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§ 1.1. The mixed system of private law in Scotland: features of formation and development in comparison to other mixed systems

In the middle of XI — the end XIV centuries Scotland was rather developed European country, the Scottish kingdom was considered hardly probable not as the most ancient in Europe. [26] by XII century the territory of the Scottish kingdom has reached the area approximately corresponding to the area of modern Scotland, and coped a dynasty of the Scottish kings.

However, the remained data on power and right institutes are rather poor and, basically, concern pravoprimenitelnyh bodies and their functions. Early certificates specify that the right of Celts practised the Scottish kingdom. Later in the Scottish kingdom in pravoprimenitelnuju to practice English-Saxon terms have entered. [27]

Approximately to the middle of XV century in Scotland became obvious, that the system of the Scottish right demands revision and ordering. It mention works of the Scottish lawyers XVII, XVIII and XIX centuries, such as J. Krejg, J. Stair, At. M.Benkton, H.H.Kejms, D.Hjum, R.Bell, J. Erskin and others. All these jurists leant in the researches against principles of the classical Roman Law, Arch JUstiniana. However in XIX-XX centuries the numerous royal commissions and the governmental committees on a wide range of questions began to address to the English right. [28]

In second half XVIII centuries deeply taken roots Scottish tradition of the natural death has outgrown in model of thinking and the analysis, concentrated to ideas of public progress and ways of its achievement. A.Miller's work, pupil A.Smith, were especially significant for advancement of these ideas among lawyers. In XVIII century the themes of the property connected among themselves, trade and freedom became even more significant for substantive law reforming. The approach to proving in vessels became more rational and humanistic. Jury creation where questions of admissibility of evidence remained now to the discretion of the judge in open session of the court on

The basis of the argument of the representative, has helped to fix legislatively the new approach to proving in judicial процессе.29

Adaptation of the right for a trade turnover was the primary goal. A.Smith and H.H.Kejms to the special criticism subjected the feudal land entitlement as the factor constraining development of the property right, a meeting the requirements society, the important which component of functioning was the trade turnover. After revolt jakobitov 1745 legal reforms took place. The law on cancellation of landed properties (Tenures Abolition Act 1746) 30 has abolished so-called «wards of possession» (wardholding), having transformed them in possession of the earth for a payment silver (blench tenure) if the earth belonged to the Crown, and in possession High Court of Justiciary the earth for a rent (feu-ferme) if the earth belonged to citizens of the high status (subject superior). Distribution of possession by a farmland for a rent has hardened private property protection that was favourable to formation commercial общества.31

The law of 1746 had been entered an insignificant exception of rigid restrictions of the order by the property, recognised as leading minds of an epoch of Education by a feudalism pathology.

Property right restrictions admitted the basic obstacle in a way of trading and agricultural progress because restrictions in property inheritance weakened possibilities the conclusion of contracts of long-term rent and granting of credits on the security of the real estate (on the security [29 [30] [31]

of land).32 Attempts to change a situation with property right restrictions remained vain till 1770.

Statute reforms of that period were insufficiently system and consecutive, therefore the problem of formation of legislative base for regulation of trade relations faced to vessels. Absence of researches of the Arches of decisions of vessels and materials of Sessional court (actual records and the printed Session Papers) meant, it was inconvenient what in details to track case law development.

Property relations between businessmen in England have already overcome in the meantime an early stage of the development. It has led to that the English right became one of the most suitable sources of loan for perfection of the Scottish commercial law. Such state of affairs contrasts with a state of affairs in second half of XX-th century. U.Forbsa's work, the first professor of the continental law in Glasgow, concerning draughts abounds with the general law doctrine. The given fact testifies that the English right was the basic source of loan at change of the Scottish right. Being as a matter of fact a complex legal to the norms, the borrowed from subdued and allied people (jus gentium), the English right became the most suitable source of such changes. The reference to rules of law jus gentium however, was limited to the reference to the English right. Hence, instead of as that jus gentium the English right became a unique source of influence, especially while rapprochement of the Scottish and English commercial law was preferable.

