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2.1. Public sector as the form of state regulation of economy of Russia.

in Russia formation of public sector of economy has the specificity. If in other countries the economy public sector was formed evolutionary by, by means of expansion of economic functions of the state in process of accumulation of contradictions of a market mechanism of managing and search of methods of restriction of action of natural market forces in Russia there was other situation.
The economy public sector in Russia was generated not by state investment with certain economic functions, and by privatisation and privatisation is total ogosudarstvlennoj economic system, i.e. by restriction of economic functions of the state and transformation of public sector of economy from dominating in the subordinated way. This circumstance should be considered at definition of the most effective methods of management by a state ownership.
It is necessary to mean, that the economy public sector always played an essential role in economic development of Russia. By data for 1905, 60 % of all woods having been available in the country made the state wood fund. The largest state enterprise of Russia were railways. By the end of 90th more than 63 % of the general extent of railways were in state management. In the state property there were also the mining and mountain-metallurgical "state" factories, all war industry, mail and telegraphic
The enterprises, wine monopoly and a national bank as central credit and an issuing institution.
State factories in Russia have arisen in XVII century, and the greatest distribution have received from the beginning of XVIII century. They were in management the military man, marine, mountain, specific and other departments and served for satisfaction state, first of all, military requirements. In 70th of XIX century the attention to the question on liquidation of state factories in connection with their unprofitableness has been brought. Some of them have been transmitted private persons. In the XX-th century beginning in the military department such state factories, as Tula Izhevsk and Sestroretsk weapon, Ohtensky powder, Petersburg cartridge, and also arsenals continued to consist. In marine department there were Obuhovsky and Izhora factories, ship-building shipyards. To mountain department belonged Perm, Zlatoustovsky, Botkinsky and other factories. In the First World War the basic deliveries for maintenance of armed forces carried out these enterprises.
After October revolution of 1917 in the compressed historical terms large-scale nationalisation has been conducted. As a result, by the end of the first five-years period on a share of public sector of economy 90 % of all industrial output of the country were necessary already. In agriculture the state farms which share in production of agricultural production made 12 % concerned public sector only.
Within 50-80th the state ownership undividedly dominated in a national economy of the USSR, continuously increased the power and strengthened the exclusive influence on all spheres of a public life, first of all on economy. Objects of a state ownership were an overwhelming part of natural and material productive forces of the country: all earth and the natural resources, almost all main funds of the industry and the building, all transport and communication,
More than third of agricultural production, a huge part housing - municipal services.
The state enterprises made public sector of production of goods in which about 80-90 % of a cumulative public product were made.
Other part of public sector was made by the major branches of social sphere (sphere of services) - public health services, formation, culture. Almost all them it is material - technical base was the state property.
In such kind the economy public sector has existed prior to the beginning of 90th of XX century. Economic transformations to Russia of the end 80 - the beginnings of 90th passed under the slogan of pluralism of various patterns of ownership. Scientists considered development of such variety as the warranty of formation of originally democratic company.
Possibility of development of various patterns of ownership has been legislatively fixed by Laws of the USSR «About individual labour activity» (1987), «About cooperation in the USSR» (1988), «Bases of the legislation on lease» (1989), the Law of the USSR «About the property in the USSR» (1990), the Law of RSFSR «About the property in RSFSR» (1990), the Law of RSFSR «About the enterprises and enterprise activity» (December, 1990). In the end, all indicated laws have received the reflexion in the new Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Civil code of the Russian Federation.
The Law of RSFSR accepted in 1991 «About privatisation of the state and municipal enterprises» entered classification of objects of a state ownership by the possibility and degree of their privatisation. Positions of article 3 of this law provided availability in the Government program of privatisation of lists of objects, not privatizeable, and the enterprises and associations which privatisation needed the special permission of the Government of the Russian Federation.
The Decree which has appeared later of the President of Russian Federation Kch 1392 «About measures on realisation of an industrial policy at privatisation of the state enterprises» from November, 16th, 1992 limited application of procedure of fastening in the federal property of controlling interests of the privatised enterprises 10 is strategic to the important categories of the enterprises in which number have appeared: communication; development and electric power distribution; extraction, processing and sales of petroleum and natural gas; extraction and processing of precious metals and stones, radioactive and rare-earth elements; working out and production of arms and an ammunition; production of alcoholic production; carriages on railway, water, an air transport; research and development; the specialised enterprises for building and operation of the objects intended for maintenance of national security; the enterprises of wholesale trade which are carrying out purchases for needs of the state, including maintenance of export-import agreements.
