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Transfer of phraseological units as national-cultural metaphors

S.Vlahov and S.Florin [Vlahov, the Florin 1989: 183] consider, that it is necessary to translate a phraseological unit a phraseological unit, i.e. to such transfer as to an ideal, it is necessary to aspire first of all and to search for others
Ways having only convinced of inexpediency of phraseological transfer in the given text.

National specificity of product by means

Phraseological units immersing of the reader in the validity filled natsionalnoyospetsifichnymi with senses can be created the author intentionally then preservation of this specificity becomes a problem of the translator, that is. In such situations before the translator there is other problem: to find such variant which will keep a plan of the author, that is it is a question not only and not so much of transfer of a phraseological unit with value preservation, konnotatsii, and, first of all, about creation of national specificity of product, speech of the hero etc.

The scheme of communications and relations between the reader, reality, the text (context) and value FE:

The Germenevtichesky method which presumes to the translator raspredmetit sense of phraseological unit, does possible
Achievement of equivalence which in the given work we will name interpretatsionnoj.

Under interpretatsionnoj equivalence of the original and transfer in the given work coincidence of mosaics of fixing of a reflexion, that is preservation of communications between taken experience and the situation described in the text is understood.

interpretatsionnoj equivalence can present an ideal variant, using the scheme which was already offered in the given work for an illustration of sense which FE designs in the text. Thus all those semantic communications and relations which the reader raspredmechivaet at understanding of the text of the original, should coincide at perusal of the text of transfer.

Transfer of phraseological units with reflexion fixing in a belt mysledejstvovanija

Reflexion fixing in a belt mysledejstvovanija is marked, when understanding FE directly is connected with reaktivatsiej experience predmetnoyoprakticheskoj activity of the recipient. Taking into account that the most part of phraseological equivalents of English and Russian of languages speaks a certain generality in detail-practical activities the people - of carriers of the languages, identical fixing of a reflexion while translating phraseological units from English into Russian, is quite achievable.

Let's consider FE suit the action to the word - to support words with affairs. In the fragment resulted more low the translator makes the correct decision at a choice of a variant of translation, keeping reflexion fixing in a belt mysledejstvovanija and providing with that interpretatsionnuju
Equivalence. Moreover, and from the linguistic point of view, the offered variant of translation is a phraseological equivalent. ' You must forgive me, ' Mr. Smith replied with courtesy, ' but I do not touch alcohol. "I do not touch it myself, ' Jones said. ' I drink it, ' and he suited the action to the words. (Gr. Greene," The Comedians ", part I, ch. I)

- You excuse me, - Mr. Smith has politely answered it, - but I do not touch alcoholic drinks.

- I too do not touch them, I drink them, - Johns has answered and has supported the words with action.

Neutral value of phraseological unit gets an additional shade of ironicalness that is successfully kept in transfer in the text.

Nevertheless, the same FE with reflexion fixing in a belt md is translated by a different way in a following fragment. The mosaic of fixing of a reflexion is not broken while translating in spite of the fact that from the point of view of linguistic features the phraseological unit has undergone certain changes.

The an ohm gentleman bowed respectfully; and advancing to the magistrate's desk, said, suiting the action to the word, ' That is my name and address, sir '. (Ch. Dickens "Oliver Twist", ch. XI)

The old gentleman at whom the word did not disperse from business, has respectfully bowed and, having approached to a table of the judge, has told: "Here my surname and the address, the sir".

Transfer of the phraseological units, which understanding it is connected with reaktivatsiej in detail-practical experience of the recipient, as a rule, does not represent special difficulties owing to what reflexion fixing at understanding of the original and transfer represents similar drawing.

The problem of the translator working with texts, including FE, clearing up a reflexion in a belt md, is facilitated because
Technicians of understanding do not represent a difficult configuration, and are reduced, as a rule, to a set of leaders (on what has already been specified in chapter 2 of the given work): decoding, raspredmechivanie, actualisation of knowledge.

Phraseological units resulted more low are decoded by the translator, that is raspredmechivajutsja in the conditions of simple semantizatsii. At comparison of English and Russian of texts obviously, that process of decoding of sense which opredmechen by means of FE, coincides in the original and transfer, that is it is possible to speak about interpretatsionnoj equivalence.

show somebody the door - to specify to someone in a door, to expose, show the door whom-l.

Well, he showed the insolent baggage the door. (J. Galsworthy, "The Silver Spoon", part I, ch. VI)

Well, it has specified to the smart aleck in a door.

' What was the trouble? ' Mr. Antolini asked one. ' How'd you do in English? I'll show you the door in short order if you flunked English, you little ace composition writer. ' (J. Salinger, "The Catcher in the Rye", ch. XXIV)

- In what has put? - Mr. Antolini asks. - As at you with English? If you fail on English, I there and then will expose you for a door. You at us under compositions were the first of the first.

shut (slam) the door in smb's face - to slam a door before the nose someone

' This is my house, ' he said; ' I manage my own affairs. I've told you once - I tell you again: we are not at home. ' And in young Jolyon's face he slammed the door. (J. Galsworthy, "The Man of Property", part III, ch. IX)

- It is my house, - he has declared, - and I ask not to interfere with my affairs. I already spoke to you and now I repeat once again: we are not present the house.

And it has slammed a door before the nose young Dzholiona.

It is necessary to notice, that achievement interpretatsionnoj equivalence the easier, than easier a configuration the technician of understanding, and accordingly, and a mosaic of fixing of a reflexion. Than bolshego the reflective effort is demanded by the text from the reader in the original, than to bolshemu to quantity the technician of understanding he should resort, especially the challenge faces to the translator: only having created a correct orientation of a reflexion over the original text, and further having chosen that variant which will clear a similar reflexion over the transfer text, he will achieve interpretatsionnoj equivalence.

The following phraseological unit in the linguistic theory of transfer is considered a full phraseological equivalent:

the (long) arm of the law - a justice hand, force of the law. However application germenevticheskih the technician of understanding leads us to a conclusion, that the image of justice created in the text of the original, differs from an image which is represented to us in the transfer text.

The gamblers Isaac, List and Jowl... pursued their course with varying success, until the failure of a spirited enterprise in the way of their profession... caused their career to receive a sudden check from the long and strong arm of the law. (Ch. Dickens, "The Old Curiosity Shop", "The Last")

Players Isaac, Sheet and Dzhoul... Continued with the big or smaller success podvizatsja in the respectable field... Until the long and heavy hand of justice did not sweep all three every which way after wreck of their one courageous plan.

Value and English, and Russian phraseological unit is decoded easily and it is represented equivalent, despite distinction in word meaning volume English arm and rus. A hand. Justice here is personified and allocated with force and possibility to get the offender. However some prominent features are found out: in an English variant the hand long and strong, that is can reach, get and catch. In Russian
Variant it long and heavy, that is the image includes also that palm which can punish (and which does not enter into volume of value of an English word arm). Value and sense of phraseological unit "become unstuck" at correct reflektivnoj to work on the text: the sense which is seen by the reader of the original, differs from the sense seen by the reader of transfer, despite linguistic equivalence of the phraseological units used in the original and transfer.

Nevertheless, interpretatsionnaja equivalence can be reached even then when in transfer the variant which is not meeting the requirements of equivalence from the point of view of the linguistic is used. Having refused in Russian variant from the metaphor which have been put in pawn in English phraseological unit, understanding it or not, the translator creates the text which clears up a reflexion of the reader on a mosaic similar to the original. The technicians of understanding applied by the reader at a reflexion of the original and transfer, differ, but they lead to creation of the same image - the personified justice which can reach the person or not reach it. Decoding will be leading technics of understanding at a reflexion over the original. The reflexion over transfer assumes operating by more difficult configuration the technician, decoding, actualisation of knowledge (for linkage of knowledge by that is understood), further - dostraivanie reflexion fixings.

For not because of any legal rights were Baker and Morgan beyond the arm of the law. (Th. Dreiser, "Tragic America", ch. I)

Bejker and Morgan, trampling all rules of law, were, however, out of reach of the law.

The analysis of transfer of various phraseological units in the art text shows, what even in a case when the reflexion is fixed in a belt mysledejstvovanija, that is is exclusive with the reference to experience in detail-practical activities the recipient, the translator not always
Chooses that variant which will allow to construct the same communications between taken last experience and a situation presented in the text. Thus, not always it is possible to speak about interpretatsionnoj equivalence.

