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1.3. The methodology and factors of preventive management in system of maintenance of economic safety predprinimatelskihstruktur

Stable and effective development of enterprise structures is defined by set of conditions and factors which demand acceptance of the administrative decisions directed on their removal or on the adaptation to them.
There is no doubt, that the negative condition of the majority of the Russian enterprise structures is caused by effect of factors of the external and internal environment. Proceeding from it it is possible to draw a conclusion on necessity of purposeful regulation macroeconomic and microbusiness factors. And, if the behaviour of subjects of managing is dictated by mainly macroeconomic factors regulation should be directed, first of all, on creation of a favorable environment that is reached by working out and realisation obshcheekonomicheskih measures. And on the contrary, if microbusiness factors the state industrial policy should be focused on structural components and the account of regional features dominate.
Thus it is necessary to mean, that the more low in socially - economic hierarchy there is an object of desirable effect, the in bolshej degrees of its action are defined by "genetic socially - economic memory", or "a social and economic genotype", and the it is more difficult to force to change behaviour of object in the necessary direction by means of measures of state regulation (40). Reasonably there is a question: whether allow the conditions characterising the internal environment of the enterprises, and also an environment of each of them, to expect for effective functioning of the industry as a whole or these problems demand cardinal transformation of microeconomic structure industrially -
sti, and also re-structurings of subjects enterprise deja-telnosti?
In the economic literature (30) in this occasion there are two opposite points of view.
The first point of view is based that the industry of Russia is noncompetitive and there can not be that without complete modernisation, actually formations of the new industry. The base precondition of this approach consists in the mass, organised conclusion of the enterprises from operation or in universal closing of the enterprises, anyway what practical are potential bankrupts. The given situation is characterised by the slogan - "any support nizkorentabelnym to structures, and the profitable enterprises should rise independently on a sustainable development trajectory".
The opposite point of view recognises that the industrial enterprises are a core of a national economy and are guided by state regulation in critical conditions of instability to which it is possible to carry the developed position in enterprise structures, in particular, and in all industry as a whole.
According to G.Klejnera (30) which point of view we divide, the true lays on ways of evolutionary development of the existing industrial enterprises at a co-ordinating role of the state. However it is necessary to mean, that if in economic potential of the industrial enterprises there will be irreversible changes and the massed investments can appear simply fruitless, bezrezultativnymi. Investments potentially can become a powerful impulse only in that case when the economy already is in movement and conditions of realisation of investments in the form of a functioning investment infrastructure are created.
In domestic economy the enterprise, or an element institutsionalnoj social and economic structure, plays a special role.
In plano -
Howl, or command, to enterprise economy were considered in quality strukturoobrazujushchego the factor of growth of economy. And in this aspect was considered, that formation of a favorable environment is a necessary and sufficient condition for transformation of the enterprises from slow and inefficient subjects of managing of a stage of planned management of economy in the mobile market structures adapted for organizational-legal and tehniko-technological innovations, orien-tirovannym on satisfaction of public requirements.
Therefore the emphasis has been made, first of all, on macroeconomic factors, and the enterprise as institutsionalnyj an element it has appeared out of market transformations. The developed social and economic and financial structure of the enterprises came in not a condition adequate to market relations, and liberalisation of conditions of their functioning has not led to development of productive forces.
It is necessary to notice, that to considerable problems of microeconomic character existing earlier (high degree of deterioration of main funds, low demand for innovations, out-of-date technologies etc.) the new were added: falling of level of integrated approach and purposefulness of management; to-mining short-term objectives to the detriment of perspective and as consequence of it decrease vosproizvodstvennoj dynamics; growth of the social is strained-nosti in work collectives; decrease in competence of shots etc.
From these items for restoration, preservations and developments of natsional th economy basic significance has the activity analysis before-prinimatelskih structures in the system aspect, considering as their tehniko-technological, and vosproizvodstvennye the functions concentrated in space and distributed in time. The enterprise structure being the basic cell of economy, represents difficult multilevel productive and economic system. Sovremen -
nye enterprise structures represent a uniform prorecension-stvenno-economic and social the complexes united by the primary goal - issue of a certain kind of production or rendering of a various sort of services. Thus the enterprise purpose consists in reception of the greatest possible profit by minimisation of the expenses connected with production and realisation of production.
The enterprise structure is characterised by following basic lines:
First, variety of structure which is expressed in quantities diverse structural elements;
Secondly, mnogosvjazanostju elements it is industrial - economic system which is expressed available sets of the diversified communications between elements;
Thirdly, dynamism which consists in constant change of conditions of productive and economic system: in recurrence of production, its change in time, fluctuations of structure and communications of its elements, set of external and internal effects;
Fourthly, mnogokriterialnostju which is one of characteristic properties of productive and economic systems;
Fifthly, likelihood character of productions.
In quality concerning independent functional elements (subsystems), as a rule, are allocated:
Tehniko-technological;
The industrial;
Credit and financial;
The investment;
The marketing;
Organizational-administrative, etc.