In first half XVII centuries the approach distinct from English to application of sources of a general law continued to prevail. Judiciary practice too reflected an approach openness to use various [32]

Its sources. U.Forbs has declared, that «the continental law... It has appeared it is strongly assimilated in Scotland». [33] Its contemporary, A.Bejn, the professor of the continental law in Edinburgh, approved, that because of «obvious shortage of own written law... We [the Scottish lawyers], for quite natural reason, have addressed to

To the continental law.... The continental law has for a while replaced to us the statute law ». [34] It meant, that Scotland has been provided by the laws establishing the rights of private persons by norms, originating in pandektnoe the right. Thus, the continental law all time was considered as own right and admitted fair and good cause for removal of decisions on affairs when actually Scottish statute law did not contain corresponding norms. [35] J. Innes, the jurist of XVIII century, in 1732 has expressed the Scottish right more vastly:« the Continental law by loan became really actually

Scottish »[36]. J. Innes had in view of, that Scotland borrowed norms of the continental law, which steels a part of the Scottish legal system. In other, the further works by the right of Scotland quite often adhered to interpretation of rules of law from general law positions. As an example of such work work of 1732 of J can serve. Bejli,

The land owner and the politician which abounds with citations and sendings to a general law.

Neither A.Bejn, nor U.Forbs did not give special attention to the natural death. The works published in the fifties of XVI century, A.MakDauela, U.M.Benktona and J. Erskina considered the Scottish right from the point of view both jus naturale, and jus gentium. Them, to a certain extent, the borrowed system approach to the natural death confirmed an origin of the right from will suverena. Despite it is underlined the nature of the right rational and based on an ox, the general law role in Scotland was not called in question. General law influence is obvious from a recognition in statutes and its historic facts

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Uses. [37]

The theory of law which has appeared in XVIII century based on morals, has found the reflexion in H.H.Kejmsa's work. The appeal to reforming of the Scottish right for its conformity to the capitalist state was the main thought of work. The greatest fears on the given question within the limits of reforms of 1747 sounded to the feudalism positioning the Scottish right as less developed in comparison with English. Moreover, debate concerning the feudal law unequivocally specified in historical links between the Scottish and English right. Inconsistent questions of unification of the Scottish and English right, including thanks to attention attraction to such communications were inevitably brought up.

Degree of loan of the English right Scots was a subject of works of H.H.Kejmsa, the known Scottish lawyer, the judge, the philosopher and the writer. According to H.H.Kejmsa: «if to return to England and Scotland ancient times, can seem, that we have borrowed all our laws and traditions at Englishmen. Not earlier than statute acceptance in

England, but as soon as possible after, the similar statute was accepted in Scotland. Hence, our oldest statutes only copies of their statutes ». [38] Also he noticed, that almost at each branch of the Scottish right there were loans from the English right.

H.H.Kejmsa's historical supervision concerning the medieval Scottish right focused attention on an origin of the Scottish right from English. Such approach assumed a fertile field for idea of rapprochement of the Scottish and English right which inevitably reduced the importance of last experience of the reception of the Roman Law in Scotland. Business and a policy gravitated to copying of the English right in case of such possibility.

A.Miller and H.H.Kejms adhered to the approach which any more did not assume considerable influence of the continental law as a source on the Scottish right. Considering the recognised high importance of historical links of the Scottish and English right, and also strengthenings of the Union by means of legislation association, necessity of creation of institutes of the right for the capitalist state has led to opinion, that necessity for a modern commercial law for Scotland could be provided by introduction of the English right. The English right was represented more suitable, than continental, for loan by the right of Scotland because it corresponded to the customs of people surrounding them to conditions, to a way of management by public affairs. [39] in other words, customs, external

Factors and public authority in Scotland were so similar with English, that directly stimulated its loan.