This Decree promoted also to formation of standard base for the holding companies created at transformation of the state enterprises in joint-stock company. There was also a tool of indirect regulation of activity of joint-stock company in a kind of "the Gold share». This valuable paper gave the chance to the state as its unique holder, to apply the right "veto" at acceptance by meeting of shareholders of decisions concerning change of the charter of joint-stock company, its reorganisation and liquidation, sharing in other economic associations and property alienation.
In May, 1993 the President of the Russian Federation has declared necessity of reduction of interdictions and restrictions on privatisation that has found the reflexion in the project of the program of privatisation for 1993 In it was planned to fix the limiting shares of property fixed in a state ownership on branches of economy: electric power industry - 51 %; an oil recovery, gas, coal, oil refining, petrochemistry; municipal services - 38 %, mechanical engineering - 20 %; metal working,
Chemistry, the food-processing industry, building, automobile транспорт* trade, public catering, consumer services - 10 %. In black and nonferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering for easy and the food-processing industry, wood, derevoobrabatyvajushchej, a pulp and paper industry, production of building materials of fastening of property in the state (municipal) property, on it was provided.
In December, 1993 in confirmed by the Decree of the President to the second government program of privatisation the list of kinds of activity on which enterprises in the federal property the controlling interest could be fixed, has grown to 14 categories. To 10 indicated the service of patents, standardization and metrology above was added; publishing houses and the polygraphic enterprises for issue of the printed matter included in scope of supply for the state needs; pipeline transport; the organisations entering into the company «Russian circus».
The controlling interests, kept in the federal property, could be 3 kinds: 51 %, 38 %, 25,5 % ordinary (with a vote) shares.
Later, in 1994 the circle of kinds of activity on which enterprises the decision on fastening in the federal property of a controlling interest still could be made has extended and has reached 22 categories. To having been available in the second program of privatisation were added nuclear mechanical engineering; geology; a geodesy and cartography; the enterprises for operation of a gas economy; the enterprises and scientific and technical objects of the chemical complex, used toxic and explosives; the enterprises of the medical industry manufacturing strong and poisonous preparations; the state centres of science; the enterprises supplying storage of the state reserves and stocks; the foreign trade enterprises; objects of welfare appointment. Thus size fixed in the state
Properties of blocks of shares it was limited only to two variants: 51 % and 25,5 %.
As a result of the privatisation begun in 1992, the great bulk of the state enterprises has passed in a private property. By 1995 in a state ownership of Russia 16,7 % of the enterprises and the organisations were saved only. In 1996-2000 of an item of a state ownership continued to be weakened. In its sphere there were only 4,8 % of the enterprises and the organisations. It has passed to the fourth item, having conceded not only a private property which has concentrated in the sphere of 74,4 % of the enterprises and the organisations, but also the property of public organisations (6,9 %) and the municipal property (6,4 %) (table I see).
Number of the enterprises and the organisations on patterns of ownership (for January, 1st of each year), thousand
Table 1. Years 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Only 1946 2250 2505 2727 2901 3106 3346,5 3593,8 3845*3 4149,8 Including on
To forms
Properties: Государственна* 325 322 233 143 148 150 150,8 155,1 157,1 161.3 Municipal 171 198 184 178 183 198 216,6 231 239,3 246,1 Property of public associations (organisations) 53 95 130 158 183 213 223,0 236,8 244,3 251,5 Private 1216 1426 1731 2014 2147 2312 2509,6 2725,9 2956,8 3237,7 Other patterns of ownership, including mixed sobstven-nost,
Foreign legal bodies. Citizens without citizenship 181 209 277 235 240 234 246,5 245,1 247,8 253,1
Now the public sector structure to Russia joins all legal bodies, management with which is carried out by public authorities. Into state sector structure enter: the state unitary enterprises (GUPy); official bodies; joint-stock companies in which authorised capital more than 50 % of voting shares are in the federal property and / or properties of subjects of Federation. Some authors include in public sector structure also affiliated and others affilirovannye the enterprises, whose head (parent) companies concern a state sector and the enterprises entering into holding, the head which (parent) company belongs to a state sector.
If to lean on official statistical data, for today the public sector of economy of Russia includes the state unitary enterprises (as economic management and an operational administration), official bodies, economic companies (open joint-stock companies) from shares of a state ownership of exceeding 50 % of an authorised capital.