Results of functioning of enterprise structure and character of firm it is defined by efficiency and synchronism (coordination) of work of all elements (subsystems). At the same time in the conditions of system crisis the special role is played only by the capacities presented by corresponding subsystems. Capacities of the enterprise, as a rule, are involved in a situation of the general negative background not completely. Both even not credit and financial and marketing. The cores are organizational-administrative decisions which are developed, introduced and realised in enterprise structure. The structure of a method of formation and acceptance of administrative decisions directly defines successful functioning of each of subsystems of the enterprise both its place and a role in the market.
Transformation of the enterprises in the conditions of formation of market model of managing, as a matter of fact, is the basic stage of economic transformations. The majority of the Russian subjects of managing harak-terizuetsja, on the one hand, high degree of deterioration of permanent assets, and with other - mismatching market relations structure of management and system intrafirm organizational-legal and tehniko - technological interactions. The most important problem of the domestic enterprises is the management condition, the purposeful installations generated recently as a result of corresponding effects (factors) and management methods is industrial - economic systems. Unconditionally, the part of problems of enterprise structures is inherited from former planned (administratively - command) period of management by economy, the part was generated in days of economic transformations.
At the same time for the majority of the Russian enterprises these problems start to acquire rather serious character that threatens their stable functioning, and by and large - and national eko -
nomiki Russia as a whole. The given questions and problems of development of the domestic industry the most obvious and seriously testify to threat of economic safety which, as a matter of fact, is structural making national security. In this connection the decision of the ripened problems is objectively necessary, and the main thing immediate. Proceeding from it and considering, that earlier formation of a favorable environment was the basic direction of economic transformations, we consider, that working out and realisation of the active microeconomic policy allowing as much as possible to consider potential of enterprise structures now is necessary and to adjust effective functioning of a market mechanism.
It is quite obvious, that the given problems should be decided, first of all, by enterprise structures. At the same time many enterprises not in a condition to conduct re-structuring process in the necessary direction. And on it, as a matter of fact, there are reasons and first of all the objective.
In the conditions of economic recession, payment crisis, an astable financial condition of enterprise structures practically only a small amount of subjects of managing in a condition independently to carry out re-structuring. From these items realisation of the co-ordinated system of preventive actions of the federal level covering all industry would be probably unique the correct decision. In this case there is a speech about working out and realisation of the large-scale strategic program of development and stable functioning of the Russian enterprise structures.
Modernisation and the re-structuring of enterprise structures directed on reduction of their functionality in conformity with requests of modern model of market economy should become a core of this program. Especially it is necessary to underline, that realisation in
The life of active microeconomic policy at all does not mean interference of the state in internal economic processes of the enterprise. This or that microeconomic policy in the form of branch, regional, scale, specific personal or any other priorities, privileges and preferentsy is realised in any state irrespective of degree of liberalisation of economy (30).
The state microeconomic policy should be considered not only as corresponding system of credit, tax levers or other financial measures of regulation of enterprise structures. In its arsenal are present a significant amount and other methods, the methods, allowing to influence not only external behaviour, but also on internal mechanisms and features of functioning of subjects of enterprise activity.
Therefore rational and purposeful use of these methods in a combination with one another will allow to strengthen, in our opinion, their efficiency and to reach objects in view. And from this point of view legally there is a question: first, how to affect enterprise structure, secondly, what should be enterprise structure. Unconditionally, in this case the second part of a question is important, and problems of working out and acceptance of organizational-administrative decisions become the key factor of stable and stable functioning of the enterprises.
Thereupon the primary goal of reforming of enterprise structure is reduced to formation of the internal environment (internal conditions) for stable functioning and enterprise development in the combined (harmonious) interaction with environment major factors to which as it is noted above concern (the legal environment, the economic environment, the political environment, the prirodno-climatic environment, the social environment, the scientific and technical environment).
For the purpose of the decision of the primary goals on perfection of functioning and development of enterprise structures by priority directions should become:
System of working out and acceptance of organizational-administrative decisions in enterprise structure;
Organizational structure of management of enterprise structure and a subsystem of its information-analytical maintenance;
Organizational-scientific and tehniko-technological system of the enterprise.
Mutual relations between system of management and controls the state;
The concept of reforming of each concrete enterprise structure should be formed with allowance for the economic organism of firm including the administrative mechanism, which sorientirovan on optimisation of scientific and technical and industrial-marketing activity of the enterprise. Concrete efforts should be directed on functional areas of the internal environment of the enterprise. When it is a question of the internal environment of firm, the global structure of the enterprise covering the industrial enterprises of firm, the financial, insurance, transport and other divisions entering into firm, irrespective of their site and a line of business means. Formation of the concept of reforming of the subject of economic activities assumes the account of all factors and the conditions arising in environment, irrespective of activity of concrete firm, but rendering or able to affect its functioning and consequently demanding acceptances of administrative decisions. The enterprise environment in this case is considered as a set of the real-life phenomena and the processes expressly or by implication influencing activity of enterprise structure, on level not -
opredelennostej both risks by working out and realisation administrative re-sheny. By working out of administrative decisions it is necessary to consider wasps-novnye of property of an environment to whom it is necessary to carry: dimensions, complexity, mobility, uncertainty and skill to communicate.
