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2.3. Rate of a word and its value as the factor influencing overcoming of ambiguity

Rate represents parametre, the word characteristic, koyotoraja specifies quantity of the uses of a lexical unit in sovokupyonosti texts, representative or for language as a whole, or for otdelnoyogo functional style, or for one author [the Dictionary the Academician http].

The Most known dictionaries of rate of English language are considered «Teacher’s word book of 30000 words» E.L.Torndajka and I.Lodge and «Compu­tational analysis of present day American English» as G.Kuchera and U.N.Fransisa [the Dictionary the Academician http]. In the specified sources rate of words ukazyvayoetsja in the form of frequency of occurrence on 1 million words, data of these dictionaries are based on inspection printing materials. In works [Zolotov 2005; 2014; 2015, etc.] For the native speaker, communication of rate with popularity of a word is discussed with subjective sensation znakomosti words (familiarity), speed of a cognizance, legibility (intelligibility), number of caused associations (associative value), emotional konnotatsiej (affective connotation), concreteness of value, age, in which predpolozhiyotelno the word (age of acquisition), by length of a word and others vazhyonymi in parametres is acquired. According to the author, special interest represents sootyonoshenie rates as leksikostatisticheskoj (linguistic) hayorakteristiki the words, fixed in frequency word books, and value judgment of frequency of occurrence of words which is given in psiholingvisticheyoskih experiments by examinees - native speakers. Last harakteristi -

ka correlates that in psycholinguistic terms is designated as familiarity - ‘ recognition (znakomost) word meanings by examinees ’ [In the same place].

Investigating frequency characteristics of units of a kernel mental leksiyokona the person on a material of English language, N.O.Zolotov comes to conclusion, that the words which are the centre of a mental lexicon of the person, obyoladajut specific characteristics among which are worthy such as a parity of the rate fixed in chastotyonyh dictionaries, sensations znakomosti words for the ordinary native speaker and, accordingly, the reproducibility connected with this sensation - the most probable occurrence of such words in answers of examinees. "Ordinary" words [Zolotov 2015: 5 - 6] appear the most "familiar" words for examinees, first of all, so-called, "everyday", or.

The author places emphasis that rate (it is traditional ponimaeyomaja as frequency of occurrence of words in texts) represents purely linguistic characteristic of a word unessentially connected directly with its mental life. Psychological value of a word for noyositelja language, its "activity" in a mental lexicon, ease of extraction from memory, as words-identifiers in kognitivnoj activity of the individual does use its by the most used (frequency) in speech/language, that not always finds reflexion in frequency word books. That is worried by the individual as "znakomost", "habitualness", "popularity" at a meeting with a certain sort words, allows the native speaker otseyonivat them as frequency. The words acquired at early age and concerning base level of generalisation [In the same place] get to a category of such words, first of all.

For our research the greatest interest represents not so much rate of the most ambiguous word, how many rate of its separate values which varies depending on, whether there was this or that value to the person in such quantity of contexts, which 66

It is necessary for storing or, at least, its identification as znayokomogo.

Speech, in our opinion, it is necessary to conduct about subjective chastotnoyosti, i.e. about intuitive sensation (experience) of a word meaning, as often met in practice, that is why well familiar.

In this connection on the foreground there is such concept, as identifiyotsiruemost or recognition of an ambiguous word (functional identifiability), in the course of a choice of the necessary value [Schwartz, Yeh, Shaw: 311].

The factors influencing process of the identification of a word, depend not only on degree of expressiveness of lexical properties, but also from the one who vospriniyomaet the pledged word, how much is the qualified user of language, whether its lexicon is extensive. Such factors, as obyorazovanie, an age, sex and so on here concern.

It is necessary to consider also the features of identification inherent isyokusstvennym in bilinguals. There is a set of researches, napravlenyonyh on revealing of features of perception of words and process of studying of new words of a foreign language as one of aspects of training [Linck, Hoshino, Kroll http; Puntoni, Langhe, Osselaer http; Schwartz, Yeh, Shaw http].

Researches show, that at perception of word IJA, in consciousness a bilingual both languages [Aitchinson 1985] owing to what doyostup by the images and the associations arising in the course of perception of word IJA are active, it can be realised by means of both languages (native and inostrannoyogo), that can how to complicate understanding of a word meaning (language interyoferentsija) and to facilitate it (positive carrying over). Along with it, for the carrier educational bilingvizma the great value for decision-making on a choice of this or that value of an ambiguous word has it subektivyonaja rate.

In article [Iomdin 2014] it is noticed, that according to experimentally received data the information on rate of values in dictionaries «badly corresponds with modern usage». There is it owing to that slovayo
ri, especially paper, «are not in time behind occurrence of new values» owing to what leksikografam it is necessary to resort to various methods for operative replenishment of dictionaries, in particular experimental [In the same place]. There is an opinion that data about values of multiple-valued words can essentially differ in dictionaries, linguistic works and consciousness of native speakers. According to the described principle vydeljajutyosja dictionary meanings, linguistic sensesи semantic intuition [Lin, Ahrens 2005].

