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INTRODUCTION.


Urgency of a theme of research. A state ownership - objectively necessary element of structure of modern company. Its place closely related the states with a role in economy, availability of the requirements which satisfaction cannot supply private business.
The state ownership and public sector serve as the factor of economic growth, the stability and sustainable development lien, the guarantor of preservation of a national wealth. That is why in the majority of the countries the public sector is widely presented.
In Russia in 90th there was an essential transformation of a state ownership. Various patterns of ownership which have come in the stead of total nationalisation have developed and became a reality. Today the public sector exists along with private business that is, unconditionally, the important step forward.
However in Russia the official policy in relation to public sector, its borders, spheres of application till now is not produced. In these conditions there is a process of destruction of a state ownership. And even there, where the state ownership is still saved, the state has actually withdrawn from functions of the proprietor. Speech, first of all, goes about management of shares of a state ownership in joint-stock companies where the state is the controlling shareholder, and also regulations of activity of the branches making natural monopoly of the state. Are not produced and, accordingly, have not received in practice of a wide circulation methods of stimulation of activity of the state enterprises. Productivity of the resources which are in the property of the state enterprises, also remains low.
Such position in much is caused by still widespread submission about a state ownership inefficiency in that its kind what it existed in days of the USSR. And though for last ten years in Russia there were essential changes both in scale, and in state ownership structure, still strong there are submissions about a state ownership inefficiency as that in comparison with a private property. All is negatively affects development of public sector of economy.
The modern situation becomes complicated two more important circumstances: absence in a domestic economic science some the complex developed theory of a question of management of a state ownership, and also apparent defect of experience of real use by public authorities of possibilities of effect on economic processes through the realised order that part of a national wealth which is in a state ownership.
Today necessity of serious updating of strategy and reform tactics for a direction of strengthening of a role of the state in economy, inadmissibility of continuation of a rate on failure of the state of management of the property is distinctly felt. It became clear, that such strengthening should be shown, first of all, in maintenance of function of the state as effective proprietor and operating the property in that its part which is in full or in part fixed to the state.
With the purposes of the decision of this problem now in Russia a number of variants of the concept of management by a state ownership with reference to conditions of modern transformation of economy of Russia is developed. In them many aspects of management are reflected by a state ownership. However the weakest place of the given variants
Concepts insufficient scientific maintenance of offered directions of perfection of management with a state ownership is.
In these conditions especially the great value acquires as a theoretical substantiation of necessity, borders and forms of effect of the state on economic development by means of public sector formation in economy, and search of the most effective controlling mechanisms by a state ownership with reference to specific Russian conditions.
Degree of a readiness of a problem.
Questions of formation and economic realisation of a state ownership are considered by an economic science throughout long time. Essence of the property as economic event tried to open in the works still such registration as A.Smith, D.Rikardo, P.Prudon, J. Mill, K.Marx.
In the Soviet economic literature to property questions including to state ownership questions, a lot of attention was given. Questions of differentiation of the economic and legal contents of the property, a parity of the property and system of economic relations, levels of expansion and the form of realisation of the property in economic system were actively discussed. All these questions were considered in A.Eremina, J.Kronroda, N.Kolesov, M.Kolganova, V.Kulikova, K.Hubieva, V.Cherkovtsa's works and others.
Directly questions of management were considered by a state ownership in L.Abalkina, I.Afanasenko, J.Vinslava, G.Gutmana, A.Dovgaeva, V.Koshkina, B.Milnera, D.Lvova, J.Osipov's works, In Rutgajzera, A.Radygina, F.Rybakova, A.Sinjagova, E.Torkanovskogo, V.Shupyro, J.Shvyrkova and others.
In 90th questions of privatisation, functioning and management of a state ownership in economic reforms
Were considered in S.Glazyev, V.Klejnera, A.Livshits, O.Lukashenko, D.Moskvin, F.Shamhalova's works and others.