Dimensions are defined by number of elements of an environment which the enterprise, first of all, should consider by working out and realisation of administrative decisions.
Complexity is defined by expenditures of labour of material and intellectual resources on processing of demanded quantity of elements of an environment.
Mobility of an environment is defined by speed of artificial or natural change or updating of significance of parametres of its elements. Uncertainty is characterised by incompleteness or discrepancy of inflation about a current and perspective condition of elements of an environment and connected, first of all, with possibility of occurrence during realisation of the project of the company of adverse situations for it and consequences. Skill to communicate is characterised by level of mutual relations between enterprise structure and an environment. In the economic literature ** distinguish three levels of skill to communicate: complete interaction; primary interaction and primary counteraction.
The enterprise structure in managerial process itself defines, what factors and in what degree can influence results of its activity in a present situation and on prospect and conclusions of conducted is-followings or operative events are accompanied by working out of concrete means and methods for acceptance of corresponding administrative decisions. And, first of all, factors emerge and considered vnesh -
Makarov V, Klejner G.Barter in a transitional economy: features and tendencies//Economy and mathematical methods. - 1999. - №2.
It the environments affecting a condition and structure of the internal environment of the enterprise.
The special urgency is caused now by problems of adaptation of enterprise structures to conditions of market relations, and it is connected with following circumstances.
Transition from administrative to market economy has introduced in it set of the factors negatively influencing enterprise structure. It as a matter of fact movement in sphere of the increased risk, here again in all sharpness rises a problem of maintenance of economic safety of the enterprise known in world practice. Therefore in the conditions of market economy enterprise activity of the subject of managing with-prjazhena with the risk which nature is diverse enough. The risk is the integral attribute of market system of managing. Nepredska-zuemost enterprise activity and its results can result not only in undesirable result, but also complete ruin (ban-krotstvu).
The risk in business is naturally connected with management, with all functions - planning, the organisation, an operational administration, use of a manpower, the financial screening. Each of functions is connected in certain degree with risk and dictates necessity of formation adaptive to it managing systems. That is there is an objective necessity of formation of a control system of the enterprise risks based on knowledge of economic essence of risk, working out and realisation of corresponding strategy.
Therefore in modern conditions for maintenance stable and an enterprise sustainable development it is necessary to operate action external and internal in relation to firm of factors. Therefore special aktual -
nost cause questions of maintenance of economic stability of enterprise structures in the conditions of economic risk.
Absence in the majority of enterprise structures of skills of acceptance of optimum administrative decisions for stable functioning in the conditions of market relations, low level of knowledge in questions of maintenance of economic safety of the enterprises have essentially increased their vulnerability from negative factors of the external and internal environment.
Therefore, before to pass to questions of working out of organizational - administrative decisions and preventive actions in system of maintenance of economic safety of enterprise structures, it is necessary to be defined with the contents of concept risk and economic safety of the enterprise.
The category "risk" is a subject of studying of set of sciences. Last years the given concept from purely household area of human dialogue and the scientific term of theory of probabilities passes in the category widely used and takes the increasing sphere of application. The word "risk" has come to the English-speaking literature in the middle of XVIII century from France as concept - risky, doubtful. Now there are many definitions of concept the risk, opening the intrinsic moments of the given category from the different points of view and is appreciable differing depending on use sphere.
For example, in theory games the risk (risk function) is understood a floor-mat-maticheskoe as expectation of function of losses of any subject at game with at-rodoj.
In theory statistical otsenivanija the risk is understood as a population mean of function of losses at search of estimations of parametres of mathematical model or its structure.
In theory statistical decisions and in the statistical theory of recognition of images the risk is considered as regular expectation of losses. With reference to V.V. Shahov's insurance, considering concept of risk, notices, that the risk is a hypothetical possibility of approach of a damage (88).
The conclusion is done, that in case of approach of any undesirable event the damage will have certain size, and already then the probability of causing of this damage is defined. Thus, in insurance the risk is already defined as likelihood distribution. On the economic essence the risk acts as event with negative, especially unprofitable financial implications which, probably, will come in the future during any moment in the unknown sizes. As to management a category the risk is considered, first of all, as uncertainty of a result prediction. Within the limits of the given science exists three interconnected significances of this concept:
Measure of expected trouble at failure of the activity, defined by a combination of probability of failure and degree of adverse consequences in this case;
Action, in this or that relation threatening to the subject loss;
Choice situation between two possible variants of action: less attractive, but more reliable, and more attractive, but less reliable.