Thus, values of an ambiguous word are in different steyopeni actual for the native speaker and studying this language as inoyostrannyj. It proves to be true data of bilingual dictionaries. Dictionary Cambridge Dictionaries Online [http] has extensive multi the language case of the words selected as a result of inspection of various sources - newspapers, books, magazines, curriculums and situations of daily dialogue. The analysis of the specified sources allows composers of the dictionary to give the information on what word meaning is the most frequency in the authentic and educational contexts intended for studying anyoglijsky language as foreign. Comparison of two translation directions ubeyodilo us that the most frequency can appear that word meaning which will be not most widespread in the Russian-English version sloyovarja. For example, in the English-English dictionary at a word monitorв quality of most often meeting value ‘ a person who has the job of watching or noticing particular things, for example is specified: United Nations monitors were not allowed to enter the area ’ whereas in the English-Russian version of the dictionary this value is on last place in an entry, and aktuyoalnym other value - ‘ a screen that shows information or pictures, usually connected to a computer ’ (‘ the monitor ’) is most. The most frequency word meaning creditсогласно to the English-English dictionary, - ‘ praise, approval, honour ’ (that there corresponds to a Russian translation ‘ a praise ’, ‘ a merit ’, ‘ approval ’, ‘ doveyorie ’). In the English-Russian version as the most frequency it is underlined znayochenie ‘ the credit ’. Hence, frequency of word meanings varies in zaviyo
simosti from, whether it is investigated on a material of the texts made for native speakers or educational bilingvov.

In connection with development of computer linguistics by the actual such concept, as «rate of a keyword» as which understand «quantity of inquiries of users in which this word» [Rate and competition of a keyword http] was used acts. Speech in this case goes about Internet inquiries of users into which they enter at line poyoiska so-called "keyword". The information on quantity such zayoprosov is investigated on the basis of the data given search sisteyomami. Thus, each keyword is characterised by certain rate of inquiries («the preliminary forecast of number of displays in a month which is received by the user, having chosen inquiry as a keyword» [Rate of inquiries http]). There are special services, pozvoljajuyoshchie to define rate of those inquiries or other keywords - Jan - deks. Direkt, Google Adwords иПОИСК@таі1.ги. The listed programs allow to support three kinds of conformity:

The wide:

1) in inquiry the word with typing errors, a synonym, similar slovoyosochetanie or other relevant variant contains;

2) all inquiries and statistics from displays in which in this or that form there is a word are displayed;

The phrase:

1) in inquiry the phrase which corresponds set slovosoyochetaniju is specified and can contain additional words;

2) displays only by this word (phrase) and all it slovoforyomam are considered, and displays by the inquiries containing a word-combination with the set word are not considered. For example, at inquiry of "window" displays according to "window", to "window" i.t.d will be considered., but not on a word-combination «windows for the house»;

The exact:

1) the inquiry precisely corresponds to a keyword or is it blizyokim a variant;

2) displays only under the set form of a word [Rate and konyokurentnost a keyword http] are considered.

Certainly, rate of keywords in search system sootnoyositsja with the language rate inherent in words, containing in mentalyonom a lexicon of the individual.

Conclusions under chapter 2

1. The principle of the organisation of a mental lexicon in which basis the support for a graphic image of a word and the organisation of words on their initial segyomentam lays, has laid down in the developed V.D.Marslenom-Vilsonom's basis «kogortnoj models». According to it access to a word is carried out by posledovatelyonogo the search of the list of words organised on their initial phonemes [Marslen-Wilson 1984].

2. In works [Zolotov 2005; 2014; 2015, etc.] for the native speaker, communication of rate with popularity of a word is discussed with subjective sensation zna - komosti words (familiarity), speed of a cognizance, legibility (intelligibility), number of caused associations (associative value), emotsioyonalnoj konnotatsiej (affective connotation), concreteness of value, vozrasyotom, in which the word (age of acquisition), dliyonoj words and other important parametres is presumably acquired. After the author we razgraniyochivaem rate as leksikostatisticheskuju (linguistic) harakteyoristiku the words, fixed in frequency word books, and value judgment of frequency of occurrence of words which is given in psycholinguistic experiments by examinees - native speakers. Last characteristic correlates that in psycholinguistic terms is designated as familiarity - recognition (znakomost) word meanings by examinees.

3. Values of an ambiguous word are in a "competition" condition with each other which describe as activation of lexical units. AkYOtivatsija words amplifies, if it is high-frequency, and also has less words - of "competitors". Basic "competitors" in the course of activation are the words having similar graphic and-or foneticheyoskuju the form. Effect of influence of more frequency «graphic or foneyoticheskogo the neighbour» on access process to values of another similar to it
Words in the literature speaking another language has received the name neighborhood frequency ef­fect [Grainger, O’Regan, Jacobs and Segui 1989].

4. One more factor influencing the permission lexical neodnoznachyonosti along with rate of a word, the context is. Presence or otsutyostvie a context defines models of identification of a word and a choice of value in the course of access.

5. We adhere to model of consecutive access to a mental lexicon which assumes, that if the offer context specifies in more frequency, the major importance of a word, other values, hranjashchieyosja in a mental lexicon, can be inactive. If in a context less frequency, minor value multiple-valued lekyosicheskoj units is presented, be activated all known values [Fild 2012: 71] can.

6. Data of dictionaries about values of ambiguous words are in different steyopeni actual for the native speaker and for studying this language as inoyostrannyj as these grants have been made with the different purposes and on mateyoriale different sources. In the first case data about rate of words have authentic character as reflect real "life" of language, instead of isyokusstvenno the created situations of training.

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A source: BELJAEVA Victoria Mihajlovna. STRATEGY of OVERCOMING of LEXICAL AMBIGUITY In the conditions of EDUCATIONAL BILINGVIZMA. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2015. 2015

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  4. BELJAEVA Victoria Mihajlovna. STRATEGY of OVERCOMING of LEXICAL AMBIGUITY In the conditions of EDUCATIONAL BILINGVIZMA. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2015, 2015
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