Significant scientific interest is represented by researches of foreign scientists on problems institutsionalnyh bases of functioning of the property and its efficiency in market economy. These questions have found reflexion in A.Alchiana, R.Kouza, D.Norta, A.Onore's works, J. Stiglitsa, E.Savasa, R.Solo, E.Hanssen.
Foreign researchers, as a rule, did not allocate a category "state ownership" in a separate analytical plane and mainly talked about state functions in modern economy, necessity of the state interference in economy, borders and forms of such interference.
Domestic scientists, realising a dialectic method of research, have reached more powerful results in state ownership studying. They not only have analysed a state ownership with functional, but also from the istoriko-functional and structural point of view, have theoretically justified necessity of privatisation of the Russian economy, have produced, practical recommendations about realisation of a rate of privatisation of a state ownership in Russia in 90th These questions have received reflexion in E.Bapatskogo, V.Inozemtseva, R.Kapeljushnikova, V.Kulkova, A.Nikiforova A.Radygnna, V.Tambovtseva, V.Holodkova, K.Hubieva, E.Shastitko, L.Yakobson's works and others.
At the same time, not all theoretical and practical questions of a state ownership are investigated deeply and comprehensively. In particular, the teoretiko-methodological basis of research of processes of formation and economic realisation of a state ownership is not created adequate to requests of modern Russian economy. Structural levels of a state ownership and its border are still insufficiently accurately allocated, not to the full defined
Ways of increase of its social and economic realisation. The creative potential of a state ownership is insufficiently investigated.
The theme urgency, its insufficient scientific readiness in a modern economic science have caused a choice of a theme of the dissertation, have predetermined object, a subject, the purpose and problems of the given research.
The purpose and research problems. The dissertation purpose is definition of a place and a state ownership role in system of factors of economic development, working out of the concept of management by a state ownership in the conditions of transformed economy, socially-structural reforms and revealing on this basis of the most effective controlling mechanisms a state ownership with reference to specific Russian conditions.
Object in view achievement assumes the decision of following problems:
To specify essence and the state ownership contents in modern mixed economy, its place in system of economic categories;
To reveal a place, a role and state ownership functions in market economy;
To specify a parity of concepts "state ownership" and «economy public sector»;
To define the basic criteria of efficiency of a state ownership;
To reveal features of formation and state ownership reproduction in the Russian economy;
To investigate the modern mechanism of economic realisation of a state ownership;
To define the types of the state enterprises adequate to a modern condition of the Russian economy;
To reveal objective necessity and to define directions of perfection of management of a state ownership in Russia;
To formulate main principles of the concept of management of a state ownership with reference to conditions of transformed economy and socially-structural reforms;
To define features of natural monopolies in Russia and to justify necessity of their state regulation;
To produce offers on perfection of management of shares of a state ownership in joint-stock companies;
To consider expediency of use of a state ownership private business by means of concessions;
To define the basic directions of perfection of the organisation and a payment at the state enterprises.
Object of research is the state ownership system in modern economy.
Object of research are the social and economic relations arising in the course of functioning and economic
State ownership realisations.
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Teoretiko-methodological basis of research were proceedings of classics of an economic theory, and also work of domestic and foreign scientists concerning development of market relations and a state ownership place in modern economic system. The author's research program based, first of all, on achievements of domestic political economy and foreign institutsionalnoj an economic theory. At revealing and a substantiation of modern features of formation and economic realisation of a state ownership the dialectic method has been used, the system approach is applied at the analysis of internal mechanisms of reproduction of a state ownership. Research of structural levels of a state ownership, and also
Search of ways of increase of social and economic efficiency of its realisation use of such methods as scientific abstraction, unity historical and logic, an ascension from abstract to the concrete have objectively required.