The analysis of numerous definitions of risk allows to reveal the intrinsic moments, characteristic as a whole for a brave situation to which it is expedient to carry the following:
Casual character of event which defines what of possible outcomes is realised in practice;
Availability of alternative decisions;
It are known or is possible to define probability of outcomes and expected results;
Probability of occurrence of losses or additional income reception.
From these items the category can be treated enterprise risk as the possible potential danger connected with economic activities of enterprise structure, really realised, probability evaluated for which minimisation of consequences resources and possibility are necessary a certain sort. More generally the risk is a threat of that the enterprise structure will have losses in the form of additional expenditures or will receive incomes below for what they expected. In this plan it is necessary to note prominent feature of enterprise risk. On the one hand, risk consequences are usually shown in the form of economic losses or impossibility of reception of an anticipated profit, and with other is at all only negative results of the accepted decisions.
Under certain conditions realisation of enterprise activity takes place not only danger not to reach planned result, but also probability to exceed an anticipated profit. Thus, the enterprise risk is characterised by a combination of possibility of achievement both negative, and positive results of activity of the subject of managing. It is quite clear, that in the first case the enterprise structure has the loss, and in the second — profit, i.e. Positive financial result of its activity.
As to essence of concept of such category, as economic safety of the enterprise it is necessary to note the following. Authors of known work (93,94) notice, that for understanding of essence of economic safety it is important to understand its communication with concepts "development" and "stability".
Development — one of components of economic safety. If the economy does not develop, at it resistibility and fitness to internal and external threats are sharply reduced survival possibility. Stability of economy reflects durability and reliability of its elements: vertical, horizontal and other communications in system, ability to maintain internal and external loads (93).
It is obvious, that the more ustojchivee economic system, a parity industrial and financially-banking capital, the the economy so, and the estimation of its safety will be enough high is more viable. Razbalansirovannost intraeconomic proportions between separate components of system conducts to its destabilization, that in turn is some kind of the indicator of transformation of economy from a condition safe to dangerous.
Academician V.K.Senchagov defines essence of economic safety as a condition of economy and power institutes at which are supplied guaranteed защита1 national interests, a social orientation of a policy, sufficient defensive potential even at nebla-goprijatnyh conditions of development of internal and external processes (93).
The carried out research shows, that recently problems of economic safety are often enough considered in an economic theory. However methodological approaches have basically the limited and unilateral character, and are in most cases carried out on the settled template.
In our opinion, economic safety is necessary for considering, on the one hand, as a material basis of national security, and with other — as complete and uniform purposeful system. It follows from this, that economic safety acts as a guarantor of stable, stable development of the country and its independence. Such approach allows not only to present system of economic safety gosu -
darstva as a whole, but also is the important methodological basis for consideration of economic systems of more bottom hierarchical order (region, branch, the enterprise, housekeeping in particular etc.).
It is necessary to notice, that in modern conditions on decision-making level distinguish macroeconomic risk and risk at level of enterprise structures (microeconomic risk). In the conditions of functioning of planned or command-administrative economy the basic share of risk fell to macroeconomic level - national economy level. With transition of economic system to market conditions of managing the accent of risk was displaced on a microeconomic level — level of enterprise structures. The risk accompanies enterprise activity at its various stages, and it is a lot of reasons for occurrence of a brave situation. The reason of occurrence of risk causes uncertainty of an outcome of a situation.
From the given item it is possible to carry to sources of enterprise risk:
First, an environment condition in relation to enterprise structure, and also directly sort and character of its activity (the objective factor);
Secondly, a condition of internal circle of the subject of managing, and also the person of the businessman, its qualification, purposefulness in achievement of objects in view of business (the subjective factor).
Proceeding from it it is possible to draw a conclusion: the result of functioning of enterprise structure is defined, on the one hand, by set of factors of an objective and subjective order, and with other - there is an objective necessity of formation of system of economic stability of the subject of managing.
Having found out from the methodological point of view essence of concept of economic safety in general, we will consider the conceptual device of economic safety of the enterprise.
Economic safety as a material basis of national security is defined by a condition of the economic system which efficiency of functioning, first of all, depends on productivity of set of enterprise structures. The economic system is in a stable condition only in the event that she leans against powerful enough manufacturing capabilities which basis is made by the advanced subjects of managing capable successfully to solve a problem and to reach of objects in view of business. The enterprise as an individual cell of economic system makes the most direct impact on its stable and dynamical development, and from this item the essential moment are questions of maintenance of its own economic safety. Experts of Institute of the strategic analysis and business development consider, that economic safety of the enterprise is such condition of the given managing subject at which vital a component of structure and enterprise activity it is characterised by high degree of security from undesirable changes (93).
There is also other approach. Economic safety of the enterprise (EBP) is a security of the vital interests of the enterprise from the internal and external threats, organised by administration and collective of the enterprise by realisation of system of measures of legal, economic, technical and socially-psychological character. Thus, first, the security condition has dynamical character; in - the second, the threat proceeding from within of the enterprise, is not less dangerous, than from the outside, and, in the third, system EBP should interact on a legal basis with the state system of maintenance of economic safety (94).
