologists believe, that there are the basic elements inherent in all cultures: «1) the culture is created by the person and studied, though ability of the person study culture can to be limited; 2) it concerns more likely group of people, than to individuals; 3) the culture finds the reflexion in symbols and actions» [Koole, Thijeten 1994: 55].

Cultural values can explain verbal and nonverbal behaviour of the person. Speaking can not notice at all, that has broken norms of other culture, and it conducts to the intercultural conflict. Incompetence in intercultural communications even in a usual speech situation can lead nedoponimaniju, to insults, disappointments.

The world knowledge occurs by receipt from world around of signals which are exposed in a brain of the individual to process kognitsii, that is to knowledge process. Its essence consists that there is a filtration of the information and its distribution on classes depending on an origin and formation of the individual, its accessory to certain culture, social group, belief, values etc. Such classes in cultural anthropology are called «kognitivnymi as categories». One more understanding of culture - as From here follows
«depozitorija human kognitivnyh categories through which only the process of knowledge consisting in judgement and the mental organisation of a reality» [Lure 1997: 23] also is realised. The person acquires kognitivnye categories in process inkulturatsii, that is culture mastering, especially language. Adherents of cultural anthropology consider, that language displays all kognitivnye the categories underlying human thinking and making an essence of culture. Standing up for language units kognitivnye models, as well as kognitivnye culture models vary at individual level (for example, distinctions in dialects), therefore we cannot speak about their identity at all native speakers and culture. «As a result of distinction of a biological heritage, uniqueness of personal histories and distinction of social roles, individual members of a society have various kognitivnye culture models» [Lure 1997: 35].

About that there are distinctions between individual and collective knowledge, speaks also A.A.Zalevsky. It specifies that language knowledge of the individual «exists not in itself, and only in a context of its diverse experience formed through its personal refraction-experience, but under the control of the norms which have developed in society and estimations» [Zalevsky 2005: 196]. A.A.Zalevsky considers, that «for the native speaker there is no problem« isolated »words as to identify a word as that already means to include it in a context of previous experience, that is in an internal context of various knowledge and the relations which have settled in given culture as the bases for mutual understanding during dialogue and interaction» [in the same place]. The individual knowledge leans against functional support, such as «a parallel support on pertseptivnyj, kognitivnyj, emotionally-estimated (verbal and nonverbal) experience at interaction of all forms of storage of knowledge and various strategy of operating by knowledge at their different levels osoznavaemosti» [Zalevsky 2005: 197].

In different languages and cultures
There are distinctions in use of functional support. They are connected with «realisation of concrete images, signs, signs signs, and also caused by that, other and third emotionally-estimated experiences, etc.» [in the same place].

Collective knowledge inseparably linked with cultural knowledge. That, how much differently the cultural knowledge is distributed between representatives of one culture, shown in model distributed emerdzhentnogo cultural knowledge (distributed emergent cultural cognition), offered by the Australian scientist F.Sharifianom. T.JU.Sazonov says that F.Sharifian considers knowledge as cultural - caused and emerdzhentnoe, belonging to group, instead of the separate individuals, growing out of interaction of the people belonging to one culture [of Sazonov 2009]. Thus separate individuals possess cultural knowledge to a greater or lesser extent. «Individual distinctions in reprezentatsii cultural knowledge explain distinctions of its display in language, behaviour, artefacts etc.» [In the same place]. F.Sharifiana's model assumes existence of cultural knowledge at two levels: global and local. Global level is presented by set of the knowledge inherent in certain culture; local level reflects non-uniformity of distribution of knowledge between representatives of cultural group.

F.Sharifiana's sights are close inherently to the concept of individual knowledge of A.A.Zalevsky: it is possible to assume, that local level at F.Sharifiana are an individual knowledge at A.A.Zalevsky. According to T.J.Sazonovoj «considering language in unity of its three basic functions, reflecting both social character, and the relative sign nature in kognitivnyh structures of the individual, the psycholinguistic approach to studying of cultural values pulls together both lingvokulturologichesky, and lingvokognitivnyj, and social approaches,
Overcoming restrictions of each of them »[Sazonov 2009: 4]. To the concept of individual knowledge we will address and in the second chapter where by means of a technique of associative experiment, being based on individual experience of representatives Russian and American lingvokultur, we will try to define specificity of national consciousness concerning concept"request".