Transition from primary use of norms of the continental law to wider loan of norms of the English right has occurred in the third quarter of XVIII century. Roman Law influence in 1754 was still strong. In 1780 of J. Bosvel and H.H.Kejms already noticed, that the continental law is not studied almost and not quoted. The continental law was still quoted, but as spoke R.Bell in 1794: «to the continental law... The place which always followed it is now taken away occupy; it suits only addition of performances of lawyers in court or for the help the wisdom to judges in decision-making» [40]. The era of the continental law has ended also the adaptable reception of the Roman Law has stopped.

Cardinal change in a sight at the Scottish right has occurred after 1750th years. D.Hjum, the professor of law, has defined the Scottish right as consisting of lex non scripta (unwritten law) and lex scripta (written law). [41] the First - the unwritten law - is valid from a tacit consent, the second - the written law - was fixed in statutes. The unwritten law was based on «feeling of natural justice» (feelings of natural justice) and «sensation ought and expedient» (sense of what was suitable and convenient), added «imitations of principles of other next kingdoms» (imitation of the policy of other neighbouring realm), especially England and other more civilised states. [42]

Having accepted views of the Scottish education, D.Hjum has limited the list of sources of the Scottish right to statutes and a general law which was based on collections of decisions (besides a narrow circle of questions on which jurists if found the compromise, provided explanations on the basis of a general law). [43] Thus to quote in the arch of the Scottish laws of English jurists as the source of law it was inadmissible. Hence, as the source of law works of the Scottish jurists could serve only. D.Hjum underlined the national nature of sources of the Scottish right in a root.

In 1794 R.Bell has noticed, that the right of Scotland consists basically of decisions of Sessional court. [44] Scots of that epoch considered, that judgements were the best means of development of the right. Partially shortage of the written law was the reason for that. As a whole, the forward development of the right based on increase of quantity of judgements, was a lung by its perfection. Formation of the right by means of judgements meant, that the right kept the flexibility which allowed to consider varying customs and traditions of the nation. Development of the right on the basis of statutes, in turn, assumed, that is right stably and less corresponds to current requirements, and also that the arch of statutes to turn as a result to an inconsistent and bulky file. [45]

With such sight at decisions of vessels as on a building material for the right association of decisions in collections became the important question. The publication of collections of judgements of Sessional court was far from an ideal. Published collections generally consisted from

The summary of performances of lawyers and the formal decision of lords. Quality of such collections strongly depended on skills of their composers. Subsequently, inclusion of the argument of the bases of decision-making by court became norm not only inclusion in the collection of decisions on business, but also. Long and difficult speeches for perception could be edited for publication. The accent on the importance of a judgement has designated a new role of precedent for understanding of the right. H.H.Kejms underlined an absolute necessity of a coordination of the decision with its motivation, approving the following: the decision is fair, if it is accepted, proceeding from justice principles; if the decision is based only on powers is not the decision. [46]

Till the end of XVIII century the small amount of works on separate branches of law has been published rather. With increase of the importance of such works, the quantity of works on separate institutes of the right has increased after 1800. Authors explained the attention to those concrete questions, that necessary details on such questions (if not a question entirely) are not shined in works more the general maintenance.

H.H.Kejms saw in vessels means of transformation of ethical standards in legal. The Scottish lawyers, nevertheless, steadily separated judgements from ethics and aspired to see in the right independent discipline which to find answers to questions in a condition in itself. As acknowledgement that was served by that fact, that in the absence of the statute or the precedent regulating any question, the decision it could be accepted court in own way to the discretion on the basis of comparison of statutes, rules and precedents. Such point of view proved to be true

The reference to that comparison of the facts, arguments and the previous decisions in itself is the right. [47]

The Scottish general law of those times assumed presence of immanent common sense on which basis of the judge could take out decisions on the questions which have been not settled by the right. Hence, judges could modify rules and apply them at regulation of relations within the limits of new branches of law by means of deduction and analogy. The system of the Scottish right to the middle of XIX century was considered as independent national system in which frameworks answers to unresolved legal questions can be found. Such sight at the Scottish right as independent system recognised its internal logic of development and own developing morals. The Scottish right became complete system with own internal organisation. [48]