The resulted definitions of concept EBP contain the basic metodolo-gicheskie positions of the theory of safety. It is fairly noticed, that at maintenance of economic safety the enterprise is not threatened with danger or there is a security from internal or external threats, and also, despite action of destructive factors, it has possibility stably to function in the market and to reach business objects in view. Therefore the given treatments have the right to existence as each of them, sufficiently, opens intrinsic bases of concept EBP.
In our opinion, category EBP should be considered, first of all, as a condition having certain structure. The structural aspect of a problem assumes allocation of the basic functional elements influencing process of maintenance EBP.
The basic functional elements of maintenance EBP its stable, a sustainable development are labour, material, financial, intellectual and information resources (corporate resources). Result of maintenance EBP is stability of its functioning and profitableness of financial and economic activity (fig. 1.1).
Thus, economic safety of the enterprise can be characterised as the condition of the managing subject defined most by an effective utilisation of its corporate resources which allows it to carry out stable dynamics, to achieve objects in view of business in the conditions of negative effect of set of factors of internal and external threats.
Proceeding from functional elements of economic safety of the enterprise, the basic directions of its maintenance are defined. The basic directions of maintenance of economic safety of the subject ho-zjajstvovanija are:

Fig. 1.1. Structure of the basic functional elements and directions of maintenance of economic safety of the enterprise
Protection material and financial resources;
Physical protection of staff and its effective management;
Intellectual property protection;
Protection of information resources.
Enterprise activity in market economy is carried out in the conditions of uncertainty, therefore by the primary goal of the enterprise
Is the correct estimation of possible risk, revealing of the factors strengthening it, and a choice of management methods it.
Management (minimisation) of risk from the businessman is understood as process of optimum cost distribution on decrease in times-personal of kinds of risk in the conditions of limitation of the economic resources, stipulating achievement of the maximum level in the given conditions of economic safety of the enterprise.
Therefore the purpose of risk management for the businessman is achievement of safety of functioning within the limits of the structure created by it on the basis of formation of system of economic safety.
In the modern literature the point of view according to which profit maximisation is not the major purpose of creation and firm functioning prevails. As an unequivocal and indisputable priority long-term maintenance of viability of the enterprise can act. The profit is necessary to have possibility to finance the investment: it represents means for purpose achievement, instead of the purpose.
Formation of system of economic safety within the limits of the enterprise is a necessary condition of maintenance of stability and development of own business in the conditions of instability of an environment.
It is caused by that at smashup of the business occurs not only loss material and financial resources, but also the infrastructure supplying continuous process of enterprise activity which financial, industrial, organizational and information interrelations concern, and also the checked up staff collapses. All it, unconditionally, staticizes a problem of creation of system of economic safety of the enterprise in the conditions of instability of an environment.
Thus the complex system of safety organised according to the current legislation and combining following actions can be the effective only:
Physical - creation of obstacles for access to protected property, the finance, the information;
Administrative — introduction of the corresponding mode of operation of the enterprise, security service creation;
Economic - measures of material stimulation, financing of protective actions;
Technical - use of means and protection system;
Program - use of modern information technologies, databases, systems of protection against not authorised access to them etc.
Morally-ethical — measures of moral effect, educational work, working out of codes of behaviour, creation of atmosphere of corporate spirit, partnership of adherents, etc. (63).
Speaking about system EBP, it is necessary to notice, that the integration factor of the given system, allowing to define compatibility and structure of its elements, participation of each of them in end result reception is.
Proceeding from it, it is represented, that system EBP definition should include a number of characteristics which allow to focus this consideration:
First, on detection of components (elements) by the given system of integrity;
Secondly, on revealing of specific qualities of each of system EBP parts;
Thirdly, on analytical studying of communications, relations and dependence of these elements among themselves;
Fourthly, on generalisation of parts in their qualitative definiteness and the interaction opening properties of system EBP as a unit;
Fifthly, on knowledge of a functional purpose of a role and efficiency of effect of system EBP on Wednesday of functioning and the return influence of environment on the given system.
The given approach to system EBP research allows to focus scientific search on the comprehensive account of communications, relations, interactions of elements of the given system as a whole with Wednesday of its existence and funk-tsionirovanija. It allows to find out and comprehend internal mechanisms of system EBP which supply its condition in uniform integrity, conditions of their stability, limiting borders of variability etc.
It is necessary to notice, that any system, in particular system EBP (SEBP), owing to internal and external contradictions tends to change and development. In this connection system research of such difficult system as SEBP, should unite with a development principle that allows to learn system in dynamics which is accompanied by changes and force of effect of factors of an environment of functioning.
From the theoretical point of view any system, in particular SEBP, is, first of all, the integrity, expressed that integration of its corresponding elements (subsystems) has objectively necessary character. Integration is carried out not only on formal, but also to substantial signs that is caused by unity of their problems and the purposes, fundamental connection and interaction in the course of functioning.