However it is necessary to notice, that such equivalence can be reached even when the configuration the technician of understanding of the original and transfer will be various.

as busy as a bee (busy as a beehive, as a beaver; амер.busy as a cockroach on a hot stove, as an one-armed paperhanger) - very occupied, hardworking as the bee (compare as fiber in a wheel)

The firm was at once as busy as a beehive, on "easy street" again, as the expression went, "in clover". (Th. Dreiser, "Twelve Men", "My Brother Paul") In publishing house work boiled as in a beehive, and its affairs have recovered at once; a word, all went like clockwork.

' There they are, ' I said. ' Busy as beavers, ' said Irene. (C.P. Snow, "The New Men", part IV, ch. 30)

- Here they, - I have told.

- Work assiduously as beavers, - has told Iren.

In the resulted examples the situation which underlies a phraseological image, coincides in the original and in transfer. Considering recognised for philological germenevtiki that the rich saved up experience of the recipient facilitates a reflexion, it is possible to assert a postulate, that in this case the reflexion will proceed easily: the practical activities wide experience to imagine a situation described in the text is not necessary to the recipient.

However in the presence of equivalent variants of translation in some cases the translator makes the decision leading to infringement of a mosaic of fixing of a reflexion. Sr:

Gwen (shaking hands with him). How are you to-day, Sydney? You're looking very well... Busy as a bee as usual, I suppose. You're simply amazing. (W.S. Maugham, "For Services Rendered", act I)

Gven (shaking hands with it). How you feel today yourselves, Sydney? You look perfectly... And, as always, work not pokladaja hands? You simply surprising person.

In the given example the reflexion is fixed in a belt mysledejstvovanija both in the original, and in transfer, however communications between a situation in detail-practical activities and described in the text, built by the recipient, represent various mosaics.

The English-Russian and Russian-English phraseological dictionaries result a considerable quantity of variants of translation which in linguistics are considered as full or partial phraseological equivalents. a lone wolf - a wolf-single; the person operating alone.

' You... I fancy you read a good deal. "Yep. In a hit-or-a-miss way. I'll tell you: I'm a lone wolf. I trade horses, and saw wood, and work in lumber-camps - I'm a first-rate swamper. ' (S. Lewis, ' Main Street ', ch. X)

' you... You, truly, read much? "Yes. But without discrimination. I also speak to you: I a lonely wolf. Baryshnichaju, I saw fire wood, I work with woodcutters. I still the expert in drainage of bogs. '

However at presence in the English-Russian phraseological dictionaries of equivalent transfer ' the wolf-single ' which is equally clear to recipients and English, and Russian of languages in force reaktivatsii experience in detail-practical activities, at a literary translation which means as much as possible true imitation of the original, is supposed a variant ' the single ' which does not lead to reflexion fixing in a belt mysledejstvovanija.

How can you hope to gain happiness? Don't be a lone wolf. Publish your results (H.G.Wells, "The Invisible Man", ch.24).

Unless it can bring happiness? What for to you to operate alone? Publish your opening.

At the same time often there are the phraseological units, which transfer fixed in the dictionary, it is impossible to name equivalent. In the example resulted more low for English FE in the dictionary variants of translation which from the point of view of linguistics it is possible to name contextual replacement or descriptive transfer are given. Transfer of a fragment with such FE from English into Russian, on the contrary, shows similar drawing of fixing of a reflexion.

outstay (overstay, wear out) one's welcome - to abuse someone's hospitality to behave importunately to bother owners (about the visitor)

When Sunday came the Consul decided that he would receive the Burtons out of doors and give them tea in the garden. The afternoon was fine and warm; moreover, since twilight still fell early, his quests would thus have less opportunity to settle down and overstay theit welcome (A.J. Cronin "The Spanish Gardener", ch. VI)

On Sunday the consul has decided to invite Bartons: it will accept them in a garden, will treat with tea on open air. Day was wonderful, warm. Early darkened, means, visitors will not sit up, their visit will not be tightened.

She had the ratty air of one who felt she had outstayed her welcome. (C. P. Snow "In Their Wisdom", ch.16)

Liz spoke with irritation as if has felt that behaves importunately.

Variants when drawing of fixing of a reflexion completely changes while translating are possible also. In such cases hardly probable it is possible to speak about interpretatsionnoj equivalence. The recipient addresses to perfect to other experience for understanding of the text. Experience,
Stimulated with a reflexion, can lead to other reproduction of creative process of art development.

Accidents will happen (occur) in the best-regulated families - Troubles happen in the best houses; scandal in noble family; everyone in a life happens; every family has its black sheep.

' My dear friend Copperfield, ' said Mr. Micauber, ' accidents will occur in the best-egulated families... ' (Ch. Dickens, "David Copperfield", ch. XXVIII)

My friend Kopperfild, has told Mr. Mikober, - troubles happen and in the best houses...

An ' [= and] mind, I do not sy [= say] I did not tike [= take] a little drop too much sometimes - accidents will occur even in the best regulated of families... (W.S. Maugham, "Liza of Lambeth", ch. XI)

Notice, I do not wish to tell, that I am never put to a wine-glass. Every family has its black sheep...

Apparently from the second example, smyslopostroenie occurs under the scheme which is distinct from the original. Similar distinctions in smyslopostroenii and smyslousmotrenii can be observed also in the fragments resulted more low. trump smb's (the) ace - to beat an as a trump; to parry someone's blow

The columnist had pointed out that Perry Mason unoubtedly had some ace up his sleeve, but also pointed out that the lawyer could not be certain whether or not the district attorney would be able to trump his ace. (E.S. Gardner, "The case of the Nervous Accoplice", ch. 16)

The feuilletonist has noticed, that at Perr Mason, undoubtedly, there is an as for emergency, but has underlined, that Mason all the same is afraid, as though the public prosecutor has not beaten its as a trump.

one's (the) ace of trumps - a bargaining chip, the weighty argument

Brassbound.... You, greenhorns, he is more likely to send you all to penal servitude if you are fools enough to give him the chance...

Redbrook.... That's the ace of trumps. (B. Shaw, "Captain Brassbound's Conversion", act II)

Brassbaund.... You, greenhorns, he will send all of you on a hard labour if you by nonsense give it for this purpose an occasion...

Redbruk. Correctly... It is the weighty argument.

' Tea-leaves! ' Aunt Milly snorted. ' In the twentieth century! ' She brought out those last words like the ace of trumps. (C.P.Snow, ' Time of Hope ', ch. I)

- Gadane on a coffee thick, - aunt Milli has sniffed. - And it in the twentieth century!

Last words have been told by the tone which is not supposing objections.

Transfer of phraseological units with reflexion fixing in a thought-communications belt

Reflexion fixing in a thought-communications belt occurs to the reference to experience of dialogue of the recipient with verbal texts.

In respect of transfer the phraseological units which are clearing up a reflexion in belt M-K, as a whole can be divided on two big groups:

• FE, concerning to mezhjazykovym to equivalents which have got the status thanks to influence of Ancient Greek and ancient Roman culture and the literature, influence of the Bible on culture of many countries of the world and a wide circulation of great products of the world literature.

• FE, being national-specific, reflecting features of culture of the people.

As a rule, the phraseological units concerning to mezhjazykovym to equivalents, will equally clear up a reflexion with the reference to experience of dialogue of the recipient with verbal texts or
Historical events, equally significant for carriers different lingvokultur:

to pull smb’s chestnuts out of the fire - to drag for someone chestnuts from fire, to perform for someone unpleasant work (expression from fable Lafontena)

' You cannot make me your cat’s paw to pull your chestnuts out of the fire. ' (Th. Dreiser “The Titan”, ch. XLIX)

- You cannot make me the tool and force to drag for you chestnuts from fire.

You tried to use me as a cat’s paw to pull chestnuts out of the fire for Stanley Rider (U. Sinclair “The Moneychangers”, ch. VII) - you wished to make me the tool, wanted, that I dragged chestnuts from fire for Stenli Ryder.

FE in English and Russian texts stimulate reflektivnoe dejstvovanie, an event under one scheme that testifies to level of full equivalence while translating.

Moreover, on occasion the translator stimulates reflektivnoe dejstvovanie under the given scheme in spite of the fact that the variant of translation fixed in bilingual phraseological dictionaries, does not provide reflexion fixing in a thought-communications belt.

cry wolf - to undermine trust to itself a false call for help, to lift a false alarm (a hint on fable Ezopa about the shepherd who had a good time that deceived people, shouting "a wolf, a wolf!").

' Come, come now, Nessie, ' he replied in a low tone which could not carry to the scullery, ' you're aye talkin ' about that headache. If you're always crying "wolf, wolf, we'll not be believing you when it does come to the bit (A.J.Cronin," Hatter's Castle ", book III, ch. I).