According to Scottish komparativistov, to the beginning of XVIII century in Scotland the considerable volume of the legal literature has collected. [49] this fact specifies that the legal system already was during this period mixed. The civil-law tradition ius commune was one of significant elements of the mixed legal system. [50] For many jurists the basic core of the modern Scottish right sees civil-law. [51] however it is a lot of and other jurists who refuse to support the point of view according to which

The Scottish right is a certain reserve of civil law. [52] some jurists pay attention, that influence initial and a common law on formation of the Scottish right is underestimated. [53] among komparativistov there is an opinion, that from a kind ability to adaptation of the Scottish general law is missed, and that the English general law has not tested influence of the reception of the Roman Law. [54] nevertheless value of civil-law tradition in formation of the Scottish right to deny it is impossible. [55]

Under objective causes the English legislation has made the most appreciable impact on a commercial law in Scotland as after association the commercial law began to develop roughly. [56] political and the economic relations of Scotland with England became a basis of natural aspiration to use the English right as a source of legal models, and also the reason of draught of the Scottish businessmen to harmonisation of legal regulation of relations of a trade turnover in Scotland and England. [57]

Under the general rule uniform for England and Scotland laws throughout all history of development of the right of both countries were accepted in branches of law which developed simultaneously, such as corporate, intellectual or bills and notes. Such organisation-legal form as the commercial partnership developed

In Scotland by analogy to England, keeping thus the features till today, namely, a principle of isolation of the legal person within the limits of the commercial partnership. Also there were cases when the laws operating in all territory of Connected kingdom which contradicted operating Scottish legal designs and principles were passed. The English right interfered in sphere of regulation and some specific Scottish laws. Sometimes English legislators simply gave out English legal designs for new Scottish laws, disregarding possibility or impossibility of their adaptation. [58] incorrect will not notice, that sometimes English models quite successfully gave in to the assimilation, therefore full refusal of the Scottish models does not happen. [59] Anglizatsija was beyond the legislation. It is possible to give an example authoritative work in J. J. Bell - professors at university of Edinburgh - «Commentaries on the Law of Scotland and the Principles of Mercantile Jurisprudence» 1804 g. The Given work was commercial law ordering (mercantile law), borrowed of English sources, and also contained interpretation of its positions. [60]

Development of the Scottish right after 30th years of XIX century also is worthy, in spite of the fact that bases of legal institutions of the modern legal system of Scotland have been already generated. A way of development to which necessary Scottish right further, has been already predetermined. The new structure of the judiciary, reforming of the law of procedure, the developed unique approach to sources of law and growing orientation to the English right meant, that

The English right with its rich and dynamical case practice will inevitably make strong impact on the Scottish right. [61] H.Kokbyorn, the Scottish judge, has characterised stages of development of the Scottish right till 1832 as last rather Scottish epoch. [62]

The history of the substantive law since 1832 was more than poor. The substantive law followed by, put in pawn in the first quarter of XIX century. The commercial law in Scotland developed actively and reformed in XIX century. In England and Scotland support of ordering of the right, idea of creation of the code operating in all territory of the Great Britain has amplified, got more and more supporters. An orientation result on right ordering in Scotland and England was coming into force a number of the important statutes which transformed and modernised a commercial law. At the heart of corresponding reforms the purposes of stimulation of enterprise activity and protection of the rights of businessmen laid. Development of limited liability companies has appeared fixed assets of achievement of such purposes that has generated extensive is standard-legal base.

Many aspects of feudal system of possession have already been changed by the earth, and the remained aspects of this once to the centralised and structured branch of a general law soon also have undergone to changes. The register of the property rights to feudal estates slowly, but was truly displaced with the Ground Cadastre. The right of transition of the inheritance to the elder son, at last, has been eliminated in 1964 (except for secular titles). [63]

The conventional law and the law of torts (laws of contract and delict), as a whole, have been directed on regulation of the private rights and duties.

