<<
>>

Two modusa communications


To understand, what place is occupied with irony in discourse structure as it corresponds with humour, with sarcasm and various ways of indirect communications (in particular, with indirect speech certificates), it is necessary to take into consideration the distinctions existing between two modusami of [18] use of language: serious (bona fide) and frivolous (non bona fide).
For modelling of structure of a discourse opposition of two modusov has basic value: as discourses bona fide and non bona fide differ with rules of interpretation of statements and texts, without dependence from sphere

Communications and other components of a communicative situation, change modusa can affect a course of dialogue and its end result considerably.
Domination of information-code model of communications has led to that indirect communications began to be considered as deviation both from norms of language system, and from the pragmatical canons set by Standard pragmatical model of communications [Austin 1975, Grice 1989]. However actually indirect communications are one more way of the verbal interaction which share in daily dialogue is great enough: « Dialogue at level of deduced sense always is present at normal human interaction, participants of dialogue always something domyslivajut »[Karasik 2002: 120]. Therefore modusy communications bona fide and non bona fide are cultural significant ways of interaction: on the one hand, the discourse bona fide is is unique admissible in many fields of activity (for example, in jurisprudence). On the other hand, ability to communicate in moduse non bona fide also is highly appreciated in many cultures [Karasik 2004, Goddard 2007, Marrelli 1994, Li 2008]. Researchers agree in opinion, that communications possibility non bona fide - one of the most significant differences of the person from other fauna [Arutyunov 2007, Palmer 1994]. Compare also opinion on what place humour and irony occupy in modern British culture:« The most appreciable and important rule, concerning humour in English dialogue, consists in its all-consuming domination. The humour operates dialogue. The humour corrects. The humour is present everywhere and it is all-powerful »[Fox 2004: 61] [19]. And further:« As well as the humour, irony is a constant reality, a normal element of usual daily conversation »[Fox 2004: 66] [20].
Despite intuitive evidence of opposition of two modusov, in daily communications unequivocal interpretation of the statement as serious or frivolous is possible far not always. Difficulty of definition modusa consists that from the point of view of language registration of distinction between speech actions bona fide and non bona fide are not always obvious. For understanding of pragmatically ambiguous statements explicit discussion modusa communications can be demanded, compare dialogues [4.1] - [4.3]:
[4.1] Earlier I like you here never saw. The need has forced. Necessity to see you. You it are serious? Unless I am similar to Zhvanetsky? [NKRJA]
[4.2] Ty chyba zartujesz? Przeciez taka roznica wieku, to prawie kazirodztwo, to chore! - z oburzeniem przerwala Ala. A w ogole, to jak on wyobrazal sobie przekroczenie granicy z cudzym paszportem? Tam jest przeciez fotografia! [NKJP]
[4.3]
Pres. RICHARD M. NIXON: Why do not we get serious?
BARBARA WALTERS: Well, because I think people are still - I am serious.
People are interested in you.
Pres. RICHARD M. NIXON: I know you're -
BARBARA WALTERS: People are still trying -
Pres. RICHARD M. NIXON: - serious.
BARBARA WALTERS: - to understand you.
Pres. RICHARDM. NIXON: Don't overblow it.
BARBARA WALTERS: I'm sorry you find IT - that you find these questions unserious. We have a different idea, perhaps, of what serious is. But let me go on. [COCA]
In all resulted dialogues the speaking use one of the most reliable ways of removal of pragmatical ambiguity of statements: they resort to metacommunications and eksplitsirujut
Own intentsii with the help diskursivnyh markers modusa communications. Introduction of the markers evidently specifying on modus bona fide or non bona fide, is a signal of that for any reasons speaking is afraid of incorrect interpretation told or written and consequently eksplitsitno establishes borders of possible actions of the addressee on interpretation heard or read: Krestovsky has paid attention to one obvious fact: women think not how men, not always logically, but achieve success the man is not more rare at all, than. Though it is perfect otherwise. Whether so it is impossible to use the female logic (I now speak it without any irony) there where the man's gives in? Also it is remarkable idea on novelty, by the way, a new word after Konan-Dojlja in a detective genre! [http://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/movie/ros/86907/fomm/f3/] Well, not everywhere public such clever (I without irony). [NKRJA] Well, people many laugh, and I am absolutely serious so I consider and I speak it sincerely, without any irony, without grimaces, without any nonsense. I consider, that Xenia Sobchak is not simply clever girl not here there any «Yes, there any silly woman filled of Дом-2!» No. Xenia Sobchak is not simply clever girl, and brought up, formed and very well understanding, that round it occurs, and round it in a broad sense [http://echo.msk.ru/programs/razvorot-evening/812070-echo/]. Doing most of my communication through the written word, I often face the problem ofpeople not realising that dude, I’m being sarcastic [COCA]. My favorite Eastwood film - and I'm not joking - is the orangutan movie from 1978; it was demolished by critics but remains one of his highest - grossing movies ever. [COCA] Prosz § wprowadzic jakies ograniczenie wiekowo / intelektualne dla uzytkownikow internetu. Mowig to bez zadnej ironii. [NKJP] VICKI-MABREY-1-AB # (Voiceover) Next up is Ira. Ira's 59, recently engaged and wants to know if he should give into his fiance's request to a $50,000 dream wedding.
SUZE-ORMAN-1FINAN # Did you get her pregnant? Just joking. [COCA]
The basic function of the comments specifying on modus bona fide or non bona fide, can be metaphorically described as «the instruction on application told»: markers inform, in what way the new information should be integrated into system of knowledge already available for the addressee. Besides, presence in texts of comments, eksplitsirujushchih modus communications, it is possible to interpret and as aspiration to a certain communicative ideal: the speaking
Aspires to make so that interpretation of the statement (text) by the addressee would coincide with a plan.
What characteristics define modus bona fide in an ordinary picture of the world? From the point of view of native speakers, communications in moduse bona fide are a dialogue sincere and truthful. Statements bona fide are true, i.e. in the real world to them there corresponds some situation. In metalinguistic comments these qualities modusa communications bona fide are described not only an epithet serious, but also by means of adjectives and adverbs is sincere, otwarcie (openly), ernst (fairly).
Carriers of Russian, English, German and Polish languages describe dialogue in bona fide moduse in the similar image: Greetings to all. 4 months communicate with the girl. Banal acquaintance on the Internet pours out in serious dialogue between us two people from different cities on rastojanii 2000 km. Dialogue the most serious. [Internet communications] As pure air so it is necessary for soul is necessary to an organism
Sincere dialogue. Without that and another we choke.
[www.inpearls.ru/comments/200869] I know, among us is present which will carry now my words on a city at night. I speak openly: the city is captured by anarchy. [NKRJA] - Mam nadziej §, ze w przyszlosci b§d § gral wi§cej - powiedzial Kuszczak MUTV. - Mowig to otwarcie, poniewaz przyszedlem do Manchesteru dwa lata temu i trenowalem bardzo cigzko.
[http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/] - A ty bys wytrzymal bez jedzenia caly dzien albo dwa? - oburzyl sig Julek. - Od obiadu do kolacji nie mozesz wytrzymac! - Nie wyglupiaj sig, dobrze! - zaproponowal mu ostro Marian. - Ja mowig powaznie. - Ja tez powaznie. [NKJP] And now my frustration is over because now the world knows who Al Gore is. He is what the country needs, a guy with vision and knowledge to deal with so many overwhelming changes we're faced with right now. Not an airhead like W. who cannot even name a favorite book when asked. I mean seriously guys, there's just no point of comparison even. I'm glad the world finally got a chance to realise this. [COCA] Komisch aber ich meine es ernst und bitte beantworten brauche echt hilfe... [Internet communications]