With reference to SEBP it means, that it includes those functional subsystems which promote satisfaction of requirements and interests of the subject of economic activities in stable and stable functioning in the market in the structure. Uniform essence SEBP supplies unity of the contents of activity, a uniform orientation in realisation of problems and the purposes facing to each of its functional subsystems. Supplying achievement of the purposes of the business, all functional subsystems should be organically connected among themselves and interact in
The adjustment process, directed on stable and stable functioning of the subject of managing in the conditions of internal and external threats.
Thus, the system of economic safety of the enterprise represents integration of corresponding functional subsystems which, being in interconnected and vzaimoobuslovlennom a condition, ensure safety of functioning of enterprise structure in corresponding directions of activity in the conditions of instability of the external and internal environment.
From the given item it is possible to admit:
First, system EBP does not represent developed settled structure. Most likely, it is possible to speak about existence of the subsystems (elements) necessary for its formation which yet have been not integrated into uniform integrity;
Secondly, the requirement for creation SEBP speaks increasing claims, requirements and interests of the enterprise in stable functioning a commodity market and services;
Thirdly, the requirement for economic safety, on the one hand, is dictated by interests of separately taken subject of managing in achievement of objects in view of business, and with other — from a macroeconomic item - interests of national economy as a whole, recognising that the enterprise is the basic link (cell) in economic system and from results of its activity rates of economic growth of all country, in the issue, depend.
Recognising that functional elements EBP labour, material, financial and information resources of the subject of managing are, it is possible to allocate the basic directions of maintenance of safety which execute corresponding subsystems of maintenance:
Safety of a property complex of the enterprise (material resources);
Safety of use of a manpower;
Protection of financial resources of enterprise structure;
Protection of information resources of the enterprise.
Thus, economic safety of the enterprise (break-even of its economic activities, independence, stability) will depend in many respects on how it will work in the conditions of uncertainty, economic risk.
Therefore the decision-making problem makes an essence of any purposeful activity regarding achievement of safety of the subject.
Actually administrative decision is a choice of alternative for the sake of achievement of the purposes of enterprise structure. Organizational - administrative decision can be treated as result of the analysis, forecasting, optimisation, an economic substantiation and, in the issue, a choice of alternative from set of alternatives of achievement of an object in view.
Object of acceptance of the administrative decision is activity of enterprise structure in system of its economic safety irrespective of its pattern of ownership. First of all, the subsystem of maintenance of safety of a property complex of the enterprise, a subsystem of maintenance of safety of use of a manpower, a subsystem of maintenance of protection of financial resources and a subsystem of maintenance of protection of information resources of the enterprise should become objects of decision-making. Economic safety of functioning of the above-named subsystems, in particular, supplies as a whole stable, forward development of all enterprise structure.
By working out and acceptance of the organizational-administrative decision it is necessary to mean two circumstances. First, as a rule, justices -
The administrative decision at the enterprise - result not an individual choice of the separate individual, and difficult multiplane and mnogoetapnogo group process. Secondly, the administrative decision in the organisation far not always is optimum.
The organizational-administrative decision as a whole covers such functions, as:
Planning (for what the system of values of the organisation, what strategy and what tactics are necessary for achievement of objects in view etc.);
The organisation (how to structure enterprise work, whether it is necessary to change structure of the organisation because of instability of an environment and t.
d.);
Motivation (what requirements of employees, are how much satisfied these requirements at organisation movement to its purpose etc.);
The control (how to define an overall performance as often it is necessary to conduct a control estimation etc.).
No doubt ¦ process of working out of organizational - administrative decision in a risk situation should not proceed chaotically, and to have certain logic sequence. As a matter of fact, the methodology of acceptance of administrative decisions has received the risk management name. A basis of the given logic constructions is the thesis about necessity of formation of the expert system which purpose is the risk prediction, its estimation and granting of the information for decision-making, and also a choice of measures on its minimisation.
In a case when the subject getting to a situation of risk and making decision, the separate individual is, he incurs a role of expert system. If it is a question of the collective subject, here there can be more difficult constructions and more often there is a division of expert system and the persons, making the decision.
Let's result factors which influence the subjects, making the decision in the conditions of a relative freedom in choosing '*:
The factors connected with properties of the person, making the decision: stable preferences in behaviour, including. Propensity to risk, work, resoluteness, responsibility. Especially it is necessary to allocate a social factor, i.e. Alone or not the decision is made. In comparison with individual some distinctive features are inherent in process of group decision-making: collective decisions are less subjective and are connected with bolshej probability of realisation. There is a phenomenon of shift of risk and the group polarisation, testifying that group decisions are not reduced to the sum of individual decisions and after realisation of group discussion level of riskiness and group and individual decisions in comparison with the initial increases.
The factors connected with conditions of an environment. The role of factors of an environment is shown first of all that they can limit quantity of alternatives.