In XIX century the consumer legislation substantially has been improved, however, the social security system has added if not to tell - has replaced - tort liability rules for the harm caused to a life or health. [64]

The late Victorian period has testified interesting conceptual revival of the Scottish right, found written reflexion not only in such magazines, as Juridical Review and Journal of Jurisprudence, but also in such significant works, as work about assignment of [65] judges and politician Dzh. A McLaren, work about the property right to the earth of [66] professors of law of J. Renkina and work about bankruptcy of [67] professors of the continental law of G.Gaudi. In these proceedings the Roman Law that was not used in general law doctrines is quoted. Besides, specified jurists had been noted necessity of ordering of the right. Probably, it is a consequence of training of jurisprudence of these jurists in Germany. The Scottish right in bolshej degrees consists of the Scottish sources, especially judgements, some of which, nevertheless, could be initially based on the continental law. [68]

G.Gaudi noticed in the introductory lecture in Oxford, that JUstinian and other authors of continental legal tradition in the Scottish collections of judgements of the present century are mentioned extremely seldom. He explained it to that collections contained set

Precedents, but in questions of the enterprise right often addressed and address to extensive storehouses of English collections of judgements. [69] such point of view difficultly osporima, and century has not changed a state of affairs.

The Scottish right in XIX century represented independent complete system. Hence, he is necessary for perceiving as the complete system based on decisions of vessels and statutes. Nevertheless, the certain problem was represented by that in national legal system of Scotland practically there was no legislation. Taking into consideration influence of England on territories of the Connected kingdom, the reforming and transformation concept, chosen by Scotland, - as G.Gaudi underlined - tended to the English right and practice of its application. In XIX century and later influence of the English right on Scottish remains considerable. Influence appeared as by means of the legislation, and judgements. The given tendency began to be traced obviously by the end of the first quarter of XIX century.

Probably, last notable trace of the former prevalence of the continental law in pravoprimenitelnoj to practice of Scotland - the requirement of Bar from the candidates of knowledge of institutes of the property and obligations under the Roman Law. Training standards in the higher educational establishments, established in 1862, provided, that the Roman Law was only one of subjects for reception of degree of the bachelor of the right (if the subject was obligatory). Since then the Roman Law became only insignificant part

The juridical education also it was studied within the limits of history of the state and

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The rights. [70]

Reforms of XIX century have pull together legal systems of Scotland and England. As an example branches public and administrative law which are similar can serve. The fiscal law is uniform for all Connected kingdom, despite some essential distinctions in taxes which are established by local authorities. The criminal law of Scotland remains independent and is regulated generally by a common law, precedents and customs while in England the criminal law basically is regulated now by the standard right. The commercial law in England and Scotland has the general lines, but considerable distinctions are obvious, especially in regulation of the trade relations connected with the property right and the land entitlement.

Basis of the Scottish property right it is perfect grazhdanskopravovaja, that is connected with the Roman origin of fundamental concepts: dominium (property right), possession (possession), usus (using), traditio (livery), etc. Like the legal systems of continental Europe following the Roman Law, and unlike England, the Scottish right spends basic distinction between individual rights (the rights against separate persons) and real rights (the rights to things). Scotland follows grazhdanskopravovoj to the scheme of the closed list of the real rights which basic elements are that: the property right (ownership); the life interest on incomes (life rent), or the usufruct; the rent right (lease); the easement (servitude); obespechitelnye the rights (rights in security).

Despite loans from English practice and the doctrine, the Scottish right continued to differ from the English right,

As historically led the origin from the continental law. The European Union and signing of the European convention under human rights have recovered old and deep communications of the Scottish right with the continental law, again reviving possibility of participation in international legal culture for the scientists practising lawyers and legislators.

