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3.2. The general questions of a choice of an experimental technique

The greatest difficulty in our work was represented by a problem of a choice of an experimental technique for studying of novelty of a lexical unit in individual consciousness. As it represents a difficult psycholinguistic phenomenon and does not give in to an explication at the word analysis as units of lexico-semantic system of language, its display directly depends from speech and life experience of the individual.

From here follows what to study the given phenomenon it is possible only by means of the reference to individual consciousness. According to A.A.Zalevsky, psiholingviyostichesky experiment allows to reveal specificity of a word as units of speech ability of the person by means of apellirovanija to individual consciousness [Zalevsky 2014].

Let's notice, that as in domestic works [Kolodkina 1987; Myagkov 2000; Karasev 2007; Leontev 1971; Sternin 1979; Stetsenko 1984; Vasiljuk 1993; Fridman 2006; Salihova 2007; Bubnova 2008; Yefimov 2015; Rezanova, Miklashevsky 2016], and in foreign [Paivio 1968; Gilhooly, Logie 1980; Altarriba, Bauer, Benvenuto 1999; Kacinik 2000; Juhasz, Lai, Woodcock 2015], devoted to studying of psychological structure of a word meaning (further - PSZS) and its parametrical nature, us it has not been found the special
Techniques for research of subjective novelty of a word. Possibly, it is connected by that the revealing problem experimental by specificity of parametre of novelty of a lexical unit was not put till now. Novelty of a lexical unit was investigated from positions of the system-structural and lexicographic approach, and also within the limits of the psycholinguistic theory of a new word for the purpose of revealing of strategy of identification of an unfamiliar lexical unit [Sazonov 1993; Rodionova 1994; Tkachenko 2007; Denisov, nemtseva 2008; Fedurko 2008; Sarkisov 2014]. S.I.Togoeva investigating new lexicon from the psycholinguistic point of view, also did not put before itself a problem to investigate experimental by parametre of novelty of a lexical unit, and has only specified in its presence at psychological structure of a word meaning [Togoeva 2000а, 2014]. Thus, described below procedure are attempt to find the experimental way adequate to research problems of novelty of a word for the individual.

Questioning of examinees on a subject znakomosti the lexical units selected in the initial list for the purpose of revealing of the tendency of an estimation of their perception by respondents and preparation of sample of stimulus for subjective shkalirovanija on parametres PSZS and modelling of their correlation in the conditions of subjective novelty of a word became the first stage of an experimental research. Received value judgment allows to staticize a picture of perception of stimulus respondents that can serve as an objective material for their research about subjective novelty of a word. Questioning is focused on the native speaker, its language intuition.

Znakomost words (familiarity) as parametre PSZS (further - FAM) it was investigated, in particular, in works [Zolotov 2005б; Gilhooly, Logie 1980; Juhasz, Lai, Woodcock 2015]. N.O.Zolotov spends shkalirovanie parametre znakomosti words on 7 ball scale where 1 - «never saw, did not hear, did not use», i.e. absolutely unfamiliar word, 7 -

«I see, I hear and I use daily», i.e. often and usually used, well familiar word [Zolotov 2005б: 106].

High correlation

The received indicators of parametre znakomosti with the characteristic of rate of lexical units it is noted also in work [Juhasz, Lai, Woodcock 2015] which authors spend shkalirovanie 629 difficult words of English language.

Let's notice, that use of a method subjective shkalirovanija parametre FAM specifies in degree znakomosti words for the individual, however signs on which it is learnt, the given experimental procedure does not display. Within the limits of research of structure of a mental lexicon of A.A.Zalevsky its multilevel structure and «possibility of actualisation of communications between units of a superficial circle of forms of words without the reference to a deep circle of values» [Zalevsky 2007: 263] is noted. Representation about a mental lexicon as about a network of associative communications allows to consider words in quality «centres of a bunch of the communications directly conducting to products of numerous certificates deep predikatsii, that in aggregate with communications on lines of the sound and graphic form of a word gives multidimensional system of communications» [tsit. The slave.: 269]. Thereupon subjective novelty of a word can include not only novelty of value, but also novelty of a sign. On the basis of it we undertake attempt to analyse parametre FAM by means of questioning of examinees about recognition (the fact of presence or absence of associative communications) the presented stimulus to formal external signs (zvukobukvennyj word structure) and their understanding (value identification). Questioning was spent with a support on results of free associative experiments of the different years devoted to a problem of revealing of identification strategy of lexical units (S.I.Togoeva, L.V.badger, T.G.Rodionova, I.S.Lachina, O.S.Shumilina, T.JU.Sazonov, J.V.Fedurko, E.V.Sarkisov). Experimental procedure
Subjective otsenivanija lexical units on parametre FAM included following tasks for examinees (further also - Ii.).