- Full, full, nessi, - answered Broudi, having lowered a voice that it was not audible in the next room. - constantly you complain of a headache! You remember the story the boy who always shouted: "the Wolf! A wolf!", so, when and really on it the wolf has attacked, anybody to it has not believed?

The translator completes that organisation of a reflexion which only is programmed in the original for the reader; it as though facilitates a problem of the reader on understanding of the text of transfer, raspredmechivaja for it that opredmecheno in the original.

much ado about nothing - much ado about nothing (the expression popular in days of Shakespeare and taken by it as the name of one of the comedies owing to what has received a wide circulation not only in modern English, but also in Russian)

When you've been here a few years and you go back to an ordinary life, you feel a bit out of it, you know... Much ado about nothing, that's what it is. (W. S. Maugham "Creatures of Circumstance", "Sanatorium")

Here will live in sanatorium some years, and then want to return by a usual life - will see, how it is difficult to return to a track again... Everywhere any mad haste. It is a lot of to noise from anything - here that this such.

make much ado about nothing - to make noise concerning something

I see how it is. But I think you and everybody else make too much ado about these things (Th. Dreiser "The Genius", book III, ch. XV)

I perfectly understand all. But it seems to me, that in general because of it make too big noise - and not only you, but also others.

Apparently from resulted above an example, rethought Shakespearean phraseological unit has not found reflexion in phraseological system of Russian and is translated by means of a free word-combination, that is with reflexion fixing in a belt mysledejstvovanija.

lay the axe to the root of sth. - to cut under a root, to start destruction, destruction something [it. bibl. Luke III, 9, Mtthew III, 10] If all other means failed, he could join the bishop against his wife, inspire courage into the unhappy man, lay an axe to the root of the woman's power and emancipate the husband. (A. Trollope, "Barchester Towers", ch. IV)

If other means do not help, it should support a bishop against his wife, to instal courage in the unfortunate person, to subvert the power of the wife and to release the husband.

You revolt at the crimes, cruelties and stupidities of fanatics who endanger and may yet destroy the world. But you are not political. You are hacking at branches with pocket-knives when you should be laying an axe to the root of the trouble. (D. Cusack, "The Sun Is Not Enough", ch. 25)

You are indignant with the crimes made by fanatics, their severe, barbarous actions which can ruin all world. But you stand out of a policy. You cut off branches a penknife, and it is necessary to cut with an axe under the root.

At the heart of resulted above phraseological unit the metaphor which allows the author to create the developed image which is clearing up reflektivnoe dejstvovanie in a belt of thought-communications lays. The translator keeps specificity of fixing of a reflexion, having kept in transfer the developed metaphor.

a bed of roses - "a bed from roses", a way covered with roses, an easy, happy, serene life; not a life, and paradise (obykn. It is used in negative expressions) [expression goes back to custom of rich men in ancient Rome to cover the bed with petals of roses]

' I warn thee now, ' continued Solon, ' unless thee studies, thee will regret it later on. It is not my intention to make thy path a bed of roses. "(Th. Dreiser," The Bulwark ", ch. XLIII)

- Look, Stewart, - continued Solon, - will not study, then will regret. I am not going to cover with roses your life.

Apparently from an example, the original and transfer are understood by the recipient equally, smyslopostroenie occurs to the reflexion reference on a thought-communications belt.

In a following fragment transfer with preservation of drawing of fixing of a reflexion has been complicated by necessity of a choice of such variant which will allow to keep a song metre. As a result of FE it is replaced with a free word-combination, and reflektivnoe dejstvovanie occurs in a belt md.

Effie May was at the mechanical piano player, producing the popular ballad, ' Don't you worry, little pet. Hey, you kid, I'll get you yet. Life is all a bed of roses, when wise guys like us rub noses. ' (S. Lewis, "Work of Art", ch. 29)

... Effi Mej has included pianolu, the pleasant voice has started singing a popular song: "do not grieve, the babe. Look more cheerfully. Believe, the life is wonderful, there will be you mine".

By analogy with resulted above FE following phraseological units are created. While translating in the first case figurativeness remains, in the second case is lost, clearing up other fixing of a reflexion.

a bed of thorns - a thorny road; not a life, and a flour

... fleur had a natural sense of rhythm which caused her discomfort during those long and "interesting" passages which evidenced, as it were, the composer's rise and fall from his bed of thorns. (J. Galsworthy, "The White Monkey, part I, ch. 1")... The Crape possessed congenital feeling of a rhythm, and to it was very much not on itself during these infinite "entertaining" passages obviously exposing all peripetias of a thorny way of the composer.

The English fiction abounds with examples of the use of a considerable quantity of the phraseological units obliged by the origin to products Ancient Greek and ancient Roman
Cultures and literatures, to the Bible and a wide circulation of great products of the world literature.

As a rule, such phraseological units represent mezhjazykovye equivalents and do not represent special translational difficulty in the text.

cross (pass) the Rubicon - to pass Rubicon, to venture any irrevocable step, to cross, pass any important boundary [in 49 BC July Caesar, contrary to prohibition of the Roman senate, has passed with an army Rubicon - the river serving by border between Italy and Tsizalpinsky G alliej, - and has begun civil war]

A pause - in which I began to steady the palsy of my nerves and to feel that the Rubicon was passed; and that the trial, no longer to be shirked, must be firmly sustained. (E. Bronte, "Jane Eyre", ch. VII)

There has come a pause during which time I have felt, that to me ulaetsja to constrain shaking me drozhb, - after all Rubicon was already behind, not to avoid, and test it is necessary to take out vessels with hardness.

Tom seemed to be all right without it, and as for me, I wanted to postpone crossing that particular Rubicon until I felt... right about it. (J. Wain, "Living in the Present", ch. XI)

Volumes, probably, did not excite, that between us there are no close relations. As to me I have decided to pass this Rubicon, only when I will be... It is assured, that it is correct.

The understanding of phraseological units, with reflexion fixing in belt M-K, always demands from the reader of use so-called intertekstualnogo “reflektivnogo the bridge”, that is reflexions over experience of knowledge of a concrete text material. The translator can leave raspredmechivanie sense to the reader or as in the example resulted more low, to make it (entirely or partially) for it.

kill the fatted calf - zaklat a well-fad little body to meet hospitably (as the prodigal son) [it. библ.Luke XV, 30; goes back to a bible parable about the prodigal son]

' Mr. Forsyte will be very glad to see you. He was saying at lunch that he never saw you nowadays. ' Val grinned: ' Well, here I am. Kill the fatted calf, Warmson, let's have fizz. ' (J. Galsworthy, "In Chancery", part I, ch. IX)

- Mr. Forsyte will be very glad to see you. He said at breakfast, that recently he at all does not meet you.

Vel has grinned.

- Here I also have come. Prepare for the prodigal son viands, Uormson, we will drink champagne.

' The prodigal has returned, ' he said. ' We will not fail to kill the fatted calf. ' (W. S. Maugham, "The Making of a Saint", ch. II)

- The prodigal son has come back, - has told ZHirolamo. - We by all means should zaklat a fat little body.

As the examples resulted above, phraseological unit, neutral on value show, gets an additional ironic shade that remains in transfer.

The phraseological units which described in the given part of the head and have kept a part of that primary image which underlay metaforizatsii, can clear up the reflexion of the reader fixed in a belt md that does not allow to build correct sense, opredmechennyj in hints.

burn one's boats (bridges) (behind one) - to burn ships, to cut off way to deviation, to lose return possibility to former [the Roman commanders sometimes burnt the ships, having landed armies in enemy territory that cut off it a way to deviation; they needed to win or be lost]

... he asked her to burn her boats behind her and bolt with him to Paris. (W. S. Maugham, "Complete Short Stories", "A Casual Affair")

... He wrote lady Kastellan, that it should burn the ships and to run with it to Paris.

' I do not want to burn all my bridges behind me ', he told himself. ' I've got to have at least one friend among the solid men here in town. ' (Sh. Anderson, "Poor White", ch. X)

- I do not wish to burn behind myself all bridges, - he has told to itself(himself). - Should remain with me though one friend among the solid people living in this city.

As to the phraseological units obliged by the origin to realities of culture of the people, that is, inherently being national-specific, transfer of those can be at a loss to address absence of possibility to experience of the recipient who is not the native speaker, with verbal texts. However, coming back to statement of already resulted earlier And Bogina that there are no national-cultural senses, and is only natsionalnoyokulturnye values, it is possible to notice, that the success of the translator in such situations will depend on, whether he understands intention of the author at the use of national-specific phraseological unit.

read the Riot Act - to order to disperse, having read "the law against mutiny" (Riot Act - the law on protection of public calmness which operates since 1715); razg. To reprimand, a scolding; to chide; to excoriate.

