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3.2. Antiterrorist measures of the UN Security Council against "Boko Jaras"

Efforts of the United Nations on struggle against the international terrorism. On

Extent of decades of the United Nations undertakes concrete steps for counteraction to terrorism threat. Negotiations concern them rather more than ten international treaties and conventions against concrete kinds of illegal activity, such as stealing of air vessels, androlepcy, explosions of bombs and terrorism financing.

After events on September, 11th, 2001 when in the USA there were attacks on the World shopping centre and the Pentagon, the UN Security Council has accepted three important resolutions — № 1368, № 1373 and № 1377 [316]. In these resolutions the right to self-defence has been confirmed, noticed, that the terrorism represents threat to an international peace and safety, and responsibility of executors of acts of terrorism, and also those who supports them is underlined. According to the given resolutions, member states, among other, are obliged to limit possibilities of terrorists and the terrorist organisations to operate at the international level by freezing of actives of persons and the organisations connected with terrorists, and to deprive of their refuge. The Declaration of ministers of struggle against the international terrorism has been accepted.

In particular, the Resolution 1373 SB the United Nations has demanded from all states to prevent and bar financing of acts of terrorism, including freezing of means and other financial actives.

The security council repeatedly condemned acts of terrorism and has created some subsidiary organs, including Antiterrorist committee and its Executive management. United Nations management on drugs and criminality (JUNODK) and various other divisions and United Nations Organization establishments also are engaged in aspects in these spheres.

Target group of the United Nations on realisation of counterterrorist actions. It is necessary to note especially Target group on realisation of the counterterrorist actions, created in 2005 for coordination of activity and now consisting of 25 divisions of the United Nations, and also the Interpol, the international police organisation. In June, 2017 Counterterrorist management of the United Nations is formed.

In time naibolshoj terrorist activity of grouping "Boko Jaras" in Nigeii, the Target group of the United Nations on realisation of counterterrorist actions (TSGOKM) has presented three projects within the limits of the initiative on the complex help in struggle against terrorism (Integrated Assistance for Counter-Terrorism, I-ACT) to support efforts of the governments in struggle against terrorism. By means of I-ACT, TSGOKM gives to the states-partners the help complete and adapted for everyone country with a view of support of complex realisation of Global counterterrorist strategy of the United Nations. [317 [318]

Realisation of these projects has been begun on January, 24th, 2012 in capital of Nigeria Abudzha at ceremony on which there were Nigerian government officials, members of a diplomatic corps, representatives of the international and regional organisations and Nigerian power structures and law enforcement bodies. The Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nigeria Olugbenga Ashiru has expressed deep gratitude of its government to the Secretary general of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon for support of efforts of Nigeria on struggle against terrorism.

Project TSGOKM-JUNODK is directed on strengthening of potential of system of criminal justice and law enforcement bodies. The overall aim of offered activity consists in strengthening of national potential of Nigerian institutes of criminal justice with a view of effective implementatsii international legal base of struggle against terrorism according to leadership of the law and remedial standards. Realisation of projects in Nigeria has begun the second phase of initiative I-ACT which uses complete, stranovyj and package approach to realisation of Global counterterrorist strategy of the United Nations in

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To this country.

Considering complexity of a situation with safety in Nigeria, in a combination to economic, political and social struggle, projects TSGOKM are intended for creation of stability of communities in struggle against terrorism, cooperation strengthenings between law enforcement bodies and strengthenings of judicial tribunals.

Global counterterrorist strategy. In September, 2006 the General Assembly has accepted Global counterterrorist strategy of the United Nations. It has marked serious changes: efforts of the United Nations on struggle against terrorism at first supported the several countries presented in Security council, and now all member countries. In the same [319 [320] time the General Assembly has expanded frameworks and has included not only more rigid law-enforcement and other security measures, but also measures under the decision of the basic social, economic and political problems which favour to terrorism distribution. Recognising key responsibility of member states for protection of the citizens, strategy also underlines a role of system of the United Nations, regional bodies (for example, the African union) and groups of a civil society.

Strategy leans against four "pillars":

- Elimination of the conditions promoting terrorism, including by the permission and prevention of conflicts, assistance to dialogue between religions and cultural groups, achievements of the Purposes of development of a millenium (since 2016 - the sustainable development Purposes), struggle against social isolation and support of appropriate management;

- The prevention and struggle against terrorism;

- Escalating of potential of the states on prevention and struggle against terrorism and strengthening of a role of system of the United Nations;

- Maintenance of observance of human rights and leadership of the law in quality

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Fundamental basis of struggle against terrorism.

«The terrorism harms to all countries - big and small, rich and poor», - the Secretary general of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon in 2007 «has declared It is reflected in public any age and a prosperity, culture and religion. It destroys everything, that defends the United Nations. Struggle against terrorism is our general problem».