The task 1. Value judgment of recognition of a lexical unit to external, formal signs (zvukobukvennyj structure) affirmative or negative character (with a view of research we will enter a symbol formal familiarity - FFAM).

For questioning by criterion FFAM the following instruction has been prepared: «every day to us there are different words in the oral or written form, we some of them well know and we use in our daily speech, and we can face some for the first time and, depending on a situation and our life experience, guess or not their value. Please, estimate words in the list about, whether there were they to you in oral or written speech or not, whether see you them for the first time or somewhere heard or saw: a sign« + »- the word met or more likely met, than did not meet, a sign« - »- the word did not meet or more likely did not meet, than met. At task performance remember, that any your answers will be correct, listen attentively to itself and be guided only by the sensations».

The task 2. Value judgment of understanding of value of a lexical unit of affirmative or negative character (with a view of research we will enter a symbol meaning familiarity - MFAM).

The following instruction has been developed for questioning by criterion MFAM: «every day to us there are different words in the oral or written form, we some of them well know and we use in our daily speech, and we can face some for the first time and, depending on a situation and our life experience, guess or not their value. Please, estimate words in the list about that, you understand their value or not, guess about from value or they for you remain"empty": the sign«+»- a word clear or is faster clear, than not the clear; the sign«-»- a word not clear or is faster not
Clear, than clearly, also does not cause any associations or causes, but with the big work. At task performance remember, that any your answers will be correct, listen attentively to itself and be guided only by the sensations ».

The task 3. Lexical unit Value judgment by criterion «sensation of novelty» affirmative or negative character (with a view of research we will enter a designation sense of newness - SoN). Criterion SoN can serve as a basic element for the analysis of features of functioning of subjective novelty of a word in individual consciousness and correlation of parametres PSZS. The choice of the given criterion is not casual: he appeals to direct "live" experience of the individual and induces it to pay attention to own sensations and to correlate them with worried knowledge. According to S.I.Togoevoj, «the support on sensation of the native speaker for quality revealing“ novelty ”units should cause the reference to the person - to the native speaker, the user and simultaneously the founder of language in everyday communications» [Togoeva 2000б: 21].

The following instruction has been developed for questioning by criterion SoN: «Some words which we meet in a daily life, can seem us unusual on a writing or sounding, to generate at us subjective« sensation of novelty ». Please, estimate words in the list about, whether they cause in you« sensation of novelty »or not: the sign« + »- causes or in bolshej degrees causes, than does not cause, the sign« - »- in bolshej does not cause degree, than causes, or does not cause at all. At task performance remember, that any your answers will be correct, listen attentively to itself and be guided only by the sensations».

At the second stage it was used subjective shkalirovanie (further also - SSH) the stimulus selected from the initial list on parametres PSZS with the help 5 ball scales (see table 3). Procedure
Carrying out of experiment by means of the given method consists that Ii. The set of the stimulus selected on the basis of a matrix of value judgment is shown, each of which it was necessary proshkalirovat on offered parametres PSZS on the graduated scale with attributing for each stimulus one indicator in the offered interval of values of a scale of parametre.

Table 3. Gradation of scales for value judgment of parametres PSZS

Gradation of a scale Interpretation
1 point The sign is not shown
2 points Weak display of a sign
3 points Average display of a sign
4 points High display of a sign
5 points Very high display of a sign

Research of subjective novelty of a word from positions of the parametrical approach starts with the general concept of a word meaning as property of individual A.A.Zalevsky. Especially attracts attention that fact, that «for the native speaker the word meaning is not monolithic, it can be spread out to a number of the components which degree of expressiveness gives in to quantitative measurement» [Zalevsky 2007: 194-195]. The method subjective shkalirovanija allows to describe psychological structure of a word meaning of a various lexical and grammatical accessory (E.N.Kolodkina, O.I.Blinova, E.JU.Myagkov, A. Paivio, M.P. Toglia, K.J. Gilhooly, B.J. Juhasz). It is important to notice, that during the spent experiments interrelations of parametres with each other are established: « the separate parametre in itself is a product of interaction of some complex of parametres, the contribution of each of which to a word meaning can vary »[tsit. The slave.: 195]. Thereupon SSH parametres of psychological structure of the word meaning treated as subjectively new, and their correlation are with each other represented
Especially actual. Experimental procedure SSH of parametres PSZS included following tasks.

The task 1. The word emotionality (emotionality) is parametre PSZS (further - EMT), allowing to reveal degree of emotional loading of a word in consciousness of the individual [Myagkov 1990]. After E.J.Mjagkovoj, under emotional loading of a word we will understand various displays of the relation of the subject to that names a word perceived or used by it [tsit. The slave.: 11].