The information base of research was made by documents and materials of state governing bodies, legislative and normative statements of the Russian Federation, subjects of the Russian Federation, program documents and the governmental orders of the Russian Federation. During research by the author official statistical data across the Russian Federation, the given Ministries of an antimonopoly policy and support of business of the Russian Federation, Goskomstat data, Office of the economic analysis of the Russian Federation, standard and reference books on an investigated problem, periodicals materials, reports and reports of conferences, expert estimations have been used.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in complex research of questions of a state ownership, a theoretical substantiation of the basic directions of increase of a management efficiency a state ownership in Russia.
To the most important positions containing novelty, it is possible to carry the following:
The economic contents of a state ownership is specified and the parity of concepts "state ownership" and «economy public sector» is defined. It is revealed, that the public sector represents narrower concept and includes only that part of economic relations where the state directly participates in production, distribution and an exchange of created material benefits and services.
Features of formation and a public sector role in economic development of Russia are opened. It is defined, that public sector formation in Russia by restriction of the economic
Functions of the state and transformation of public sector from dominating in the subordinated way, have predetermined modern structure, and also prospects of development and public sector border in Russia. On this basis the conclusion is drawn on illegitimacy of reduction now public sector volumes, owing to necessity of preservation of the state control for such spheres as electric power industry, a gas economy, rail transportation, maintenance of a comprehensible price level on the services rendered to the population, and also necessity of increase in not tax incomes of budgets.
Differences of behaviour of the state enterprises from private are revealed and on this basis features of an estimation of efficiency of the state enterprises are defined. It is shown, that unlike private enterprises, the state enterprises not always consider profit as the basic motive of activity, for them the resource market price is not the tool of optimum resource allocation, they are less mobile and are free in the actions. Therefore the estimation of efficiency of activity of the state enterprises should include two levels: microeconomic indicators of economic activities and degree of satisfaction of requirements for public goods. It is proved, that the basic criterion of an estimation of efficiency of functioning of the state enterprises in market conditions is its social and economic orientation.
Ways of increase of a management efficiency by the state enterprises, including are reasonable: drawing up of the uniform register of the state enterprises; more accurate delimitation of public sector through modification of budgetary classification of the Russian Federation; clarification of responsibilities of an executive office of the power on management of the state property of the unitary enterprise; definition of conditions of hiring and certification of chiefs of state enterprises, and
Also clarification of the requests, presented to them; expansion of possibilities for attraction of labour collective to management of the state enterprises. It is defined, that in itself reduction of the state enterprises and transformation of the state unitary enterprises based on the right of economic management, to the state enterprises is not capable to increase a management efficiency the state enterprises.
Advantages of joint-stock companies from state ownership shares as most preferable form of the state enterprises allowing the state are opened: to be the high-grade subject of market relations and to generate the effective mechanism of reproduction and state ownership use; to have an additional source of incomes of sale of the shares belonging to the state, saving thus the control over the enterprise; to increase the capital at the expense of new issues; to expand possibilities of merge and concentration of the capital.
Directions of perfection of management by the state shares in the joint-stock companies through formation of institute of the state representatives and expansion of practice of confidential management are opened. It is defined, that formation of effective institute of the state representatives should lean against more accurate definition of a circle of responsibilities of the state representatives; definition of degree of their independence at acceptance of those or other decisions; perfection of system of stimulus and the economic damage liability, caused to a state ownership nonprofessional actions; development of system of advanced training and selection system.
The role of concessions as special kind of partner relations of the state and business and as forms of increase of a management efficiency is defined by a state ownership. It is defined, that
Use of concessions means change of approaches to forms of sharing of the state in economy and allows the state: to involve a private sector in fulfilment of some functions and to lower pressure upon a public finance; to supply introduction of elements of a competitiveness in earlier exclusive branches of the state economy and by that to increase their qualitative standards; to overcome an inefficiency of objects of an infrastructure; to involve competent experts in management of the enterprises.
Conditions of development of concessionary relations to Russia assuming are opened: definition of categories state imushchestv which can be granted in use to private persons; the formulation of the general principles of use and character of the user rights; definition of participants of concessionary relations, in particular from the proprietor of property; working out of an order of granting of the concessionary rights; definition of main conditions of the concessionary agreement.