The factor defined by availability of resources. There is an opinion, that the more means for purpose achievement, the less size of risk and possibility of a deviation from the purpose. However it is impossible to name the given point of view true. Activity is carried out in the conditions of rational risk, assumes availability not the maximum resources, and optimum. Therefore from this item such factor, as time resource is rather essential. Deficiency of time in the conditions of acceptance of the administrative decision makes essential impact on probability of the erroneous phenomena as for short time possibility of serious study problyomjraktor is excluded, defined by availability of the objective information. Often enough objective information comes to the contradiction with the subjective
** Kruglov A.V.theor of formation and feature of development of enterprise structures in Russia / Under nauch. red. Dr.s ekon. Sciences of the prof. of h.p. of Tarasevich. - SPb.: Publishing house SpbGuEf, 2004.
Perception of a situation. In case of absence of the objective information neob-hodimo availability of intuition at the subject, making the decision.
As a result of an establishment of availability of risk in the revealed alternatives and estimations of this risk there is a possibility of ranging of present variants of actions by a principle of an acceptability of risk containing in them: for example, the risk is comprehensible completely (assumption of risk); the risk is unacceptable in general (aversion of risk); the risk is comprehensible partially.
As assumption of risk, as a rule, understand the account of possibility of adverse threats for the subject and the damage connected with it. It is possible to name threat such changes in external or internal circle of the subject which lead to undesirable changes of object of safety (material, labour, financial and information resources). In turn for the subject or its complete loss it is accepted to name undesirable change of qualities of object of safety, decrease in its value a damage.
Being based on the given items it is possible to define strategy of economic safety of the enterprise as set of the most significant organizational-administrative decisions directed on maintenance of comprehensible level of safety of its functioning. For realisation of this problem at level of enterprise structure formation of system of the analysis and management of economic risk is necessary. In this occasion it is necessary to note the following.
First, the given system is absolutely original, inherent only to the certain, concrete enterprise. It is caused by distinction in industrial structure, the personnel potential, a certain level of development of a tehniko-technological component of the enterprise etc.
Secondly, with allowance for individualities of each separate system of the analysis and management of risks, define base methodological bases of the decision on formation of such system.
Thirdly, necessity of formation of the given system is initially caused by market type of the economic relations generating enterprise risk.
The analysis and management system enterprise risk includes set of the consecutive, interconnected stages of the activity systematised and sorientirovannyh to problems of techniques, methods, the models, allowing to reveal, evaluate and reduce effect of enterprise risk to comprehensible level with minimum expenses of corporate resources (fig. 1.2).
Analysis and management process by enterprise risk represents logic sequence of the following interconnected stages:
Stage. Realisation of the forecast of risk factors.
Stage. Definition and a risk level estimation.
Stage. Revealing of admissible restrictions (risk limits).
Stage. A choice of methods, methods of risk management.
Stage. Acceptance of the organizational-administrative decision for choice the optimal variant of actions on risk minimisation.
Stage. The control over fulfilment of the made decision; acceptance in case of need measures on updating of management methods by risk.
Decided in the course of the analysis and management of enterprise risk of a problem it is possible to unite in two big groups:
With 1 on 4 stage - analitiko-administrative, and 5 and 6 stage - is executive-coordination.
At the first stage the complex of problems among which are allocated such as is decided:

Fig. 1.2. The scheme of system of the analysis and management of enterprise risk: the forecast of risk factors and preventive actions for maintenance of safety of functioning of enterprise structures
Revealing of sources of risk and its possible kinds;
Forecasting of principal views of risk for concrete enterprise structure;
- Definition of objects which this or that kind of risk influences.
The second stage is connected with definition and a risk level estimation. This moment is very important as gives the chance to carry out the risk forecast. Risk definition is actually set of analytical measures with which help the forecast of possibility of reception of positive or negative result enterprise deja-telnosti is carried out. The given problem, as a rule, is connected with definition of size of a possible damage. Account of size of a possible damage is possible on the basis of use of various methods to which it is necessary to carry statistical, expert and settlement-analytical methods.
The primary goal of the third stage is revealing of admissible restrictions or maximum permissible significances of risk. For an estimation of degree of an acceptability of enterprise risk it is necessary to allocate zones of risk depending on the predicted size of losses. In the economic literature the zone, a zone of admissible risk, a zone of critical risk, a zone of catastrophic risk are allocated bezriskovaja. The main thing in an estimation of enterprise risk - possibility of construction of a curve of risk and definition of zones and indicators of admissible, critical and catastrophic risks. The analysis of admissible limits of risk is carried out on the basis of comparison of size of a predicted damage to a break-even point and as a whole with risk zones. For a substantiation of administrative decisions in the conditions of enterprise risk it is possible to use marzhinalnyj the analysis which technique bases on studying of parities of the major economic indicators (costs, volume of production and production realisation, profit, a damage).