At 7492nd session of the Security council which has taken place on July, 28th, 2015, the UN Security Council has confirmed, that the terrorism in its forms and displays represents one of the most serious threats to an international peace and safety, and that any acts of terrorism [321 [322]

Places, time of fulfilment of act of terrorism and the person, its made are criminal and unjustified, irrespective of motivation.

The security council expresses concern concerning remaining threat for an international peace and safety from organisation "Boko Jaras" (Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati Wal-Jihad), and also all other persons, groups, the enterprises and the organisations connected with AlKaidoj. The Security Council confirms the determination to struggle with all aspects of this threat, and approves, that terrorism, including actions of terrorist grouping "Boko Jaras", cannot and should not be connected with any religion, a nationality or a civilisation.

The commission of experts on struggle against the terrorism, the assembled United Nations, has noticed, that last steps from leading world powers, except especially military measures, now have created space for the new approach. The meeting of experts in to Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) on June, 3-4rd, 2015 has underlined importance of that Africa becomes more and more active participant in efforts on counteraction of terrorist activity on continent. According to Patrick Hejforda, the director of Office of the Special adviser for Africa of the United Nations (KSSA) which has organised this action, necessity to strengthen influence of Africa in global discussion on a problem of terrorism also has been underlined,

Participants have noticed, that acceptance in 2006 of Global counterterrorist strategy of the United Nations has really marked a withdrawal from especially military approach in struggle against terrorism in a direction more package approach which combines concern concerning safety with aspiration to development and advancement of human rights [323].

Counterterrorist committee of the United Nations. As a result of terrorist attacks on September, 11th, 2001 in the USA the UN Security Council has founded Counterterrorist committee (KTK), which is guided by resolutions of Security council 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005) [324]. Problem KTK is strengthening of ability of member states of the United Nations on prevention of acts of terrorism, both within the borders, and on regions.

The executive management of Counterterrorist committee (IDKTK) assists KTK, it helps to carry out political decisions of Committee, spends expert estimations of each member state and renders the technical help to the countries in struggle against terrorism [325 [326].

On September, 9th, 2015 the Counterterrorist committee has spent an open briefing for member states about a role of women in struggle against terrorism and violent extremism. Ambassador Rajmonda Murmokajte (Lithuania), the assistant to the Secretary general on questions of a policy and planning in United Nations Jannik Glemarik and Jean-Paul Laborde, the chief executive of Executive management of Counterterrorist committee (IDKTK), spoke about progress and problems of the account of gender aspects in the politician and United Nations programs on struggle against terrorism and counteractions to violent extremism.

Representatives of public organisations who focused attention on initiatives on struggle against terrorism and violent extremism in areas which have suffered from "Boko Jaras" also participated in a meeting. These initiatives have put forward women, for example, mezhkonfessionalnoj the active worker of movement for the world (Nigeria), Sureja Roble Hersi, the head organisations Maendeleo Ja Vanavake (Horn of Africa) and Khan Edvar, the head Iraq societies Al-Amal (Near East) etc. With the advent of such groups as the so-called Islamic state and to "Boko Jaras", references to gender aspect have been included in resolutions on struggle against terrorism; for example, the Resolution 2178 about foreign terrorists,

The resolution 2195 about a role of the transnational organised crime in terrorism support, the Resolution 2199 about illegal sources of finance for the Islamic state and front Al-Nusra, and also in

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Some statements of the Chairman on "Boko Jaras".

On August, 25th, 2015 the Special deputy of the Secretary general has informed members of Council of sexual violence in the conditions of the conflict. It has particularised, as terrorist groups use sexual violence for achievement of tactical targets, terrorise communities, supersede the population from the places having strategic value; and also receive incomes at the expense of contraband, a human trafic and reception of repayments. Abduction of girls from CHiboka in Northeast Nigeria has got on the discussion foreground. The debate devoted to problems of counteraction to violent extremism, problems of women, the world and safety, protection of civilians, youth roles in struggle against violent extremism have been spent. Debate passed during the period between October, 28th, 2014 and on April, 15th, 2015, on January, 30th, 2015 and on April, 23rd, 2015

These discussions have underlined gender aspect of violent extremism where the rights of women were exposed to discrimination, in particular, their right of education, a public life and decision-making concerning their own structures. In the statement of the Chairman, the accepted ambassador of discussion in October, 2014, working out of strategy on struggle against this phenomenon [327 [328] was encouraged.

Now within the limits of the United Nations necessity of protection of women for a context of violent extremism and terrorism, and also their role as participants of terrorism and their potential as a resource for struggle against violent extremism admits.