Warden Hare pulled the Riot Act from his pocket. In the din not many people heard him read it. (K.S. Prichard "The Roaring Nineties", ch.53)

Inspector Hejr has taken out the document on protection of public calmness and an order from a pocket. Having read it, the inspector has ordered to crowd to disperse. But the crowd roar has muffled its voice.

In the given example transfer deforms sense of the original: inspector Hejr has not read the document, the crowd roar in Russian variant looks as protest reaction to actions of the inspector, to the requirement to disperse. In the original of the inspector very few people heard.

Examples FE resulted more low represent a colloquial variant, however alljuzijnaja making their values remains the important element for dostraivanija sense with reflexion fixing in belt M-K. In transfer reflexion fixing occurs in a belt md.

The way you read us the riot act at that meeting - do you suppose anyone else could have gotten away with that? (S.Heym, "The Eyes of Reason", book II, ch.5)

If who another has dared so to cut us at meeting, you think, it would carry away from here feet?

So I had the ignominy of being canned and was read the riot act in the kitchen. (S. Bellow, "The Adventures of Augie March", ch. III)

To my shame, me have locked in kitchen, and the grandmother began to chide me.

Following examples show again infringement of fixing of a reflexion while translating. In the original sense FE raspredmechivaetsja at the expense of an exit in belt M-K, in transfer reflektivnoe dejstvovanie occurs to an exit in a belt md.

beat about the bush (go round and round the mulberry bush) - to beat around the bush, speak obinjakami; to stand on ceremony [occurs from the name of children's game; mulberry bush - the children's game reminding a round dance, is accompanied by refrain Here we go round the mulberry bush] You know why you're here, of course, so we need not beat about the bush. (A. Cronin, "A Thing of Beauty", part 4, ch. V)

You, of course, know, what for we have invited you, that is why we will pass directly to business.

' Round and round the mulberry bush, ' said Bond when Ann Shapland had gone. ' Same thing over and over again '. (A. Christie, "Cat Among the Pigeons", ch. 10)

- We are trampled down on one place, - the Bond when Ann Shaplend left a room has told. - all of them repeat same.

Value of phraseological unit can get in the text an additional shade, filling with that the text or speech of the hero by those senses which it is necessary raspredmetit to the reader. So, in the first example resulted more low, FE helps to express disapproval. Sending to marriage which is not consecrated by church, and accordingly, is not approved by a society, remains in transfer. Raspredmechivanie sense occurs at the expense of the reference to belt M-K both in the original, and in transfer: FE helps to express disapproval, censure; to make it it is implicit, inducing and the listener in the text, and the reader of the text to complete sense independently.

jump (marry over) the broom-stick - to get married, not making a marriage ceremony; to get married around rakitovogo a bush [occurrence FE it is connected with custom when a newly-married couple jumps through a broom; custom historically connect with the Wales, however it has received a wide circulation in the USA, especially among the Afro-Americans; since the middle of XVIII century expression was used for the description of the marriage ceremony which legality raises the doubts; compare rus. "To get married around rakitovogo a bush"

- To live in the marriage which has been not consecrated with church; to live a sexual life before official marriage; an ironical hint on wedding pagan rite]

This woman in Gerrard Street here had been married very young, over the broomstick (as we say), to a tramping man, and was a perfect fury in point of jealousy. (Ch. Dickens, "Great Expectations", ch. XLVIII)

This woman who lives on Dzherard-strit, absolutely the little girl has married for any the tramp, has got married to it, as they say, around rakitovogo a bush and was jealous as fig.

Unlike this example where it has been reached interpretatsionnaja equivalence, the following example illustrates that the translator carries out reflektivnoe action for the reader: in Russian variant

Completely there is no the hint which is clearing up a reflexion in belt M-K.

Three or four score of undergraduates... had offered her matrimony and three or four newly elected fellows were asking whether they would vacate, if they happened to jump the broomstick. (R. Blackmore, "Cripps, the Carrier", ch. XIX)

Students of college... In eager rivalry did to it offers, and someone from again accepted post-graduate students pondered, whether it is necessary to risk career and to become its lover.

Phraseological unit cash (hand, pass, send) in one's checks (to surrender, recognise itself won; to lay down arms) has occurred from the term in the poker, meaning “to settle an invoice upon termination of game” and further has got new values - to commit suicide, die. In the text this FE opens different sides of the value, getting different senses, however a fixing mosaic does not coincide in one of resulted below examples.

' Dear me, ' said Mr Parker Pyne, ' this is all very illuminating. In a general sense I mean. It hardly helps us in our particular inquiry. "You're not going to hand in your checks?" No, no. ' (A. Christie, "Mr Parker Pyne, Detective", "The Pearl of Price")

- Really, all it is very interesting, - Mr. Parker Pajn has told. - it is interesting, so to say, in general, but hardly will help with the given investigation.

- Whether you are going to lay down arms and stop investigation?

- Certainly, no.

An American salesman - I'm talking about a real hundred per cent, mind, a GO - getter - hen does not worry whether people want his stuff or not. Fact, if they do, he gets bored and hands his checks in. (R. Greenwood, "MR. Bunting", ch. XII)

The American direct-sales representative - I speak about the present, absolute expert on the business - does not worry about that, wish to buy its goods or not. Even on the contrary, if buyers wish to buy, it is boring to it to deal with them and it finishes the transaction more soon.

You see, one of the boys has passed his checks and we want to give him a good send-off... (M. Twain, "The Innocents at Home", ch. II)

Whether see, one of our children has committed suicide, and we wish to follow adequately him to the grave...

Ivy's promised me that when I hand in my checks she'll come back here. She knows the people and she will not be so lonely. (W. S. Maugham, "Creatures of Circumstance", "Sanatorium")

Ajvi promised to me, that when I do not become, it will return here. She knows many here and will not feel such lonely.

Transfer of phraseological units with reflexion fixing in a belt of nonverbal thinking

Reflexion fixing in a belt of nonverbal thinking assumes, that the phraseological unit as a certain symbol, deduces at once the recipient to certain senses, that is process of understanding FE occurs directly and does not require verbalisation.

In most cases reflexion fixing in the M belt concerns unmotivated phraseological units. While translating such FE which often are national specific, cannot achieve full translational equivalence. However it is obviously possible to understand an author's plan and to keep it in
The transfer text. In that case at understanding of the original and transfer there is a reference to a belt of nonverbal thinking that allows from the point of view of philological germenevtiki to speak about certain equivalence.

The phraseological unit, which understanding clears up a reflexion fixed in a belt of nonverbal thinking, in the art text is translated, as a rule, by next ways:

• value FE is expressed in transfer by a variable combination of words that clears up a reflexion fixed in a belt mysledejstvovanija, and completely breaks a plan of the author: dejstvovanie the recipient on understanding of such text proceeds easily, and art value of the text is lost;

• in transfer it is used FE, however it clears up a reflexion not in a belt of nonverbal thinking, and under other schemes;

• in a target language gets out unmotivated FE, formed by difficult reconsideration which clears up a reflexion on drawing similar to the original.

As example of the first variant of translation following fragments with FE a bad actor - amer can serve. zharg. The mean person; scandalous, captious type; the inveterate criminal, the dark person, the inveterate bandit; the malicious, restive, badly trained animal.

' Wasn't he in for... burglary a while ago? "That's him, ' said the guard. ' Bad actor. ' (J. O'Hara," Ourselves to Know ")

- Whether instead of this guy sat recently for... Burglary?

- Sat, as, - the security guard has answered. - the inveterate person.

' There are more than a few bad actors with a hand in this thing, McCurtain, ' the Judge said, leaning back... (E. Caldwell, "Trouble in July", ch. IV)

- Dangerous criminals participate in this business, Poppy - Kerten some, - the judge has told, having leant back on a chair back...

I understand some of these remount horses are pretty bad actors... they say Army remount horses often have very bad manners. Kick and bite. (J. O'Hara, "A Rage to Live", book II)

How much I understand, repair horsies generally very wicked knaves... Say, that at them very foul customs. Also kick, and that kind, can bite.

They are bad actors, them rogues. (E. O'Connor, "All in the Family", ch. I)

Elephants-eremites very dangerous animals.

The similar difference in a mosaic of fixings of a reflexion is observed also in following examples. A maximum in such cases the translator achieves that, - preservation konnotatsii at a choice of a variant of translation.

a smart Aleck - razg. prezr. The self-confident impudent fellow, the impudent person, the free subject; empty small, the goof - off; the know-it-all

' Now, who would do it but that little Finchley slip, the little smart aleck? ' snapped Gilbert. (Th. Dreiser, "An American Tragedy", book II, ch. XXX)

- Certainly, it is the small conceited person of Finchley. Who else could so to arrive, - Gilbert has sniffed.