According to Goskomstat of Russia, on January, I, 2003 the general number of the organisations of public sector of economy of Russia has made 85 754 units, of them: the state unitary enterprises - 22 377 units (26,1 % from the general number of the organisations of public sector), official bodies - 57 116 units (66,6 %) and economic companies from shares of the state ownership exceeding 50 % of an authorised capital - 6 261 unit (7,3 %).
As a whole, dynamics of a share of public sector in industrial output total amount on production branches in 2002-2004 is presented in table 2.
Table 2. Relative density of public sector in industrial output total amount on industries in 2002-2004, % of Branch of 2002 2003 2004 Only 15 14,6 14,4 Electric power industry 89,9 85,6 87,9 Oil-extracting industry 8,5 4,8 5,1 Petroleum-refining industry 24,5 18,2 18,1 Coal industry 16 11,4 3,6 Mechanical engineering, metal working 0,4 0,3 0,3 Oboronno-industrial complex 51 51,6 51,8 Chemical and petrochemical Industry 5,7 4,7 4,5 Medical industry 17,1 17,1 17,1 Microbiological industry 28,5 22,9 22,9 Wood, derevoobrabatyvajushchaja and pulp-and-paper promyshlen-nost 5,3 5 4,8 Food-processing industry 4,4 4,2 4 Apparently from the table, a public sector share in total amount of the made industrial output tends to reduction. If in 2002 it made 15 % in 2004 will make only 14,4 %.
The greatest relative density in 2003 made public sector in such branches as electric power industry - 85,6 %; a defensive complex - 51,6 %; the microbiological industry - 22,9 %; the medical industry - 17,1 %. The least - in mechanical engineering - 0,3 %; the chemical and petrochemical industry - 4,7 %; the food
The industries - 4,2 %; wood, derevoobrabatyvajushchej and tselljulozno - the paper industry - 5 %.
Essential relative density of public sector in electric power industry speaks special significance of this kind of a resource which is used not only citizens, but also by the enterprises manufacturing production, and also the enterprises which attend to export of power resources to the CIS countries and under intergovernmental agreements.
The high share of public sector in an oboronno-industrial complex also is traditional and speaks special appointment of production which is manufactured by the enterprises entering into its structure. The increase in total amount of production in this sector (on the average on 16 % in 2004) is connected with growth of volumes of production of arms and the military engineering, including export orders and increase in purchases on gosoboronzakazu.
The public sector share in total amount of the made industrial output of the medical industry has made in 2003 17,1 %. Basically this production of medical products, and also working out of medicinal substances by new, more progressive method of biotechnology which is more ecologically pure and economic.
The public sector share in the microbiological industry also is rather great. In 2003 it made 22,9 %. In public sector microbiological fodder fiber is made basically.
The state ownership share in the chemical and petrochemical industry is low. It is connected by that 99 % of the industrial enterprises of branch for today aktsionirovano. Therefore if in 2001 a share state sectors in total amount of made production in chemical and petrochemical
The industries made 8 %, in 2003 only 4,7 %. At the public sector enterprises mineral fertilizers and synthetic rubber are made basically.
The share of the state enterprises in the oil-extracting industry also is reduced. In 2003 it is reduction it has been caused by realisation in the end of 2002 of the state block of shares of Open Society "НТК" Slavneft ». And though in 2003 some increase in an oil recovery of Open Society" НК "Rosneft» on a large deposit run in now on the Arctic loop was observed, the public sector share in total amounts of an oil recovery and a gas condensate will make in 2004 no more than 5,2 %.
In a petroleum-refining industry reduction of a share of public sector also is observed. In 2003 in comparison with 2002 production of petrol automobile in public sector was reduced to 16,7 %, production of diesel fuel - on 20 %., black oil production - on 28,8 %. Such reduction is in many respects caused by proceeding process of privatisation in this branch, and, in particular, sale in the end of 2002 of the state block of shares of Open Society "НТК" Slavneft »into which structure entered Yaroslavl factory" ¡ÑõÔÑ«Óß¿¡ÔѺ "and Yaroslavl NPZ of D.I.Mendeleeva. As a whole, the state sector share in oil refining total amounts will make in 2004 18,1 %.
The public sector in mechanical engineering (except for the enterprises of an oboronno-industrial complex) also is insignificant. In 2003 the volume of an industrial output of public sector of a machine-building complex has made only 0,3 %. This results from the fact that in this branch privatisation, reorganisation and liquidation of out-of-date and technologically backward enterprises till now proceeds. Basically it is the state enterprises.