As to modusa non bona fide, as a rule, in daily dialogue it is opposed to serious communications and associates with game, pretence, insincerity, absence of responsibility speaking for the told. As well as in a case with serious communications, about features of "frivolous" use of language it is possible to judge, paying attention to metalinguistic comments of native speakers: Simply it would be desirable any counterbalance serious work - frivolous dialogue. The Internet, of course, here has appeared by the way. [Internet communications] Because I not the anonymous author also that I think I speak. And anonymity is necessary to those who lives under fear or plays. Means, this frivolous dialogue and it is not necessary to pay attention to statements of such persons [Internet communications]. And with anybody I can not get acquainted, though I harmonous and am nice enough. Already I sit on sites of acquaintances and in chats, but there absolutely frivolous dialogue. And many speak «leave on street so it is a lot of places» that to me, in all these places with guys most to get acquainted? [Internet communications] - Wi§c maluj sam - odpalil malarz.
- Przeciez wiesz, ze nie mowig powaznie. Po prostu musimy to zrobic szybko, to bardzo wazne. [NKJP] Z apetytem zjadfy kanapki, prowadzqc zartobliwq rozmow § na tematy ostatnich wydarzen na tzw. arenie politycznej. Tematy te trzeba traktowac z humorem, w sytuacji braku wplywu na jakikolwiek ich bieg. [NKJP] I was stunned, however, by what my students said next: "Mrs. McCarty, we have to do more with this book." I replied in a laughing tone, "Like what?” I thought the students were going to give me some flippant response that we all might enjoy. ”We have to create our own book, just like this author did,” Chris said in a very serious tone. [COCA]
160