Exit session in Nigeria. On October, 13-16th, 2015 the delegation consisting of 11 establishments of the United Nations and the international and regional organisations led by Executive management of Counterterrorist committee (IDKTK), has paid visit to Federal Republic Nigeria to estimate recent efforts of the country on struggle against terrorism and requirements for strengthening of counterterrorist potential.

By all-round advisory dialogue and interaction with representatives of the government and groups of a civil society, the delegation has learnt much about a current situation in safety sphere, including about the terrorist threat proceeding from "Boko Jaras", for Nigeria and region, despite recent successful military operations and active actions pravoohranitelej which have essentially undermined potential of the terrorist organisation.

Delegation also have informed on fulfilment "Boko Jaras" of acts of terrorism against civilians with use of improvised explosive devices (SVU). The government has informed delegations that to the end of 2015 it namereno to destroy terrorist group at the expense of continuous operations, including within the limits of Multinational joint target group.

In the end of visit the delegation has highly appreciated the considerable progress reached by Federal Republic Nigeria last years, and also has defined areas in which the country can benefit by the technical help given by the international partners. The delegation structure included representatives IDKTK, Target group on realisation of counterterrorist actions (TSGOKM), Groups on supervision of Committee of the Security council, founded according to the resolution 1267 (1989), Economic community of the West African states [329] (EKOVAS), the International organisation of civil aircraft (IKAO), the International organisation of a criminal police (Interpol), the International organisation on migration (MOM), United Nations Managements on drugs and criminality and its Sectors under the prevention of terrorism (JUNODK/SPT), Branches of the United Nations for the Western Africa (JUNOVA), the World bank and the World customs organisation (VTamO). Nigeria was a member of Security council and, hence, a member of Counterterrorist committee till the end of 2015

The security council has declared again the resolute condemnation of all acts of terrorism, infringements of human rights and the international humanitarian law insurgents "Boko Jaras" around lake Chad. On February, 2nd, 2016 15 member states of the UN Security Council have made a statement in which they have condemned an attack on village Dalori in staff Borno and have urged all states to co-operate in attraction guilty to

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Responsibility.

Technical and financial support from the United Nations. United Nations participation is carried out by rendering of technical support to Multinational joint target group from Department of operations on maintenance of the world and other organisations of system of the United Nations; and also by military measures against "Boko Jaras", approved by the African union and carried out by member countries of the Commission of pool of lake Chad (Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria). The reserve group of Department of the United Nations on world maintenance has met in Cameroon target group,

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As it carries out operations.

The UN Security Council has informed in the statement, that the United Nations have supported to the regional summit on safety of four subsaharskih [330 [331] countries (Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon) to strengthen struggle against Islamic grouping "Boko Jaras".

In the United Nations statement it is noticed, that this support falls under the general multilateral cooperation, which United Nations carry out with the regional and international organisations, including the African union. Thus any direct support of the United Nations of actual operations of Multinational joint target group will come under to authorisation from Security council.

For reception of additional financial resources from the United Nations for Multinational joint target group, the African union should meet with approval in the UN Security Council which member Nigeria was till 2015

Therefore, if the Multinational joint target group accepts financing from the United Nations, she should adhere to certain rules of law, including a component of civil protection of police and observers in the field of human rights. The UN Security Council, playing a role of the defender of an international peace and safety, began to render active assistance of Nigeria in the termination of terrorist activity "Boko Jaras". On April, 1st, 2015 Council of the United Nations about human rights has unanimously accepted the resolution calling the international community to make active effort on restraint of distribution of activity of Nigerian group of insurgents to "Boko Jaras" and to expand support of Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Nigeria and other states which have suffered from actions of terrorist group. In the resolution support has been specified

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To regional group against threat to "Boko Jaras". [332 [333] [334]

The UN Security Council highly appreciates efforts of member states of the Commission of pool of lake Chad and Benin on maintenance of activity of Multinational joint target group. The group purpose is collective strengthening of regional military cooperation and coordination with a view of more effective struggle against the threat created by terrorist grouping "Boko Jaras" around lake Chad.

Coordination of regional counterterrorist efforts. In this connection, in security council have informed on creation of an operative staff in N'Djamena (Chad) according to conclusions of 5th meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs and defences of member states the Commissions of pool of lake Chad from January, 20th, 2015 opening of the mentioned operative staff in N'Djamena On opening ceremony Also is marked on May, 25th, 2015 there was a Commissioner concerning the world and safety of African union Smail Chergui, the Special deputy of the Secretary general and the head of Branch of the United Nations for the Western Africa (JUNOVA) Mohamed ibn CHambas, the Special deputy of the Secretary general and the head of Branch of the United Nations for the Central Africa (JUNOTSA) Abdulaje Batili, Executive secretary LCBC Sanusi Imran Abdullahi and the representative of the minister of Chad at the President of the Republic, responsible for national defence and affairs of veterans, Benaindo Tatola [335].