Consequences of it are ambiguous. The most part of the norms accepted by the European Union, concerned the trading and corporate right, right spheres in which the Scottish right is remote from the continental. Moreover, institutes of the right and legal forms of the European Union have a continental origin, namely, French, application and which institutes have a little the general with Scottish, based on pravoprimenenii and institutes of the old continental law. Whether the further development of the Scottish right will be marked by other critical marks in history of the Scottish right, we should learn. [71]

The Scottish right is the unique hybrid of legal systems including elements both continental, and a general law which genesis speaks influence of various historical sources of its origin.

G ovorja about sources of law, it is necessary to mention terminology which used in a case law of England and Scotland. During later period, after the middle of XIX century, introduction of English terms and definitions in a case law of Scotland was inevitable result of that the appeal on civil cases passed in England. There were cases when English courts wrongly based the decisions on similarity of the English and Scottish right or believed, that distinctions

Grow out of underdevelopment of the Scottish right.

The Scottish right at an early stage of its development - till XI century - consisted of legal traditions of various nationalities which occupied the country. With the beginning of an era of feudalism - after XI century - the beginning was necessary to the modern right of Scotland which has been subject to influence of other legal systems. Up to XV century the Scottish right tested strong influence of the Roman Law that has formed the basis of perception of its separate institutes. After that period the Roman Law has lost the influence and was used only for the argument in vessels.

After association with England in 1707 Scotland has partially apprehended the legislation of England. The system of the Scottish right remained independent and distinct from English, but the English right has had considerable influence on development and formation of the right of Scotland. Some branches of law of Scotland, such as trading, tax, insurance, gradually partially lost the features, adopting English pravoprimenitelnuju practice.

Works of such jurists as R.Van Kaenegem [72 [73], D.M.Walker [74] on history of the English right clearly specify, that distinctions between the English and Scottish right were historical. The early history of the Scottish right is characterised by English and Roman Law influence. [75] English pravoprimenitelnaja practice and the feudal law began to be applied in Scotland in days of David I (1124-1153). Their influence has amplified in the beginning of XIV century during English occupation after war for independence. The continental law has entered in

pravoprimenitelnuju practice of vessels of Scotland by means of Roman Law application. Roman Law influence has been strengthened by that many Scottish jurists left to study to France and, later, Holland and Germany where the Roman Law was widely applied and investigated.

In XVIII century set of outstanding Scottish jurists, including U.M.Benktona, J. Erskina, A.Miller and H.H.Kejmsa, their predecessors have been subject to Roman Law influence, as well as. The Scottish right, as well as the Roman Law, was generated in the legal system in which basis principles lay, instead of precedents. [76] it proves to be true insignificant quantity of the arches of the judgements which have appeared at that time. Undoubtedly, the history of the Scottish right confirms relationship both with the English right, and with continental the right of Europe. [77]

By means of influence of the English right prominent features of the right of Scotland, peculiar to the continental law, have undergone to transformation. By the certificate about the Union of 1707 in England and Scotland it has been fixed, that laws on trade, duties and excises should be standardised. Modern corporate and the fiscal law is practically uniform in all territory of the Great Britain, despite some distinctions in regulation of committee of bankruptcy and in the corporate legislation which positions are applied only in territory of Scotland. It is especially remarkable, that in the competence of the Scottish vessels there was a decision-making, distinct from decisions of English vessels, even under condition of identity of laws in both jurisdictions. [78]

The commercial law of Scotland remains original, despite rapprochement with the English right. Even if action of statutes extended on all territory of the Great Britain, the approach to their application in England and Scotland differs. [79]

D.M.Walker considered, that if Scotland has kept the independence, the legal system of Scotland has gone on the European way of ordering in XIX century because of influence of the Roman Law and works of two most influential Scottish jurists, J. Erskina and R.Bella. [80]

While legal regulation principles played the important role in the right bolshej parts of Europe and Scotland, the English right was formed on the basis of judgements. In spite of the fact that the role of precedents grows in Europe, their role as source of law is disputable. [81]

G enezis and early development of the corporate right of England has shown, that the legislation has appeared from a lack of regulation of public relations customs, nevertheless, the legislation has not replaced a general law. [82] for the XX-th century the volume of the relations settled by the legislation, has considerably increased. There not less customs regulate till now certain spheres, such as concept of the legal person, protection minoritarnyh shareholders and carrying out of meetings.

