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type = "1"> Metacommunications as the tool of the organisation of a discourse


Language and speech play a special role in the organisation and optimisation of human activity, therefore not only linguists, but also ordinary native speakers reflect on language and speech, about formal and substantial components of dialogue.
These reflexions can be carried to metacommunications - at this level the actions, which main objective - an estimation and discourse regulation are carried out.
In 1972 the anthropologist G.Bejtson has stated idea that any certificate of communications bears in itself two parallel messages: the core (that information which the speaking wishes to transfer to the addressee concerns it) and the meta-message in which the instructions contain, in what way it is necessary to interpret told [Bateson 1972]. Thus, the information message - not the unique purpose of communications. Not less important problem is the organisation of interaction of participants of dialogue: «at construction of speech we do - and is far not at the last minute - efforts for simplification of interpretation sew speeches» [Demjankov 2001: 314].
Metacommunications allow participants of dialogue to regulate mutual relations, to express own estimation of a situation about which there is a speech, to direct process of understanding told.
In researches on metalinguistics and metacommunications unique property of a natural language as sign system is necessarily mentioned: this property consists in possibility to speak about language "device" in the same language [Jaworsky 2004]. This important property allows linguists to speak about metalanguage function about which R.Yakobson wrote: «In the modern logic distinction between two levels of language is spent:« objective language »on which speak about an external world, and« a meta language »on which speak about language. However the meta language is the not only necessary tool of research applied by logicians and linguists; he plays the important role and in our daily language. Like molerovskogo ZHurdena which spoke prose, not knowing it, we use a meta language, not realising meta-language character of our operations» [Yakobson 1975: 203].
Metalanguage function is realised doubly: on the one hand, through all set of metacommunicative speech actions of native speakers, on the other hand - as a matter of fact, professional communications of those who studies language are metalanguage. From the point of view of linguists, professional metacommunications have higher status as it differs from ordinary metacommunicative activity by sensibleness; besides, the purpose of professional metacommunications of linguists consists not in regulation of verbal interaction, and in the scientific description of language and speech, and also in an explanation of language ability of the person. The reflexion of usual native speakers is often estimated as "ordinary" or "naive". However, if more to show consideration for opposition of metalanguage activity of the linguist-expert and «the naive user», it is possible to notice, that it well illustrates a functional duality of metacommunications: for the linguist
The meta language can be both the tool of the theoretical description, and independent object of studying. It is necessary to remember also and that by the nature scientific metacommunications are secondary, anyhow it is carried out with a support on "naive", "household" representations (this feature is visually shown and in researches of verbal irony). It is possible to tell, as the professional linguistic metadiscourse, and ordinary metalanguage communications are two parties of one medal, two variants of realisation mentioned above metalanguage function. Despite essential distinctions between professional dialogue of linguists and ordinary metacommunications, last is a source of ours implitsitnyh knowledge of discourse structure.
At the reference to a problem of "naive" metacommunications in the centre of attention of linguists there is not so much language as system, how many the native speaker and its speech actions: «... The naive user always acts as the operating subject investigating (and creating) language. In this plan it makes sense to speak not so much about metalanguage function of language, how many about metalanguage activity, meta-languaging - if
To paraphrase the known term languaging U.Maturany [Maturana 1995] - that subject who carries out this function »[Kashkin 2010а: 247].
Implitsitnye representations of "the first order» represent research interest as they underlie any scientific theory of a discourse or communications model. Mutual relations between ordinary representations and theoretical reflexions about communicative processes sometimes become a point of issue in scientific publications (see, inter alia, the works devoted to "naive" and "scientific" judgement of politeness: [Eelen 1999, Watts 2003, Jaworski 2004, Ratmajr 2009]).
The reference to ordinary metalanguage consciousness has generated a considerable terminological variety in linguistic researches. Depending on what aspect of a metalanguage reflexion appears in the attention centre, speech can go about metalinguistic, metadiskursivnoj or metapragmatical activity of native speakers.
In our subsequent reasonings on how carriers speak about irony, we will speak about a metadiscourse. As a metadiscourse synonym the term metacommunications is used also. [25]
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A source: Shilihina Ksenia Mihajlovna. DISCOURSE PRACTICE OF IRONY: COGNITIVE, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC ASPECTS. 2014

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