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2.3. Psychophysiological preconditions of occurrence of subjective novelty of a lexical unit

Attempts to investigate and analyse the nature of "sensation of novelty» lexical unit as personal psychophysiological experience have led us to a problem of brain representation of mechanisms of speech activity.

In the light of development nejrolingvistiki (in particular thanks to A.R.Lurii's works), korporealnoj research of physiological representation «sensation of novelty» words in individual consciousness is represented to the theory of a word meaning of H.Rutrofa, the interface theory of a word meaning of A.A.Zalevsky especially interesting and actual in a context of modern scientific views.

Research of a problematics of brain mechanisms of the higher nervous activity of the person, and in particular the speech organisation as its integral component, has passed a long way and has allowed to save up an enormous empirical material for formation vyvodnogo, theoretical knowledge in adjacent areas of a science. To problems of functioning of mechanisms of the higher nervous activity works of such researchers, as G.Megun (1958) are devoted, to G.Uolter (1963), A.R.Lurija (1973, 1976), K.Pribram (1975), P.K.Anokhin (1979), F.Blum (1988), N.P.Bekhterev N.P. (1988), K.Frit (2007) and others.

At research of psychophysiological preconditions of occurrence «sensations of novelty» we offer some possible markers of consideration of the given phenomenon in nejrolingvisticheskom aspect. We will notice, that degree of reliability of resulted data on the given question is provided with theoretical positions of neurophysiology. Data
nejrokognitivnyh sciences to us serve initial, by definition by an authentic material on which basis we stand assumptions of the psychophysiological nature of "sensation of novelty».

As by us already it has been noted earlier, physiologically «the sensation of novelty» can be presented the absent or poorly expressed communications between nervous cages of a brain - nejronami. However kognitivnyj information search leads to formation of new communications, a consequence of that is fastening of the new information in mentality of the person. Thereupon the assumption concerning physiological representation «sensation of novelty» lexical unit is represented more than fair. As a whole the idea about brain representation of language and speech is not new: development nejrolingvisticheskih ideas goes back to the beginning of the XX-th century and N.V.Krushevsky, N.I.Zhinkina, V.A.Bogoroditskogo, A.R.Lurii and others is accurately enough designated in I.M.Setchenov, I.A.Boduena's works de Kurtene.

In work [Boduen de Kurtene 1963: 65] the author it is noticed, that «all mental phenomena exist only with a live brain and together with a live brain disappear». At studying of the nature of language of I.A.Boduen de Kurtene great value gave interrelations of language mechanisms and brain activity of the person. It is interesting as well N.V.Krushevsky's thought concerning the physiological nature of a word: «the word considered physiologically, is a number of various groups of reflexes govorilnogo the mechanism» [Krushevsky 1998: 108].

In the most approached understanding «the sensation of novelty» is one of functional components rechemyslitelnoj activity and is integrated into its mechanisms, therefore cannot be considered as a separate phenomenon, but as a part of the general process. «The sensation of novelty» is a marker znakomosti / neznakomosti a lexical unit for the individual, however similar markers in brain "space" are expressed by anything to others, as sinapticheskimi communications.

In work [Pribram 1975: 17],
A.R.Luriej highly appreciated in due time, it is noted: «that the nervous system actually operates by means of impulses, well-known. Existence nejroelektricheskih brain conditions also has been established, but proofs of their existence have been received not at once, and the understanding of their value for behaviour studying came only gradually even in neurophysiology». In research [Blum 1988: 37] the author notices, that «separate nervous cages, or nejrony, carry out the functions not as isolated units, like cages of a liver or kidneys they receive signals from any other nervous cages and transfer their to the third. Transferring and accepting cages are united in nervous chains or networks». It is a question of neural ensembles in which are formed sinapticheskie the communications forming a basis of consciousness and knowledge of the surrounding validity, including inwardnesses of mentality and an organism.