In the little towns, ah, there is the abiding peace that I love, and that can never be disturbed by even the noisiest smart Alecks from the haughty megapolises like Washington, New York, etc. (S. Lewis, "It Can't Happen Here", ch. 18)

In small towns - here where serene rest which I so love; it not to break even noisy and impudent capital krasavchikam from New York or Washington.

Your Excellency, it gives me great pain to have to expose this man, Jessup, whom I have known all my life, and tried to help, but he always was a smart aleck... (S. Lewis, "It Can't Hapen Here", ch. 30)

Your excellency, to me is very heavy, that I should condemn this person, Dzhessepa which I knew all life and to which I tried to help, but it always was empty small.

I have not any patience with these smart alecks who tell us that one cannot fine scholarship home to the reading public. (C. P. Snow, "The Masters", ch.36) I Hate know-it-alls who try to convince us that thin erudition will not be appreciated by reading public.

In a case when in translation quality phraseological unit is offered, reflektivnoe dejstvovanie can pass under more difficult scheme which is distinct from those which forms original reading. So, in the example resulted more low, the English phraseological unit be off one's oats - to be unwell, unwell; to lose appetite - stimulates reflektivnoe dejstvovanie in a belt of nonverbal thinking and defines lack of motivation FE as the symbol which is not demanding semantizirujushchego understanding and raspredmechivaemogo in nonverbal schemes. In Russian variant reflektivnoe dejstvovanie the reader is included by the reference to a belt md.

He... haunted the house... danced with her half the night, and so on till the poor kid, who is quite off her oats about him, took it for granted that it was only a question of time before he suggested that they should feed for life out of the same crib. (P.G. Wodehouse, ' Very Good, Jeeves! ', ch. IV)

Tappi Glossop... Often visited Angela's house... Danced with it till midnight, and, naturally, all it has come to an end that the poor girl has lost because of it appetite. She has been assured, that he will call her to the feeding trough and that it only a matter of time.

Despite obvious aspiration of translators to use phraseological units at a choice of a variant of translation, it is possible to result examples when the preference is given to a free combination of words even then when the phraseological fund of a target language can offer a suitable variant.

it is pouring (raining) cats and dogs - pours as from a bucket, there is a torrential rain

Ld. Sparkish. I knw Sir John will go, tho ' he was sure it would rain Cats and Dogs... (J.Swift "Swift's Polite Conversation", "Dialogue II")

Lord Sparkish. I know, that sir John all the same will go there though does not doubt, that will get under a torrential rain.

"What sort of day is it?" "It's raining cats and dogs". (J.Aldridge "Signed with their Honour", ch.5)

What weather? - Pours as from a bucket.

In the first case the free word-combination, in the second - phraseological unit is while translating used. In both examples, however, reflektivnoe dejstvovanie occurs to the reference to a belt md.

Further in transfer it is used FE, formed by the difficult reconsideration, clearing up a reflexion with fixing in a belt of nonverbal thinking.

hot air - Razg. Chatter, mere words; a nonsense, nonsense, nonsense

He's full of hot air. It's bad stuff to talk that way, spreading illusions about jobs and paying going up every year! (D. Carter, "Fatherless Sons", part I, ch. 6)

And that grinds what the hell. From these conversations one harm - people indeed can think, that the salary bude to grow every year, and unemployment to decrease.

The same phraseological unit which is clearing up a reflexion in a belt of M, in the English text, can stimulate cogitative dejstvovanie under different schemes in transfer. Thus it can be broken not only a mosaic of fixing of a reflexion, and to be lost that valuable part of sense for the sake of which the author of the original and has chosen such phraseological unit. FE an eager beaver - razg. The hard worker, the diligent, unruly person; unduly assiduous, zealous worker; the person toadying before
The heads - in the English text has an ironic shade, and also characterises the hero through its internal speech. In transfer the free word-combination which is neutral on style is used and can transfer only easy shade of irony by means of the grammatical organisation of the offer.

I was an eager beaver once, Alec thought. (R. Rouark, "The Honey Badge", ch. 4)

- And I was the enthusiast once, - Alec has thought.

In a following example in translation quality the unmotivated phraseological unit stimulating reflektivnoe dejstvovanie in a belt of M that speaks about interpretatsionnoj equivalence is used.

This guy, Marshall, is an eager beaver, a go-getter, but he's relatively inexperienced. (E. S. Gardner, "The Case of the Amorous Aunt", ch. 15)

This Marshall works with a spark, and the person it vigorous, but experience at it is small.

The mnogogrannee value of phraseological unit, the is more than senses it can design in the text, and, accordingly, it can represent the big translational difficulty to those. So, emfatichesky a phraseological unit dog my cats! - amer. Devil take it!, here those on!, the word of honour!, really! - can serve in the text for the characteristic of the hero, expression of disappointment, disappointment, surprise, indignation. In transfer the most part of those emotions which are transferred by means of use of this FE, will be neutralised at the expense of the use stilisticheski a neutral word-combination or full omission of a phraseological unit.

I began to feel sorry for Hubby, dog my cats if I did not. (O'Henry, "The Four Million", "Memories of a Yellow Dog") the Word of honour, I have started to regret Habbi.

' Well, dog my cats ' Ty Ty said. ' Is that what was going on back there! ' (E. Caldwell, "God's Little Acre", ch. IX)

- Well and affairs were created there! - has told Thaw Thaw.

Phraseological units with reflexion fixing in a belt of nonverbal thinking, as a rule, concern to natsionalnoyospetsifichnym. They represent a special problem for the translator as put it before an uneasy choice: whether to keep a mosaic of fixing of a reflexion, having resorted to transformation with a choice of functional replacement (having offered whenever possible the figurative variant which understanding occurs directly) or to resort to a free word-combination.

It is possible to result examples when instead of unmotivated phraseological unit in translation quality the figurative combination is offered, but in any case the reflexion at understanding of the translation text proceeds on perfect to other schemes.

broke to the wide (to the world; clean, dead, stone, stony broke) - razg. Absolutely, completely ruined, gone bankrupt; without any means of subsistence

I was damned glad to get the job, I can tell you, I was about broke to the wide when they took me on. (W.S. Maugham, "The Gentleman in the Parlour", ch. XLIII)

I can assure you, I was devilishly glad, when have got a job. At that time I was fine aground.

So the other day she rushed round the shops and bought a new coat. And now she's so broke, broke to the world, she'll never have a thing for summer. (J. B. Priestley, "The Good Companions", book III, ch. 1)

One of these days it ran all over shops and has bought a coat, now at it the penny behind soul is not present. It is necessary to buy for the summer of nothing.

at the back of God-speed - shutl. On the brink of light, at the world's end If I do not leave you at the back of God-speed before long, I'll give you the mare... (A. Trollope, "Doctor Thorne", ch. V) If I not soon will leave this solitude I will give you a mare...

Transfer of phraseological units with reflexion fixing in belts M-K and md

Cogitative dejstvovanie in two belts sistemomysledejatelnosti simultaneously (in a belt of thought-communications and in a belt mysledejstvovanija) allows to consider two possible variants of fixing of a reflexion:

1) FE it is understood at the expense of an exit from belt M-K in a belt md (where md more important);

By comparison of phraseological units of English language (with the given mosaic of fixing of a reflexion at their functioning in the art text) with a translation into Russian, it is possible to draw a conclusion, that preservation reflektivnogo drawing represents a translational problem. The decision which is accepted by the translator, is reduced to a choice of so-called phraseological conformity.

have as many lives as a cat (have nine lives like a cat, have more lives than a cat) - to be hardy as the cat to differ amazing survivability [on English national poverju at a cat nine lives]

' Bless the little dog! ' exclaimed my aunt. ' If he had as many lives as a cat, and was on the point of losing ' em all, he'd bark at me with his last breath, I believe! ' (Ch. Dickens, "David Copperfield", ch. XLVIII)

- Here an unusable doggie! - my aunt has exclaimed. - if it had so much lives, how many at a cat, and it was threatened with danger to lose all of them, I think, it would bark at me at the last izdyhanii.

She knew it was an absurd hope - and yet would not let it go... The silence of Dr. Raste had nearly killed it, but it could not be killed; it had more lives than a cat. (A. Bennett, "Riceyman Steps", part IV, ch. V)

She knew what to hope silly, and still hoped... Silence of doctor Rejsta has struck blow to this hope, but absolutely her has not killed: nadezhu it is impossible to kill - it of a hardy cat.

a cat has nine lives - cats are hardy

One of the most striking difficulties between a cat and a lie is that a cat has only nine lives. (M. Twain, "Puddin'head Wilson", ch. VII)

One of essential differences of a cat from lie consists that at a cat only nine lives.