Scotland is a vivid example of parallel legal regulation of public relations as the legislation, and customs. To establishment of Sessional court in 1532 of records about judgements in Scotland did not exist. Seeming in the beginning weak enough, influence of judicial precedents has gained in strength by the end of XVII century. The perception in Scotland judicial precedent doctrines has made certain impact on the legal system of Scotland and the doctrine. First, to the judicial precedent in Scotland it is possible to name the approach the compromise between approaches continental and English - the Saxon legal system. Hence, the coexistence of the systematised legal system and the legal system which are based on custom, is not impossible. Secondly, the judicial precedent doctrine in Scotland has certain strengths. While judgements as the source of law were appreciated the flexibility and potential in the conditions of varying circumstances, precedents also were exposed to criticism. Precedents depend on the relations which question of settlement is put before court that can lead to fragmentary regulation. Besides, judgements can be reviewed Parliament and, hence, are potentially less stable, than a principle. [83]

In sphere of regulation of trade relations English judgements have got certainly great value in the Scottish right, taking into consideration that fact, that basic principles in both jurisdictions are identical. Nevertheless, would be incorrect to tell, that influence was unilateral. At the sources of coexistence and interosculation of two legal systems English courts observed the Scottish judgements. [84]

In spite of the fact that independence of the Scottish right remained throughout centuries, the English right made considerable impact thanks to long submission

Legislature of England, to use of English precedents as authoritative source of law, and also to trade and business development. [85] system of the Scottish right is

Remarkable example of the original legal system which have affected various legal systems in the conditions of historical features politicians, a social and economic life of the country, and also philosophy.

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A source: Afanaseva Taisija Aleksandrovna. LEGAL REGULATION OF RELATIONS OF THE TRADING TURN In Scotland. The dissertation on competition of degree of the master of laws. Moscow, 2017. 2017

More on topic § 1.1. The mixed system of private law in Scotland: features of formation and development in comparison to other mixed systems:

  1. § 1.3. The mixed systems of private law in Scotland and the republic of South Africa
  2. § 5. Custom as the form of the Anglo-Saxon right in the mixed legal systems (on an example of Quebec, Louisiana, Scotland, Israel, the republic of South Africa)
  3. 2.3 Working out of algorithm of formation of the mixed portfolio of services of a bank of commerce
  4. 1.4 Analysis of foreign experience of formation of the mixed portfolios of a bank of commerce
  5. AZAROV IRINA ALEKSANDROVNA. the MIXED LEGAL SYSTEMS: TEORETIKOYO LEGAL And rather-LEGAL ANALYSIS. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the master of laws. Krasnodar - 2016, 2016
  6. formations of the mixed portfolio of services of a bank of commerce:
  7. the Mixed approaches to an estimation.
  8. MELNIKOVA Olga Vladimirovna. INCREASE of EFFICIENCY of FORMATION of the MIXED GROCERY PORTFOLIOS of the BANK OF COMMERCE. Dissertatsijana competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Econ.Sci. Moscow -, 2008 2008
  9. § 3. The mixed sources of the information
  10. the pure and mixed conditions. Wave function.
  11. the theory of the mixed nature sui generis
  12. Chapter 1. Formation and features of regulation of trade relations in Scotland
  13. 3.1 Working out of a tariff policy for the mixed portfolios of services of a bank of commerce
  14. 4.4. The basic results of use of the modified collector for flotation of the oxidised molybdenum at processing of mixed ores Bugdainekogo of a deposit
  15. the description of physicomechanical and technological properties of the mixed components used at experimental researches
  16. the Chapter I. Formation and development of the international private law in Turkish Republic