Similar neural activity, or «biological electricity», can form a basis for mental processes in whole and the speech organisation in particular. The given activity is provided thanks to functioning of the brain centres of speech - «specialised structures of a bark and subcrustal formations which are responsible for ability to say and understand speech» [Marjutina 2004: 138]. In this case it is a question of certain zones of a bark of the big hemispheres: centre Vernike which is responsible for phonemic hearing, and zone Broka providing the motor organisation of speech.

Let's notice as, that by N.P.Behterevoj and its employees an experimental method are established electrophysiological korreljaty speech processes [Bekhterev 1988]. Concerning the given researches of pulse activity nejronov the person at perception of various acoustic stimulus in work [Marjutina 2004: 146] the following is noted: «some general principles of acoustic coding of a word in brain structures have been revealed, is shown, that pulse activity of neural populations, and also nejrodinamicheskie reorganisations in the various
Links of system of perception are naturally connected with acoustic characteristics of speech stimulus by means of electrophysiological methods a number of the general laws of the existential organisation of neural ensembles and dynamics of the bioelectric activity, accompanying perception, processing and reproduction of speech signals at the person »is established. Hence, at akustiko-visual perception the individual of a lexical unit, possibly, occurs"birth"of some impulses which can serve as an original signal about"neznakomosti"words, as generates« sensation of novelty ».

In this respect interesting the version of naturalisation of generation and perception of the speech, P.P.Dashinimaevoj presented in work is represented. The offered version is based on vyvodnyh knowledge nejronauk about features of functioning nejronov. «To learn features of functioning nejrona - means to see, that is under“ an iceberg ”, that is under external speech» [Dashinimaeva 2009: 192]. For a basis the author accepts base postulates about functional, mezhpolusharnoj asymmetries of a brain and specialised cages of nervous system - nejronah. We will agree with P.P.Dashinimaevoj and we will result the basic theoretical preconditions of neural activity:

• a necessary condition produtsirovanija and retseptsii statements is animirovanie (activation) nejronov by means of modification of the structure, thus activation nejrona occurs as a result of categories of electric impulses by means of what the nervous cage receives the necessary substances for the ability to live - metabolity;

• storages of formal language labels occurs separately from their semantic maintenance, at kognitivnoj activation corresponding nejrony both parties therefore associative communications are formed connect;

• nejrony are functionally differentiated, as the information is processed consistently - from nejrona to nejronu, groups nejronov, connected by certain function are formed;

• processes govorenija and understanding of speech are carried out thanks to activation of the functional neural ensembles (bunches), generated by means of pulse activity nejronov;

• identification of words occurs thanking nejronam "cognizances", or to functionally grouped bunches nejronov, words functionally focused on recognition according to the information stored in their "database";

• nejrony are not jet, but active cages of a brain as the beginning of their activity is connected not with separate reaction to certain stimulus (external impulses), and they send impulses for achievement of necessary result;

• updating of nervous cages, their evolution in absence of the behavioural certificate (activity of a nervous cage) is called sistemogenezom and means in most general understanding  destruction of nervous cages as a result of them not demands (processes zabyvanija) and revival as a result of new kognitivnoj works [Dashinimaeva 2009: 193-195]

Along with classical works in the field of neurophysiology and nejrolingvistiki it is possible to note also a number of later concepts, in particular, nejrofiziologicheskuju model kognitivnogo spaces and the concept of information synthesis A.M of Ivanitsky [Ivanitsky 1984], «the projector theory» F.Krika according to whom the neural processes getting under a beam of a projector of attention, define the maintenance of our consciousness [Crick 1984], the mechanism of a repeated input of excitation in nervous structures of J. Edelmana [Edelman 1987]. Special interest represent nejrony novelty which differ from others nejronov that feature, that their background impulsatsija increases at action of the new
Stimulus of a different modality. The given concept especially has received development in works of psychophysiological school E.N. The Sokolov [the Sokolov 1981].

In the light of the theory of information synthesis concerning functional value of mental experiences in work [Ivanitsky http] it is noticed, that « mental phenomena contain the integrated estimation of a situation, promoting that to a choice of the behavioural answer. Generalisation elements contain in the most simple mental phenomena, such as sensation. At thinking information synthesis includes not only connection, but also a recombination of already known data, as underlies a decision finding». According to A.M.Ivannitsky, the perception of a signal is multicomponent and includes the information on physical properties of the signal, arriving from sense organs; the information on motivation of the subject and its previous experience which contains in internal structures of a brain and it is reflected in perceived event and can be connected with it; and also result of synthesis of the information received from different sources in a uniform image of object or the external world phenomenon [tsit. The slave.].