If a cat has nine lives, sir, a lie has ninety-nine. (R. Blackmore, "Perlycross", ch. XI)

If at a cat nine lives, the sir, at their lie ninety nine.

a cat with nine lives - the hardy person, is hardy as a cat

She joked about her illness and said that she was a cat with nine lives, eight of which had been lived to the full... (N. Coward, "Future Indefinite", part I, ch. VI)

It joked concerning the illness, said, that to it on a sort as to a cat, nine lives it is written, eight it has lived wholly...

In spite of the fact that the image in a basis metaforicheskogogo reconsiderations given FE goes back to English national poverju, transfer of fragments of the art text shows, that experience of supervision over cats allows to find a variant which stimulates cogitative action under the scheme similar to the original (though belt M-K while translating on Russian is blacked out) without special difficulties. As a result the art text, smyslopostroenie which in English occurs in two belts sistemymledejatelnosti simultaneously, in Russian variant clears up a reflexion in belt borders predmetnoyoprakticheskoj activity of the recipient.

2) FE it is understood at the expense of an exit from a belt md in belt M-K (M-K more important), i.e. reflexion fixing in the communicative validity appears the leader compared with fixing in reality.

Kilkenny cats (fight like Kilkenny cats) - deadly enemies (to struggle before mutual destruction to struggle to the death). English FE goes back to a legend about fierce struggle between cities Kilkenny and Irishtown in XVII century which has led also to ruin.

Members of Parliament and ladies of fashion, like himself and Fleur... now and then... going for each other like Kilkenny cats. (J. Galsworthy "The Silver Spoon", part I, ch. XIV)

Members of parliament and secular women, as it and the Crape... From time to time... Seize each other and fight to the death.

In similar cases there is a question, how much osoznanno the translator refuses repetition of fixing of a reflexion in belt M-K. It is considered, that in the course of a choice of a correct variant the translator can offer only minimum significant units of transfer, but there are doubts concerning an admissibility of change of a mosaic of fixing of a reflexion, taking into account that FE, clearing up a reflexion in belt M-K, often concern to national specific, that is inherently are national-cultural metaphors, storehouse of the cultural-historical information of language.

when the cat's away, the mice will play — without a cat to mice expanse, What noise was that? Gramophone going in the kitchen! When the cat was away, the mice—! (J.Galsworthy, "The white Monkey", part I, ch. X).

What it for noise? A record player have got on kitchen. When the cat of the house is not present, to mice expanse.

In this case in an English variant reflexion fixing occurs to an exit from a belt md in belt M-K, leaving for the reader the right to fill a missing part of phraseological unit. However while translating on Russian of a mosaic of fixing of a reflexion change, mentioning only a belt md, accordingly, from the point of view of the philological
germenevtiki equivalence is not observed. The translator completes reflexion fixing for the reader.

The etymology of following phraseological unit goes back to navigation. In the original from the reader it is required reflektivnoe dejstvovanie with an exit in belt M-K, dostraivanie sense at the expense of the reference to kognitivnomu to understanding.

back and fill - to move that forward, back, there, back; to fluctuate, show indecision, to delay, mark time [it. mor. To lay in drift, alternately obstenivaja and filling sails] The runner watched the long car back and fill in the narrow street, to return wherever it came from... (W. Faulkner, "A Fable", "Tuesday, Wednesday, Wednesday Night")

He observed, how the big car maneuvered, trying to pass on narrow street, and eventually has returned there, whence has arrived...

... Elliott Freemantle's policies were apt to back and fill as expediency demanded. (A. Hailey, "Airport", part III, ch. 4)

... Elliot Fremantle often changes a line of conduct depending on circumstances.

' Good deal of backing and filling about the reading of a column of figures, ' muttered Annixter to the man at his elbow. (Fr. Norris, "The Octopus", book II, ch. IV)

- See, have tarried, do not wish to read this column of figures, - has murmured Annikster, addressing to sitting next.

The transfer analysis shows, that in one of variants is not stimulated cogitative dejstvovanie with the reference to a belt of thought - of communications, the reflexion of the reader proceeds easily. In such situations there is a question, whether the translator has the right to facilitate course of a reflexion of the reader, choosing that variant of translation which stimulates reflektivnoe dejstvovanie only with an exit in a belt md.

In separate group it is possible to allocate phraseological units which are a proverb part. Dostraivanie their sense occurs, as a rule, at the expense of the reference to a proverb entirely (an exit in belt M-K). A problem of the translator here begins to choose such variant of translation which can deduce the reader on a proverb. As shows experience, the translator in such situations resorts or to a word-combination, thereby stimulating reflexion fixing in a belt md (as it is made in the first example), or once again completes drawing of fixing of a reflexion for the reader, resulting a proverb entirely.

break no bones - not to cause harm [a proverb part hard words break no bones]

For so old a man of the world Soames was singularly unaware how in that desirable sphere called Society? every one is slandered daily and no bones broken (J. Galsworthy, "The Silver Spoon", part II, ch. V)

As it is strange, but Soms, old and skilled, did not suspect, that in so-called "light" day by day slander all and everyone, and all manages peacefully...

Harry. I'm sorry if I was rude to you just now, old man.

Knox. Silly ass, you've broken no bones; my self-esteem, thank God, is unimpaired. (W. S. Maugham, "East of Suez", sc. 11)

Harry. Forgive, olden time if I have insulted you.

Noks. That for nonsenses! Hard words breake no bones. my self-respect, thank God, has not suffered.

In the given example for phraseological unit transfer the proverb entirely therefore the mosaic of fixing of a reflexion changes is from English into Russian chosen. In the original reflexion fixing occurred under the scheme md - M-K (where M-K more important). In Russian variant reflexion fixing occurs exclusively to the reference to belt M-K.

Transfer of phraseological units with reflexion fixing in belts of M and md

Reflexion fixing in two belts sistemomysledejatelnosti (a belt of nonverbal thinking and a belt mysledejstvovanija) also gives two possible variants:

1) an exit from the M belt in md where md it is more important;

for the birds - to nobody necessary, not having any the values, not representing the slightest interest; silly, ridiculous; to hens on laughter

And underneath the guy on the horse’s picture, it always says: “Since 1888 we have been moulding boys into splendid clear-thinking men.” Strictly for the birds... I did not know anybody there that was splendid and clear-thinking. (J. Salinger, “Catcher in the Rye”, ch.1)

Under a picture representing the guy astride a horse, there was an inscription: “Since 1888, we bring up boys, and they become fine, clever people”. This all pack of lies. I did not know any clever, fine person who has ended our school.

The mosaic of fixing of a reflexion shows the resulted example, that while translating the art text where reflexion fixing occurs to an exit in a belt mysledejstvovanija through a belt of pure thinking, as a rule, is broken. In this case in translation quality of phraseological unit the free word-combination (a belt md) is offered.

like a bat out of hell - razg.-fam. At full speed, at full speed, at full speed

Horwitz... drove off like a bat out of hell. (J. Salinger, "The Catcher in the Rye", ch. 12)

Horvitts... It was carried by as if devils pursued it.

In the original smyslopostroenie and smyslousmotrenie occurs at the expense of an exit from a belt of nonverbal thinking in a belt mysledejstvovanija, in 102

Result of that the way of reconsideration underlying phraseological unit is understood. In Russian variant the reflexion also proceeds with an exit from the M belt in a belt md. In spite of the fact that from the point of view of linguistics, FE are not equivalent, from the point of view of philological germenevtiki certain degree of equivalence is reached.

Would it be too much to ask you to fly like a bat out of hell? I've a date! (P.G. Wodehouse, "Frozen Assets", ch. 8)

Will not consider me as the impudent person if I ask to be cleaned you from here as soon as possible? At me appointment.

In the given example in transfer the stylistic accessory of phraseological unit (razgovorno-familiar style) however remains, the mosaic of fixing of a reflexion changes.

The following phraseological unit is understood at the expense of construction of sense with an exit from the M belt in a belt md. Literal value of the components which are a part FE, is understood for the account reflektirovanija in a belt md and reflexion fixings in the M. belt

hold a candle to smb - to help someone; to play the subordinated role; to be the accomplice

... was I to hold the candle to another murder? (R. L. Stevenson, "Kidnapped", ch. VIII)

... Really I should be the accomplice of one more murder?