The forms of concessionary agreements most comprehensible to Russia, and also sphere of their application are defined. It is proved, that in Russia the infrastructural concessions should receive the greatest distribution, allowing to involve the private capital in branches of economy and the social institutes playing a role of the auxiliary enterprises, serving sphere of production of goods. It is defined, that in Russia concessions will bring the greatest effect in sphere of distribution (transfer) of the electric power; operation of pipelines, compressor and distributive stations in gas branch; uses putejskoj infrastructures on a railway transportation; at operation of objects of housing and communal services.
Features of natural monopolies in Russia are revealed: prevalence of the state (mixed) property on naturally exclusive kinds of activity; rigidity vertically integrated
Market structures which natural monopolies are built in; defect of legal base of functioning and state regulation of natural monopolies; an illegibility of the rights the property; an asymmetric information; a high capital intensity of natural monopolies owing to attraction of large-scale investments not only for modernisation of capacities in the conditions of scientific and technical development, but also for liquidation of significant deterioration of the basic production assets.
The basic methods of state regulation of activity of natural monopolies in Russia are opened. It is shown, that regulation of natural monopolies through rate of return has in Russia the restrictions which are connected with neotrabotannostju methods of definition of costs of natural monopolies, defects of an estimation of property and definition of "reasonable" rate of return. The most comprehensible method of regulation of activity of natural monopolies in Russia is the method of limiting factors of change of the prices when indexing of the prices and tariffs for production of natural monopolies is indexed according to growth of the general price level in economy.
Dependence of efficiency of functioning of a state ownership on system of the organisation and work stimulation at the state enterprises is defined. It is revealed, that existing methods of state regulation of a payment at the state enterprises by means of an establishment of minimum wages and use of uniform tariff system (ETC) require radical reforming and should include an establishment of a tariff of the first category at level of a cost of living; use ETC in the rank of the frame distribution of wage rates with possibility of its differentiation on regions; introduction of more essential differentiation of tariff factors.
13. Possibilities of use of collective agreements and agreements for improvement of stimulation of work at the state enterprises are defined. It is shown, that at the conclusion of collective agreements and agreements state functions as employer and its function as objective intermediary in social partnership should be accurately divided. By means of collective agreements and agreements questions of stimulation of work of chiefs should be settled; concrete conditions of granting of additional social services - not state additional pensions, system of medical insurance, system of indemnifications of cost of rest and sanatorium treatment, system of grants for a food, the housing policy, transport and educational grants.
The theoretical and practical importance of dissertational research consists that the received results can be used for generalisation of the rich empirical material which has been accumulated by modern world practice of economic development and the further working out of methodological base concerning the property and a state ownership, management perfection by the state enterprises.
Practical significance of work consists that theoretical and practical recommendations of dissertational research can be used at the decision of scientifically-methodological and applied problems of reforming of a state ownership in modern economy, development of forms and methods of increase of a management efficiency a state ownership, for definition of forms of use of a state ownership by private business. The conclusions made in work, can be used also at definition of directions of perfection of system of regulation of natural monopolies in Russia, reforming of the organisation of payment and work stimulation at the state enterprises.
Results of dissertational research can be applied in educational activity at studying of such disciplines as "Economic theory", «Institutsionalnaja economy», «market economy State regulation», in the course of training in high schools and at advanced training of civil servants.
Work approbation. Theoretical positions, conclusions and practical recommendations of the dissertation were reported and discussed at the international, All-Russia scientific and scientifically-practical conferences, the round tables which were passing in 1995-2004 in Federation Council FS of the Russian Federation, in the Moscow State University of M.V.Lomonosova, MGTU of AD Bauman, Financial academy at the Government of the Russian Federation, in the Russian academy of public service at the President of the Russian Federation.
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A source: SAVCHENKO ANDREY VIKTOROVICH. THE MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY THE STATE OWNERSHIP IN MARKET ECONOMY. 2005

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