The interrelation of neural activity and functioning of deep mechanisms of a brain with speech and thinking is noted also in work in J. Feldman «From a molecule to a metaphor» (2006), where the system and consecutive description of the neural theory of language (neural theory of language), developed in the Massachusetsky institute of technology is spent. The work problematics is so wide, that the author marks necessity of creation unified kognitivnoj sciences (Unified Cognitive Science) - the next acknowledgement on importance of the interdisciplinary approach to research of a phenomenon of "living language". The neural theory of language offered by the author represents modern computer models of the device of the most complicated biological mechanism - a brain with use of modern methods and research techniques [Feldman http].

So steadfast attention of researchers to problems of construction of neural models of functioning rechemyslitelnoj activity testify to increasing importance and deepening of the given researches. In work [Dashinimaeva 2009: 191] it is thin it is noticed, that existing kognitivnye device models rechemyslitelnoj activity «strengthen a stereotype that brains or those areas of its bark which are directly connected with language, function in an algorithmic mode like the computer. Such schematization of a problem not only unreasonably simplifies considered process, but also promotes preumnozheniju insignificant and not linguistic problems. It is time to the linguist to study a situation“ actually ”(R.M.Frumkina - a bus comment), i.e. to study that occurs in a cranium speaking at generation and perception of speech».

The Nejrolingvistichesky approach to research of subjective novelty of a lexical unit should cover all set of last achievements nejrolingvistiki, neurophysiology, psychophysiology that is to show complex studying «sensations of novelty» at functioning level nejrona. Neural activity and sinapticheskie communications underlie the given approach. « The sensation of novelty »grows out of complex perception a brain of the arriving signals which interpretation occurs in interrelation with previous experience, that is generated klasterami sinapticheskih communications. We will notice, that modern representations about nejrofiziologicheskih processes represent special interest within the limits of research« sensations of novelty »words and can be comprehended during the further development of ideas of psychophysiological representation of novelty of a lexical unit. The similar sight at a problematics of novelty of a lexical unit can really resolve some questions at issue which have collected at linguists concerning a phenomenon of novelty of a lexical unit.

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A source: GRISHKINA Elena Nikolaevna. NOVELTY of the LEXICAL UNIT AS INTEGRATIVNYJ PARAMETER of PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE of the WORD MEANING (on a material of psycholinguistic experiment). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2017. 2017

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  1. 2.2. A perception role in occurrence of subjective novelty of a lexical unit
  2. 1.3. Approaches to research of novelty of a lexical unit from positions kognitivnogo a linguistics spectrum
  3. 2.1. Specificity of the interdisciplinary approach to research of parametre of novelty of a lexical unit
  4. the analysis of critical remarks in the address of "sensation of novelty» lexical unit
  5. 1.1. Specificity of the logiko-rational approach to a problem of research of novelty of a lexical unit
  6. Chapter 1. COMPARISON of MODERN APPROACHES To RESEARCH of NOVELTY of the LEXICAL UNIT
  7. Chapter 3. The EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH of PARAMETER of NOVELTY of the LEXICAL UNIT In INDIVIDUAL CONSCIOUSNESS
  8. the Appendix 1 Russian research works in the field of research of aspect of novelty of a lexical unit
  9. GRISHKINA Elena Nikolaevna. NOVELTY of the LEXICAL UNIT AS INTEGRATIVNYJ PARAMETER of PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE of the WORD MEANING (on a material of psycholinguistic experiment). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2017, 2017
  10. GRISHKINA Elena Nikolaevna. NOVELTY of the LEXICAL UNIT AS INTEGRATIVNYJ PARAMETER of PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE of the WORD MEANING (on a material of psycholinguistic experiment). The dissertation AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2017, 2017
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