The security council also underlines necessity to add joint regional military operations and operations on maintenance of safety against terrorist grouping "Boko Jaras" by means of constant national and regional efforts at support of the international community on improvement of conditions of a life, rendering of the humanitarian help to displaced persons, refugees and other groups of the population which have suffered from conflicts; and also necessity to promote formation, creation of new workplaces, efforts on stabilisation and economy restoration, prevention of illegal sale of the weapon to the armed groups and criminal networks, maintenance of protection of human rights, especially women and children.

In this connection it is noticed, that on June, 11th, 2015 at the extraordinary summit of member states the Commissions of pool of lake Chad and Benin have been accepted the Extreme plan for development in lake Chad pool. Efforts of member states and the international organisations on rendering of all necessary support for the decision of problems of development in region of pool of lake Chad have been besides, highly appreciated. The summit has called the United Nations, its Secretary, and especially its corresponding establishments, funds and programs

To co-operate with the Commission of the African union (KAS), to define practical steps with which help it could promote these

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To efforts.

The security council calls Economic community of the states of the Central Africa (ESTSAG) and Economic community of the West African states (EKOVAS), in coordination with the Commission of the African union, to accelerate joint efforts on acceptance

Universal strategy for more effective struggle against the threat proceeding from "Boko Jaras". Thereupon it convinces two subregional organisations to accept the general strategy and to develop active cooperation and coordination of actions. By means of the given resolution, now the United Nations directly participate in struggle to suppress, limit and constrain threat of terrorist activity to "Boko Jaras" in Africa.

In summary, in the report from July, 27th, 2016 at the Security council briefing on a situation with "Boko Jaras" in pool of lake Chad the assistant to the Secretary general on political questions Dzheffri Feltman has emphasised the countries of pool of lake Chad which face with [336 [337]

Serious humanitarian crisis. It has specified, that the considerable number of refugees and internally displaced persons adds problems

To accepting communities which already face deficiency of the foodstuffs, and that threat to "Boko Jaras" has aggrieved to region economy. Economic growth has sharply decreased with falling of the prices for oil and other raw goods. It has paid special attention on reduction of resources, that negatively affects ability of the states to render the basic social services and to pay wages to employees of forces of safety and civil servants.

During a briefing he has added, that in the absence of safety trading ways between Chad and Nigeria have been destroyed, deliveries of the basic goods are ceased, and the prices have grown. The high rate of unemployment among youth causes alarm and provides soil for recruitment in grouping "Boko Jaras".

In summary he has underlined readiness of the United Nations to support to the countries of pool of lake Chad in the decision both the radical reasons, and consequences of activity "Boko Jaras". The United Nations encourage leaders of Economic community of the states of the Central Africa (ESTSAG) and Economic community of the West African states (EKOVAS) to hold the planned joint meeting at level of ministers for acceptance of the general regional strategy for the purpose of crisis overcoming, and support of presidents will help to underline data urgency

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Question.

And, at last, at 7748th session of the UN Security Council on July, 27th, 2016 the acting paid compliments regional efforts in military sphere and have called for more active international support. In the statement it was said, that the violence from party «Boko Jaras« has led to the mass forced moving of people and large-scale humanitarian [338 [339] crisis to lake Chad pool in the Western Africa. The appeal to expansion of the international support to regional efforts on struggle against terrorism and satisfaction of requirements of 9,2 million people, which also has sounded

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Face poverty in four countries.

C. O'Brajen, the assistant to the Secretary general of the United Nations on humanitarian questions and the Coordinator of the extreme help of the United Nations at a briefing in Council has noted a serious problem of terrorism and humanitarian needs in region. At the same time J. Feltman paid compliments efforts of the countries of the Commission of pool of lake Chad on struggle against "Boko Jaras". He has noticed, that the Multinational joint target group consisting of armed forces from these countries, has won 80 % of territory, before were under the control "Boko Jaras". Nevertheless, the group has faced sharp shortage of financing. At conference of donors of the African union, taken place in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 250 mln. dollars of the USA were promised only, and has been paid it is even less. He also has underlined, that the success of target group will depend from timely operative given, and also special skills and the equipment on struggle against terrorism [340 [341].

3.3.

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A source: Bakare Ilesanmi Abiodun. ACTIVITY of TERRORIST GROUP «BOKO to JARAS» AS THREAT of REGIONAL SAFETY In the WESTERN Africa (2009-2017). The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of historical sciences. Moscow. 2017

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  3. 2.1 Approaches to struggle against "Boko Jaras" in Nigeria and the next states
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