Today at the state enterprises of a machine-building complex accumulators, converters power are made,
vesoizmeritelnaja engineering, the stationary and mobile electric power industry, the chisel tool, deep pumps, devices, etc. However any of the enterprise of the state sector making indicated production, is not the leader in the market, its further reduction therefore is observed.
The share of public sector of economy of metallurgy in industrial output production also is insignificant. In 2003 it made 0,07 % in ferrous metallurgy and 0,44 % in nonferrous metallurgy. As in this branch till now proceeds aktsionirovanie, the public sector share, probably, will be reduced.
Public sector reforming proceeds in wood, derevoobrabatyvajushchej and a pulp and paper industry. It has found the expression in reduction in 2003 in comparison with 2002 of production of business wood on 14,3 %, saw-timbers - on 3 %, cross ties wooden for railways - on 50 %, plywood - on 27,3 %. Paper and cardboard production in connection with leaving of the profile enterprises from a branch state sector has completely ceased. As a whole, the public sector share in timber industry sector on the beginning of 2004 has made only 5 %.
In the majority of branches of the food-processing industry the public sector also has no dominating significance. Its share in total amounts of production of principal views of food production in 2003 has made: meat - 12,1 %, cheeses fat - 5,5 %, a flour - 13 %, fish production - 5,1 %. As a whole, the public sector share will make in 2004 no more than 4 %.
The state enterprises in agriculture (agrarian and industrial complex) are presented by mainly breeding factories, the uchebno-pilot farms, separate cattle-breeding complexes, integrated poultry farms, zverovodcheskimi and other specialised farms. In such kind the public sector has developed as a result of reorganisation of the former collective farms and state farms.
According to Goskomstat of Russia, in 2002 the state agricultural enterprises had been made 8 % of milk, 13 % of cattle and a bird, 6,5 % of grain, 13,4 % of a potato, 28,8 % of eggs from total amount of production of these major agricultural products.
In 2004 some increase in agricultural production in public sector at the expense of changes conducted by the state in area of the taxation of agrarian and industrial complex, support of investments and perfection of material support of the enterprises of a state sector is supposed. But even as a result of conducted actions the public sector share in agrarian and industrial complex in 2004 will not make more than 8,6 %.
The public sector does not take a monopoly position and in a transport complex. The exception makes only a railway transportation. In 2003 on a public sector share 39,6 % of carriages consignments were necessary. And, 95 % of these carriages were carried out by the enterprises of a federal railway transportation. The motor transport which concerns public sector, transported 3 % of consignments, by other types of transport - 2 %.
The share of the passenger carriages which are carried out by the enterprises of public sector, has made in 2003 62,2 %. From them - 50 % of carriages were necessary on a railway transportation, 17 % - on motor transport and 13 % - on an air transport.
As a whole, the public sector share in total amount of represented transportation services gradually decreases, in spite of the fact that the market of transportation services stably develops. But it develops basically at the expense of the enterprises of not state patterns of ownership. In public sector frameworks basically problems of development of a national transport infrastructure are solved, are granted socially - significant transport service which the market on a commercial basis cannot grant. Besides, the public sector plays the important
Role in sphere of support of domestic carriers in the international transport markets and realisation of transit potential of Russia.
Unique type of transport where the state saves till now a monopoly position is main pipeline transport of petroleum and petroleum.
For today the public sector plays an essential role in development of branches of communication. The public sector includes open joint-stock companies, including a part Open Societies "Svyazinvest", the enterprises of postal service, electric communication, radio, an outer-space communication, the radio-frequency centres, the organisations of sphere of information, etc. In 2003 volume of realisation of paid services of communication to the population, rendered by the public sector organisations has made 52 %.
The public sector in social sphere of Russia is widely enough presented. It includes educational and medical - preventive establishments, establishments of social security, culture, art and others. Under forecasts, the public sector share in total amount of paid educational services will make in 2004 about 45 %, and a share of paid medical services in total amount of paid services of branch - 21,5 %. The share of paid services of culture establishments also grows and will make in 2004 17-18 % from total amount.
In 2002 the public sector in total amount of internal expenses for scientific researches and workings out has made 67,6 %. In 2004 their reduction to 66 % is planned. The number of the scientific organisations of public sector from 2301 units in 2003 to 2097 in 2004 Number of the workers performing researches and workings out in public sector of scientific and technical sphere will thus be reduced also, will be reduced in 2004 in comparison with 2003 almost to 79 thousand persons.