You have to hold the candle to them; for, oh dear! if they're crossed - some of them, they're a dreadful unscrup'lous lot of men! (J. Galsworthy, "" The Island Pharisees, part II, ch. XXXII)

It is necessary to indulge them; after all if... Oh if not potrafit... They before what will not stop, as will want, so with you and will finish.

cannot (is not fit to) hold a candle to smb. - it can not be compared, not

Maintains comparisons, does not go to any comparison with...; in soles not
Suits, a little finger it is not necessary [occurs from expression hold a candle to smb. - to help someone; to play the subordinated role; to be the accomplice]

' Ah! ' drawled the small-mouthed man, ' there's nothing fit to hold a candle to Baghda-ad. ' (J. Galsworthy, "The Island Pharisees", part II, ch. XXII)

- Ah, no baths can compete with Baghdad, - the fat man with a small mouth has stretched.

' I am sorry I was so beastly to you just now. "Oh, my dear." Do you really think I'm a ham actress? "Darling. Duse couln't hold a candle to you." Do you honestly think that? ' (W. S. Maugham, "The Theatre", ch. XXII)

- I regret, that was so is rough with you.

- Well and it is fine, expensive!

- Really you really consider me as the utterly worthless actress?

- Duze anything in comparison with you.

- You are valid so consider?

There's not a girl on the floor to hold a candle to her. (D. Cusack, "Say No to Death", ch. VI)

Here any girl cannot be compared to it.

The resulted examples confirm once again, that transfer of the phraseological units, which understanding mentions a belt of nonverbal thinking, represents a problem, and the choice of a free word-combination as a variant of translation will be the most simple decision of such problem.

However it is necessary to notice, that in some cases the translator nevertheless aspires to keep the figurativeness which has been put in pawn by the author, and chooses phraseological units which can serve as functional replacement of the phraseological unit used in the original. In that case it is possible to speak about equivalence from the point of view of linguistics, but not from the point of view of philological germenevtiki.

... and in the old days in Chicago I considered that there was not a bartender in the city that could hold a candle to me. (W. S. Maugham, "Complete Short Stories", "The Fall of Edward Barnard")

... In days of old in Chicago to any barman could give hundred points forward.

2) an exit from a belt md in M where the belt of nonverbal thinking is more important.

While translating the phraseological units which are clearing up a reflexion in a belt of nonverbal thinking with an exit in it from a belt mysledejstvovanija, drawing of fixing of a reflexion changes. Cogitative dejstvovanie at understanding of transfer of such texts occurs at the expense of an exit only in a belt md.

Run riot - to rage, behave violently; not to know a measure, I will keep, to cross all borders; to be played (about imagination) (hunting. To go on a false trace (about dogs)

Where had he gone? Why had he not let her know? Her scepticism ran riot. (J. Galsworthy, “Beyond”, part III, ch. XI)

Where it has left? Why it has not let to it know? Doubts have started to overcome it.

... but now her imagination ran riot, and she began to fill the torpid hush of the night with distressing sounds. (A. J. Cronin, “Hatter’s Castle, book II, ch.9”)... Its imagination was played also sleepy silence of night filled with mysterious rustles.

fling (throw) one's cap over the mill (windmill) - to arrive recklessly, to go beyond all limits (about the woman)

Dumby. Awfully commercial, women nowadays. Our grandmothers threw their caps over the mills, of course, but, by Jove, their granddaughters only throw their caps over the mills that can raise the wind for them. (O. Wilde, "Lady Windermere's Fan", act III)

Dambi. Horror as women became prudent. No doubt, too it happened to our grandmothers to be started up in all heavy, but their grand daughters by all means at first will estimate, that it will give to them.

In the original the author creates the developed metaphor which understanding occurs to an exit from a belt md in the M belt, however while translating the author's developed metaphor completely is lost, and smyslousmotrenie occurs at the expense of the reference to a belt md.

She has bewitched me. It does not mean anything to her. But it means hell to me... She's incapable of giving anything up... Fling her cap over the mill - not she! (J. Galsworthy, "The White Monkey", part I, ch. V)

It has bewitched me. For it this empty. But for me it is a hell... She is not capable to refuse something... To overstep the limits - is not present, it not for it! We've all been young once, you know. I can remember when I wanted to throw my cap over the windmill. Nothing venture, nothing win, that's how you feel, is not it? We've all felt it, Eliot, we've all felt it. But you've got to have a bit of sence. (C. P. Snow, "Time of Hope", ch. XVI)

All of us were young once, whether know. I remember time when I would like to arrive recklessly. Risk - noble business, as they say. Whether the same is tested also by you now? All of us have passed through it, Eliot, all. But nevertheless it is necessary to have though a common sense particle.

Transfer of phraseological units with reflexion fixing in belts M-K and M

Fixing of a reflexion and in belt M-K, and in the M belt:

1) M + M-K (reflexion fixing in a belt of the communicative validity is the leader);

Caesar’s wife must be above suspicion - wife Caesar should be above suspicions (according to interpretation of an origin of given phraseological unit, such answer has given July Caesar on a question why he has divorced from the second wife, pompeej Sulloj, after incident,

When in Caesar's house secretly, having changed clothes as the woman, has got Publy Klody. Interest to wife Caesar was the reason of such behaviour Publija. Caesar gets divorced from wife, though she understands, that, is probably innocent.)

I had never dreamt of considering Mrs. Protheroe in the matter. There has always been rather a suggestion of Caesar's wife about Mrs. Protheroe... (A. Christie, “The murder at the vicarage”, ch.3)

To me never and in a head did not come, that Mrs. Protero could be humiliated to an adultery. In Mrs. Protero there is something from wife Caesar.

In the given example the maximum degree interpretatsionnoj equivalence is reached: the understanding of the text without the reference to a belt of the communicative validity is impossible neither in English, nor in Russian variant. The translator skilfully keeps an author's plan, leaving the recipient possibility to understand held back to build sense through transition from a belt of nonverbal thinking in a belt of the communicative validity. Preservation of a mosaic of fixing of a reflexion while translating became possible owing to that belt M-K reflects value and the phraseological unit origin which figurativeness is based on the information on a historic fact equally familiar both carriers of English, and Russian.

Owing to that the phraseological fund of English and Russian of languages does not differ high degree of equivalence, preservation of a similar mosaic of fixing of a reflexion in the original and transfer is complicated.

In a following example cogitative dejstvovanie at understanding of transfer occurs at the expense of the reference to a belt md. The reference to a belt of communicative activity in this case appears impossible owing to that carriers different lingvokultur (English and Russian) have different experience of dialogue with verbal texts. Owing to that a source of phraseological unit is the children's poem familiar to native speakers of the original, but unknown for carriers 107

Russian, the translator resorts to a free word-combination at a choice of a variant of translation.

the butcher, the baker, the candle-stick maker - shutl. People of different trades; the most different people, ill-matched public [expression is taken from a children's poem:

Rub-a-dub dub,

Three men in tub. And who do you think they be?

The butcher the baker, the candle-stick maker.

They all jumped out of a hot potato.

Turn ' em out, knaves all three]

Cook undertook it with the idea of being able to ut the merits of the proposition before the people direct - not through the agency of any great financial corporation - and of selling to the butcher, the baker, and the candle-stick maker he stock or shares that he wished to dispose of. (Th. Dreiser, "The Financier", ch. LVIII)

Cook has started business, intending widely to acquaint public with benefits of the undertaking; he wished to do without any large financial concern to sell actions and securities to directly various levels of population.

The understanding of following phraseological unit demands an exit in a thought-communications belt. The entry contains variants of translation which presume to keep a mosaic of fixing of a reflexion in the English-Russian phraseological dictionary. However in some cases translators refuse mosaic preservation, offering a figurative variant, but not stimulating exit in M-K.

The cloven foot (hoof) - bad intentions, a devil plan; a devil in a flesh

"Would you have believed it? That she could be such a bloodsucker?" He replied uneasily that... Mrs. Olney up till now had shown no sign of the cloven hoof. (P. H. Johnson, "An Avenue of Stone", part III, ch. 3)

- Whether you could believe sometime to it? To think only, that it such the blood-sucker!

In mentioned below examples the reference to belt M-K occurs, the belt of nonverbal thinking however is lost.

Already they must spy the cloven hoof, since with all your pretended eagerness for the honour, you take a pleasure to degrade it in my person. (R.L. Stevenson, "The Master of Ballantrae", ch. X)

They, possibly, have already understood your devil character: you pretend, as if value honour of a family, and actually feel pleasure, offending a family in my person.

Hillcrist. Well, when I sold Hornblower Longmeadow and the cottages, I certainly found him all right. All the same, he's got the cloven hoof... His influence in deepwater is thoroughly bad... (J. Galsworthy, "The Skin Game", act I)

Hilkrist. When I have sold Longmedou and cottages Hornbloueru, it, of course, seemed to me the decent person. But it has already shown the claws... Its influence in Dipuotere is the extremely negative.