Being an integral part of cultural knowledge language knowledge in turn can be presented in the form of defined kognitivnyh structures. According to A.A.Leonteva, the person «faces not a separate subject, and the subject world as whole; it operates not with separate value, and system of values» [Leontev 1993: 19]. The Word meaning can be realised through its inclusion in more volume unit. As the terms representing various kinds kognitivnyh of structures, such concepts as the scheme, model, the frame, a script, the scenario, event are used. R.Shenk and R.Ebelson define "script" as a frame kind, on which basis desires about sequence of events in a well-known situation or a context are formed (see about it: [Lepore 2000: 10]). "Schemes" are understood as a set kontseptov, containing mental reprezentatsii a class of people, events, relations or objects and including most the general knowledge of them [Anderson 1995: 409]. As marks L.V.Tsurikova «the main sign of schemes presence in them of the constant skeleton filled with variables» [TSurikova 2002а is: 25]. «The arriving information kodifitsiruetsja in terms

Information already existing »[Mishra 2000: 3]. If the new information mismatches expectations, characteristic for the given scheme new data can be replaced in consciousness typical for this concrete scheme [Lepore 2000: 10].

«Cultural scripts» can be considered as private norms, values and daily actions, well-known to representatives
The given society [Vezhbitsky 1996]. M.B.Bergelson speaks about lingvokulturnoj to the model describing knowledge on which basis the given culture and language ways of its expression [Bergelson 2008: 430] functions.

At a certain speech situation in consciousness of the individual develops kognitivnaja model of this situation with a set of possible variants of actions for its realisation. The choice of strategy and means is defined by norms lingvokultury the given individual. In the course of intercultural communications kognitivnyj the fund of participants of dialogue can differ to some extent. It involves incorrect interpretation communicative intentsy. According to V.V. Krasnyh there is «a carrying over of national-cultural stereotypes of behaviour, characteristic for native lingvokultury, on process of dialogue with representatives of others lingvokultur» [Red 2003: 318]. V.V. Red notices, that «strategy of construction of the text and a discourse are caused including kognitivnoj by a world picture, and problems of intercultural dialogue can arise when formal« coincidence », ekivalentnost verbal units turns around kvaziekvivalentnostju at substantial level» [in the same place: 319].

In the present work we will speak about kognitivnyh models of the speech certificate of the request, we will try to define similarities, distinctions, features lingvokulturnyh models of native speakers of Russian and English language.

<< | >>
A source: PAVLOVA ANNA VIKTOROVNA. COGNITIVE AND PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF A SPEECH ACTIVE REQUEST FOR ARTIFICIAL BILINGUALISM. Thesis for the degree of candidate of philological sciences. Kursk - 2018. 2018

More on topic 1.3. Language and culture. Kognitivnye discourse bases:

  1. §1. Kognitivnye and the structural bases of a metaphor
  2. 1.1. Language component of youth in sphere of speech culture
  3. 3.2. Language specificity of a mass media advertising discourse
  4. Kontsept the soldier in a context of a problem of mutual relation of language and culture
  5. means and ways of language actualisation of an estimation in PR - a discourse
  6. 1.3. Argumentativnyj a discourse of the professional language person
  7. Chapter 1 the DISCOURSE of the PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE PERSON: DESCRIPTION PARAMETERS
  8. Theoretical bases of modelling of a business discourse
  9. 1.teoreticheskie bases of management by organizational culture
  10. influence of an order of a discourse on the referential competence PR - a discourse: an objective field of a discourse
  11. 3. Valuable bases of management of organizational culture potrebitelskojkooperatsii
  12. CHAPTER 1. THE CONCEPT OF THE LANGUAGE PERSON AND THE PROBLEM OF THE AUTHOR IN THE CONTEXT OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE THE ANALYSIS DISCOURSE -
  13. Chapter 2. Structurally-substantial components FAMILIE, obektivirovannye in institutsionalnom and neinstitutsionalnom a discourse of German language
  14. THE CHAPTER I predstavlennost YOUTH CULTURE IN STRUCTURE SOVVREMENNOGO OF THE YOUTH MASS MEDIA DISCOURSE
  15. 3.4. Material bases of organizational culture of consumers' co-operative society
  16. the First chapter THEORETICAL BASES of STUDYING of INTERTEXT COMMUNICATIONS In the MEDIA DISCOURSE of the INTERNATIONAL RATIOS
  17. formation of legal bases of culture of information safety of the person
  18. methodological bases of research of a PR-discourse