Now in Russia 58 centres of science function. They are created practically in all major industries:
Mechanical engineering, metallurgy, medical, defensive complex branches. At that, that the Russian scientists still save leading items in such areas as space researches, the physicist of plasma, the laser physics, physics of a firm body, the nuclear physics, computer science, a number of areas of biology, medicine in many respects speaks availability of financial support from the state.
As a whole, in 2003 in public sector of economy of Russia it has been taken 12,06 million persons. Under forecasts, by the end of 2004 the volume of employment will be reduced to 11,87 million persons that will make 24 % from an aggregate number of the workers taken in economy of Russia. From their number 37 of % will be a share the basic industrial branches - the industry, transport, agriculture, communication, building. Thus the monthly average wages of workers of public sector will make 6775 roubles.
As to investment possibilities of public sector of economy on its share in total amount of investments into a fixed capital 14-15 % are necessary on the average. And, on volume of investments into a fixed capital the public sector continues to be in the lead in the branches focused on fulfilment of strategic and social problems: maintenance of defence and safety of the country, the high technologies, natural monopolies, infrastructure and municipal services branches.
It is supposed, that in 2004 at the expense of own means of the organisations of public sector will be financed about 35 % from total amount of investments. At the expense of the involved means - 65 % of which 42 45 % will make budgetary funds.
As a whole, in economic development of Russia it is possible to judge a public sector role on the macroeconomic indicators presented in table 3.
Table 3. Indicators of development of public sector of economy of the Russian Federation Indicators the Unit of measure of 2002 2003 2004 Volume of the made industrial output (works, services) the organisation mi public sector (without the VAT and the excise) в%к previous YEAR) ' 103,5 102,1 103,2 Share of public sector in industrial output total amount (works, services) without the VAT and the excise of % 15 14,6 14,4 Output of agriculture by selskohozjajstven th organisations state blow-stvennogo of sector of Billion rbl. 39,2 41,4 47,4 Share of a state sector in the general output of agriculture by selskohozjajstven th enterprises of % of 8,9 8,8 8,6 Investments into a fixed capital of the organisations of public sector at the expense of all sources of funds of Billion rbl. 274,2 311,2 351,7 Share of a state sector in total amount of investments into a fixed capital of % 15,6 15 14,5 Turn-over of retail trade of the organisations of public sector of economy of Billion rbl. 61,9 70,3 78,5 Share of a state sector in a total turnover of retail trade of % of paid services of 1.7 1.6 1.5 Volume to the population rendered by the organisations of public sector of economy of Billion rbl. 179,7 232 282 Share of a state sector in total amount of paid services to the population of % of the telecommunication service rendered by the organisations of public sector of economy of Billion of rbl. 127,5 161,5 194,3 Share of a state sector in total amount of Services of the organisations of communication of % 46,7 44,7 43 Number of workers of the organisations of public sector of economy of Million of the people 12,26 12,06 11,87 Share taken in organisations of a state sector of economy in of 16,8 17 17 Volume sheathe number of the workers taken in economy of % 24,2 24,3 23,8 Fund of the added wage
Payments of workers of the organisations of public sector of economy of Billion rbl. 682 826 965 Share of a state sector of economy in fund of the added wages of the workers taken in
EKONOMIKS % 25,6 25,4 24,6 Resulted indicators, and also the analysis carried out above allow to draw following conclusions.
Now the public sector in economy of Russia takes rather essential position as on volume of made production and services, and in quantity of the taken. The public sector prevails in the branches having defensive or social significance, and also branches which are among natural monopolies. At the same time in a number of the major industries, such as oil extracting and oil refining, mechanical engineering and metallurgy the state has lost the items.
The quantity of the paid services rendered by official bodies in a sphere of education, public health services and culture grows also. In connection with reorganisation of the Russian Open Society "United Power Systems" and creation of the uniform commercial operator of the wholesale market of the electric power, as soon as possible should expect liberalisation of the prices for the electric power. Creation of independent structural divisions, and also affiliated joint-stock companies of Open Society «Russian railways» in sphere of freight traffic and «the Federal passenger company» in sphere of conveyances of passengers also in the near future can lead to a rise in price for cargo and passenger carriages.
All it can lead to reduction of public sector of economy and negatively to be reflected not only in level of economic development, but also well-being of the majority of citizens of Russia.
Unfortunately, the Government of the Russian Federation has not produced till now accurate criteria according to which it would be possible to define, this or that enterprise is necessary for the state or not. It was declared repeatedly also by the former prime minister of the Russian Federation M.Kasyanov. So, at meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation, taken place on November, 27th, 2003 where questions of management were discussed by a state ownership, he has noticed, that the government should open and transparent method to realise a state ownership which the state does not require. But he and could not tell, by what criteria it is necessary to do it.