The resulted comments show the dual status modusa to communications non bona fide: on the one hand, frivolous dialogue can give pleasure (as in examples 4.18 and 4.23). On the other hand, as in moduse non bona fide the statement and a real situation appear not connected with each other directly, such dialogue is perceived by native speakers as "artificial" (examples 4.19 - 4.21). Absence of communication between the statement and
The validity does not allow to interpret a word of the interlocutor literally, and it «communicative inconvenience» can cause negative reaction.
If for ordinary native speakers opposition of serious and frivolous dialogue is natural and obvious in linguistic researches of communications the idea of differentiation modusov bona fide and non bona fide is discussed seldom (an exception it is possible to consider work [Karasik 2004] in which are analyzed lingvokulturologicheskie features of humour and a comic discourse as a special tonality of dialogue). As a rule, the attention to distinctions between speech actions bona fide and non bona fide is characteristic for the works devoted to verbal humour.
One of the first to a dichotomy modusov communications bona fide / non bona fide were paid attention by V.Raskin in connection with the analysis of semantic structure of jokes [Raskin 1985]. As to more general researches under the discourse theory existence of two modusov, as a rule, practically is not taken into consideration. At the heart of the majority of existing models of communications by default lays modus bona fide (see, for example, [Halliday 1994; Makarov 2003; Koval 2006; Narnla 2006, Kashkin 2007, Kashkin 2009]).
There is one more feature connected with studying of "frivolous communications»: even when language use in moduse non bona fide joins in consideration (for example, in the researches devoted to various genres of verbal humour), it is often described as deviation from main principles of rational, co-operative dialogue bona fide. Such state of affairs speaks that by tradition the basic function of language information transfer function is considered. In the most rational way this function can be realised in moduse bona fide. For communications in moduse non bona fide informative function of language is not unique, the basic. This circumstance to the greatest degree influences perception of dialogue non bona fide as not informative and irrational way of use of language not only «naive users», but also professional researchers. Despite it, modelling of process of communications without distinctions between modusami bona fide and non bona fide is represented to us obviously incomplete as the choice modusa considerably influences result of interpretation of the same statement, especially when the understanding of the statement as bona fide or non bona fide appears equiprobable. Contexts [4.24] also illustrate a situation of pragmatical ambiguity of the statement: Housing Minister Yvette Cooper says: "It was a great speech. It was a
serious speech for serious times but also a very personal speech very much about the things Gordon Brown cares about. "
[http://news.bbc.co. Uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7630989.stm] Another Great Speech (I'm Being Ironic) [Internet communications].
The noun phrase great speech can be interpreted as serious (i.e. describing a real state of affairs) or as an ironical estimation of speech actions (i.e. specifying that the statement does not correspond with a reality) only thanks to presence of the metapragmatical comment. In case of absence of such comment uncertainty of a way of interpretation of words of the interlocutor can remain. The detailed analysis of a role of metalinguistic markers modusa is presented communications in chapter 5. While it is necessary to look, what rules define statement interpretation bona fide or non bona fide, and on what parametres there can be differetsirovany not only two modusa communications, but also various modes of a serious and frivolous discourse.
<< | >>
A source: Shilihina Ksenia Mihajlovna. DISCOURSE PRACTICE OF IRONY: COGNITIVE, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC ASPECTS. 2014

More on topic Two modusa communications:

  1. Irony in various spheres of communications
  2. specificity of Internet communications
  3. the Account of intercentral communications.
  4. city councils on communications
  5. irony in the computer-mediated communications
  6. Internet communications: the basic characteristics
  7. specificity of the computer-mediated communications
  8. the Social criticism as one of communications forms in a society
  9. nonverbal communications: history and a modern condition
  10. irony in daily oral communications
  11. Features of management of communications on the basis of construction of illogical model
  12. 1.1 Tourism as intercultural communications
  13. an English-speaking web browser as a basis kompjuternoyooposredovannoj communications
  14. formation of effective visual communications in system of creative designing
  15. the Mechanism of development of communications in the conditions of uncertainty removal in management of staff
  16. communications Moderator as the subject of monitoring