Fild felt awkwardly and has told, that till now Mrs. Olni did not have any signs of bloodthirstiness.

2) M-K + M (reflexion fixing in a belt of nonverbal thinking is reflexion fixing in a thought-communications belt more important).

The most part of the phraseological units formed initially as result of the author's occasional use and bright metaphorical reconsideration, are understood at the expense of the reference to a thought-communications belt. However, getting the wide use in
The modern language, they become a certain symbol which deduces the recipient to understanding of certain sense.

To one of examples of similar units can serve following FE:

Cakes and ale - fun, pleasures, entertainments (Shakespearean expression)

There was a feeling.that in very truth the time for cakes and ale in this world was all over. It was this feeling that made a residence in Ireland at that period so very sad. (A. Trollope, “Castle Richmond,” vol. II, ch. XXIII)

People schitali.chto in the world there has come the end to fun and pleasures. From it stay in Ireland was rather sad.

Apparently from the resulted fragment, the reference to both belts of fixing of a reflexion is while translating lost; in transfer the reflexion occurs exclusively to the reference to a belt md.

As other example the phraseological units which initial use is lost in due course, nevertheless having great value for understanding as FE, and text, its containing can serve.

Fill the bill (top the bill) - To be unique object of attention, to eclipse success of all of the others, to win first place (originally expression it was used only concerning the actor which name occupied all poster)

For many years he had ceased regretting, even vaguely, the son who had not been born; Fleur filled the bill in his heart. (J. Galsworthy, "To Let", part I, ch. I)

Soms for a long time has ceased to regret, at least vaguely, about not born son. A crape has entirely filled its heart.

The example resulted above illustrates again infringement of the scheme of fixing of a reflexion: the understanding of the Russian text occurs to an exit in a belt md.

"An understanding ideal" as a translational problem

Reflexion fixing in all three belts sistemomysledejatelnosti represents so-called “an understanding ideal”. Preservation of drawing of fixings of a reflexion taking into account becomes the challenge for the translator in this case what belt sistemomysledejatelnosti is the leader.

As show results of the analysis of works of art, raspredmechivanie sense here occurs at the expense of the reference to technics germenevticheskogo a circle.

As to transfer of such phraseological units in the art text, it is necessary to notice, that, as a rule, smyslopostroenie in analyzed texts is under construction on mosaics of fixing of the reflexion, distinct from the original.

the Arab of the gutter (city/street Arab) - the street urchin, the child of street, the homeless child

...street Arabs are produced by slums and not by original sin. (B. Shaw, "Back to Methuselah", "Preface")

... Homeless children - generation of slums, instead of a fall of man.

Behind the car came a motley string of figures - street Arabs, beggars, clowns turning somersaults, and costermongers hawking their wares. (E. L. Voynich, "The Gadfly", part II, ch. V)

Behind a chariot there was a motley crowd: street urchins, poor, the acrobats who are throwing out on the move any puzzling features, sellers of knickknacks and sweets.

The understanding of phraseological unit in the original occurs at the expense of an exit from a belt mysledejstvovanija (an image of the child-native from the Near East or the North Africa, a homeless city dangling on streets) in a thought-communications belt (a course of history Vlikobritanii which has led to waves of immigration from the countries of the Near East or
The North Africa), and further in a belt of nonverbal thinking, where resulted FE as the symbol, deduces the recipient to the discretion of a plan of the author.

The phraseological unit only stimulates in transfer reaktivatsiju in detail-practical experience of the recipient and by that the figurativeness considerably differing from those which has been created by the author of the original.

In chancery - in desperate position, in a loop

The phraseological unit origin concerns by then when the court of the Lord Chancellor in representation of people communicated exclusively with a ruinous legal cost. Later phraseological unit began to be used in sports for the description of certain capture (position when the head of the sportsman is clamped under the left hand of the opponent). The understanding of a phraseological unit occurs to an exit in all three belts sistemomysledejatelnosti with serial fixing in them a reflexion. The leader is the belt of nonverbal thinking where phraseological unit as an image or a symbol (knowledge of features of judicial system of the Great Britain - the historical symbol), deduces the reader to understanding with the subsequent reference to a belt mysledejstvovanija (awkward position when the head of the sportsman is clamped by the opponent) and to a belt of thought - of communications (the hint on typicalness of a situation).

His head seemed to be in chancery for anyone to punch, most galling of experiences to anyone of high spirit. (J. Galsworthy, "Maid in Waiting", ch. III) its head as at the boxer, it is clamped near at hand the opponent seemed to It, that and at any moment on it who can click wants - the most disgusting sensation for the ambitious person.

At work with the given fragment the translator enters additional expression ("as at the boxer"), facilitating and simplifying a problem of the reader.

The understanding of transfer occurs to an exit in a belt md, not mentioning a belt of M and M-K.

Russian variant stimulates in a following example cogitative dejstvovanie only with an exit in belts M-K (a hint on hopelessness of a situation) and md (reaktivatsija experience of the reader), however interpretatsionnaja equivalence once again is not reached.

... he thought of Irene in her lonely flat, and of Soames in his lonely office, and of the strange paralysis of life that lay on them both. "In chancery!" he thought. "Both their necks in chancery - and hers so pretty!" (J. Galsworthy, "In Chancery", part I, ch. VIII)

... He thought about Iren in its lonely flat, and about Somse in its lonely office, and of how the life at both is strange paralysed. "In a loop, - he has thought, - both that, and another, and its beautiful neck in a loop".

Have an axe to grind - to pursue the personal, mercenary aims, to be the interested person (from C.Majnera's story)

The given phraseological unit stimulates cogitative dejstvovanie at first with an exit in a belt of M and to schemes of nonverbal thinking, then the reflexion is fixed in a belt md (reaktivatsija in detail-practical experience) with the reference on belt M-K (an origin of phraseological unit) which in this case will be blacked out.

Undoubtedly, that while translating reflexion fixings in a belt of thought - of communications will not occur, however at understanding of all resulted below Russian fragments the mosaic of fixing of a reflexion does not reflect also a belt of nonverbal thinking.

When I see a merchant over-polite to his customers... thinks I, that man has an axe to grind. (Ch. Miner, "Who'll Turn the Grindstone")

When I see, that the dealer is excessively kind with the buyers... That, is thought to me, it does it of mercenary reasons.

Don't you think it's foolish for you to stay here? Don't think it's anything to me whether you go or stay. I have not any axe to grind, but I really wonder why you stay. (Th. Dreiser, "A Book about Myself", ch. LXX)

Whether it seems to you, what you do nonsense, remaining here? Do not think, that for me has any value, there are you or not. I the person not interested. I simply would like to know, why you have decided to remain.

"I gather you do not think much of amateurs, inspector?" "You've hardly the same resources at your command, have you, Mr Clarke?" "We've got a personal axe to GRIND - and that's something." (A. Christie, "The ABC Murders", ch. XXI)

- I believe, the inspector, you of low opinion on detectives-fans?

- You, Mr. Clark, hardly have our possibilities.

- But we are urged on by personal interest, and it already something.

As it was already repeatedly specified in the given work, the rich saved up experience of the recipient considerably facilitates reflexion course. And on the contrary, insufficient experience in detail-practical activities and the more so, insufficient experience of dialogue with verbal texts, can complicate understanding of the text, an illustration to that is the following example:

the unholy alliance - iron. The union dishonest (ironic expression, on a basis the Holy Alliance - the sacred union - the reactionary union of Austria, Prussia and Russia, the prisoner in Paris on September, 26th, 1815 after falling of empire of Napoleon I and existed till 1833)

In the big city political machines we find the unholy alliance of Big Money and Big Politics. (G. Green, "The Enemy Forgotten", ch. XI)

In the big cities the party car is an impious union of a gold bag and the big policy.

Phraseological unit is rethought for a long time, has got the additional phraseological colouring, however all spectrum of senses which can be seen at its use in the text, can reveal
Only at correct expansion of a reflexion: md (as an image of the certain union which obviously does not have noble purposes); M-K (a hint on klishirovannost a historical context); M (knowledge of history XIX centuries fixed as a historical symbol). It is possible to assert, that reflexion fixing at understanding of transfer will have a mosaic similar to the original effectively providing interpretatsionnuju equivalence.

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A source: Aleksandrova Elena Vladislavovna. the PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT AS the NATIONAL-CULTURAL METAPHOR: FILOLOGO-GERMENEVTICHESKY ASPECT. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Phil.Sci. Tver - 2015. 2015

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