Now, the Government of the Russian Federation recognises that economy public sector remains too big, and it hinders efficient control it. Therefore in 2004-2005 stage-by-stage reduction of a redundant part of public sector which does not supply fulfilment of functions of the state is supposed. It is with that end in view planned to reduce essentially number of the state unitary enterprises acting on the right of economic management, and also to sell the federal blocks of shares which size does not exceed 25 % of an authorised capital of joint-stock company. The number of official bodies by their transformation to the commercial and noncommercial state organisations will be reduced also.
It is supposed, that in process of stabilisation of economic growth state presence should be saved there where the decision of corresponding strategic and social problems is necessary: defence and safety, high technologies, a science, preservation of the environment and restoration of natural resources.
In our opinion, to prospects of development of public sector of economy in Russia hardly it is possible to agree with such approach to the full.
First of all, it is necessary to consider real socially - an economic situation of Russia. Despite reached growth rates,
Hardly it is possible to name position of separate branches, and also position of the majority of citizens of Russia today stable. In these conditions reduction of a share of public sector, especially in such spheres as the electric power industry, a gas economy, rail transportation can be reflected in activity of the majority of the industrial enterprises and the enterprises of sphere of services for which power inputs and expenses for carriages in cost price structure still remain significant negatively.
For citizens transfer of a part of official bodies in commercial or even the noncommercial state organisations will mean also appreciation of services which they render to the population. Together with a rise in prices for carriages and energy carriers it will lead to essential decrease in a real standard of living of the majority of the population.
Besides, it is necessary to mean, that now incomes of budgets of different levels are formed basically at the expense of tax revenues. The share of not tax incomes, including incomes of state ownership use remains to the lowest and does not exceed 6-7 %. In these conditions the further reduction of volume of a state ownership will raise the question about search of additional sources of funds of expenditures on public account. And, most likely, it is necessary to search for such sources in sphere of increase in taxes that is extremely undesirable neither for managing subjects, nor for citizens.
Therefore, in our opinion, it is necessary to concern more cautiously reduction of a share of a state ownership, especially in oil extracting and oil refining branches. This share hardly should be reduced. It, on the contrary, should be increased.
In the chemical industry also it is necessary to save state presence, especially at those enterprises which attend to issue of strategic production, and also socially -
Significant production, such as, for example, chemical raw materials for production of medical products.
In a state ownership, in our opinion, should remain:
Branches or activity kinds directly connected with the decision of social problems;
Production and manufacturing of production, being is strategic important and supplying national security and national independence of the country. To number of such kinds of production should be carried not only arms and the military engineering, but also the foodstuffs, medicines, including narcotic and psychotropic preparations;
Branches which are among natural monopolies or which supply preservation of uniform economic space of the state. It is electric power industry, a gas economy, transport,
Realisation of scientific and scientific and technical activity. In this case only, in our opinion, it is possible to hope, that
The economy public sector will serve interests of the country and to promote the decision of the important economic problems.
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A source: SAVCHENKO ANDREY VIKTOROVICH. THE MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY THE STATE OWNERSHIP IN MARKET ECONOMY. 2005

More on topic 2.1. Public sector as the form of state regulation of economy of Russia.:

  1. CHAPTER 1. The STATE OWNERSHIP And PUBLIC SECTOR AS TOOLS of REGULATION of MARKET ECONOMY.
  2. Principles and laws of state regulation of system development of agrarian sector of economy of region
  3. Genesis of a problem of state regulation of development of agrarian sector of economy of region
  4. METHODOLOGY OF STATE REGULATION OF AGRARIAN SECTOR OF ECONOMY OF REGION
  5. Grouping of methods and tools of state regulation of system development of agrarian sector of economy of region
  6. HEAD Z of FEATURE And the DIRECTION of DEVELOPMENT of the STATE OWNERSHIP In REAL SECTOR of ECONOMY of Russia
  7. World outlook aspects of methodology of state regulation of agrarian sector of economy of region
  8. programs of development of public sector of economy of regions
  9. Key characteristics of public sector in a national economy and regions
  10. ZHAHOV NIKOLAY VLADIMIROVICH. STATE REGULATION of SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT of AGRARIAN SECTOR of ECONOMY of REGION. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the Doctor of Economics. Kursk - 2018, 2018
  11. Some data about shadow sector of economy of Russia and a condition of its national security.