The following instruction has been developed for an estimation of parametre of an emotionality: « Words can promote occurrence in the person of the different emotions connected as with sotsiokulturnoj on environment in which the person has grown and lives, and with its personal life experience. For example, when the person hears or reads a word "treachery", it can cause in it a train negodovany, especially if it has been gone through by it and has deeply sunk down in soul. On the other hand, for example, the word "slate pencil" of similar strong emotions can not cause. Please, estimate words in the list on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 - the lowest emotionality (the word hardly causes emotions or does not cause at all), and 5 - very high display of an emotionality (the word causes emotions easily and quickly). Pay attention, that high display of an emotionality can carry as positive (emotions can be joyful and kind), and negative character (anger, indignation, fear, a rage). At task performance remember, that any your answers will be correct, listen attentively to itself and be guided only by the sensations ».

The task 2. Concreteness (concreteness) is parametre PSZS (further - CON), allowing to reveal degree predstavlennosti word meaning maintenances in individual consciousness in the form of sensual perception [Kolodkina 2010]. At an estimation of concreteness Ii. The following instruction has been presented: «Subjects or the phenomena designated by a word, possess different ability to be sensually apprehended. For example,
The word "apple" can cause a number of sensual associations to taste, a smell, the form while the word "hierarchy" of similar sensual associations does not cause. Please, estimate words in the list on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 - the lowest concreteness (the word hardly gives in to sensual perception or does not give in at all), and 5 - very high display of concreteness (the word gives in to sensual perception easily and quickly). Pay attention, that the given task estimates ability of a subject or the phenomenon designated by a word, to be sensually apprehended (obonjatelno, osjazatelno, audialno, visually or even on taste). If in your opinion such perception is not obviously possible, it can be treated as low display of concreteness (the word will be abstract). At task performance remember, that any your answers will be correct, listen attentively to itself and be guided only by the sensations ».

The task 3. Figurativeness of a word (imageability) is parametre PSZS (further - IMG), specifying in ease degree from which the lexical unit causes in consciousness of the individual images of object or action of any modality [Paivio 1968; Kolodkina 1987].

For an estimation of parametre of figurativeness the following instruction has been prepared: «Words can cause fancies of things or the phenomena in consciousness of the person. When the person has heard or has read, for example, a word"house", he very quickly can imagine this object. On the other hand, for example, a word"uncertainty"to imagine much more difficult. Please, estimate words in the list on a scale from 1 to 5 where 1 - figurativeness is not shown (a word does not cause any images or causes, but hardly), and 5 - very high display of figurativeness (the word causes images very easily and quickly). Pay attention, that high display of figurativeness can carry as positive character (positive images), and negative (images can be unpleasant). At task performance remember, that any your answers
Will be correct, listen attentively to itself and be guided only by the sensations ».

The task 4. Singularity (uncommonness) can be treated as experimental parametre PSZS (further - UNC), being in directly proportional dependence on degree of subjective novelty of a word and in inversely proportional - from parametre znakomosti words (familiarity).

The singularity parametre allows to reveal degree of remoteness of a lexical unit from nuclear layers of a mental lexicon of the individual. The following instruction has been developed for a singularity estimation: «In the daily speech we face different words: one we know very well, and they do not cause in us questions, others - we can meet for the first time. Different words can cause in us different associations, seem unusual, cause questions and even to generate some discomfort. Please, estimate words in the list on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 - the lowest singularity (the word is hardly perceived unusual or it is not perceived at all), and 5 - very high display of singularity (a word easily and is quickly perceived as unusual). At task performance remember, that any your answers will be correct, listen attentively to itself and be guided only by the sensations».

Taking into account the planned experimental procedures we had been prepared questionnaires which are presented in appendices 2 - 5 to the present dissertational research.

With a view of scientific supervision and objective interpretation of results of experiment we also had been undertook attempt to reveal, how relation Ii. To the surrounding validity it is shown in their answers. We took into consideration such components of an external context, as the social status of informants, the future sort of activity, gender aspect, a place of carrying out of experiment (uchebye audiences, working space), time of carrying out of experiment (semestrial or vacation). Also we led discussion with respondents, in which course
It was possible to reveal certain models of behaviour in experimental interrogation. Thus, the experimental research of subjective novelty of a lexical unit was spent with attraction of questioning about degree revealing znakomosti / neznakomosti words Ii, subjective shkalirovanija, postexperimental interrogation, supervision and conversation.

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A source: GRISHKINA Elena Nikolaevna. NOVELTY of the LEXICAL UNIT AS INTEGRATIVNYJ PARAMETER of PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE of the WORD MEANING (on a material of psycholinguistic experiment). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2017. 2017

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