At the fourth stage the choice of methods, methods of risk management is carried out. Risk management — multistage process which has the purpose to reduce or compensate a damage for object at on -
stuplenii adverse events. All it demands revealing of a method of effect of the subject of management on object of management. The choice of a method of effect on risks has the purpose to minimise a possible damage in the future. As a rule, each kind of risk supposes two-three traditional methods of its reduction. Therefore there is a problem of an estimation of comparative economic efficiency of methods of effect on risk for a choice optimum of them.
The basic methods of effect on risk can be grouped in following directions:
Decrease - a risk exception, decrease in probability of occurrence of risk, decrease in a possible damage;
Preservation - without financing, financial reservation (own sources), attraction of external sources;
Transfer - insurance, reception of financial warranties, other methods (contractual, legal etc.
After a choice of optimum methods of effect on concrete risks there is a possibility to generate the general strategy of management by all complex of risks. It is the fifth stage of acceptance of organizational - administrative decisions when are defined necessary financial, material and a manpower, there is a statement and distribution of problems, the analysis of the markets is carried out, consultations of experts are carried out.
Acceptance of the organizational-administrative decision includes:
- Reception of the preliminary results based on the analysis of the decision of corresponding problems (realisation of the forecast of risk factors; definition and a risk level estimation; revealing of admissible restrictions (risk limits); a choice of methods, methods of management of risks); an estimation of a current situation of enterprise structure in the market;
Substantiation of methods of optimum control of risks and a choice of a preferable variant of actions which promotes minimisation of losses (to a finding of sources for damage indemnification);
The organisation of performance of the chosen optimum alternative of actions (statement of problems to executors; definition of forces and the means necessary for the decision of tasks in view; the organisation and coordination of current actions on risk minimisation).
And, at last, a final sixth stage of risk management is the control and updating of results of the chosen strategy with allowance for the new information. The control consists in reception of the information on the received losses and the accepted measures under their indemnification.
It is necessary to notice, that to certain intervals there should be a revision of data about efficiency of used measures on management of risks with allowance for information on change of factors of an environment.
The above-stated allows to draw a conclusion on necessity of creation within the limits of enterprise structure of system of economic safety.
In our opinion, the system of economic safety of the enterprise should include following structural blocks: object of safety, the subject of safety; the mechanism of maintenance of safety; preventive actions for safety maintenance. Besides, system EBP has the purpose and the certain problems which decision allows to reach it (fig. 1.3).
Main objective of given system EBP is maintenance of stable and stable functioning of the subject of managing on the basis of duly revealing and prevention of dangers and the threats initiated in internal and an environment.
It, in turn, stipulates fulfilment by system EBP of some the interconnected problems:
System of economic safety of the enterprise (SEBP)
Structural elements SEBP
Object of safety
The subject of safety
The mechanism of maintenance SEBP
Safety factors:
The financial
The material
The labour
Information resources of the enterprise
The organizational structures of management attending to maintenance EBP (functions of the subject bezopas-nosti)
Organizational-legal; economic, socially - psychological methods, methods, stimulus
System principles of formation and functioning SEBP
Integrated approach,
Continuity,
Legitimacy,
Efficiency,
Coordination
Fig. 1.3. Structurally-element structure of system of maintenance of economic safety of the enterprise
Forecasting of real and potential dangers and threats to the concrete enterprise;
Creation of adequate methods and the preventive actions directed on prevention of threats, and liquidation of consequences of their effect;
Account of the resource base necessary for the purposes of maintenance of economic safety of the subject of managing;
Formation of organizational-regular structure - services of economic safety of the enterprise.
The object of safety, as a rule, is understood as all that, on what efforts on safety maintenance are directed.
It is necessary to carry to them:
Financial, material, technical, information, intellectual and other resources of the enterprise;
Staff of the enterprise;
Industrial, commercial, investment, financial, marketing and administrative activity of the enterprise.
Corresponding experts and the services directly attending to maintenance of economic safety of enterprise structure concern subjects of safety of firm.
Formation of expedient structure of service EBP probably at realisation of the analysis of all functions of maintenance of economic safety and allocation of what most adequately correspond to a profile of activity of firm.
In the literature (64) it is noticed, that the service of economic safety of the enterprise executes, as a rule, following functions:
Administrative (it is realised through definition of authorities, the rights, responsibilities and responsibility of officials concerning maintenance of safety of object);
Economic (it is realised by sharing of service of economic safety in definition of the resources necessary for the decision of problems of safety of object, preparation and realisation of actions for maintenance of safety of property, financial, intellectual and other property);
Registration (it is carried out by allocation of the most important directions of enterprise activity and works on the organisation svoevre -
mennogo detection of external and internal threats of financial soundness of object, an estimation of their sources, record-keeping of the negative factors influencing a condition of safety of object);
Socially-personnel (it is realised in direct sharing of service of economic safety in selection and placement of personnel, revealing of negative tendencies, the possible reasons and conditions of the social is strained-nosti, the prevention and localisation of social conflicts);
Administrative (it is directed on formation of effective organizational structure of management by process of maintenance of safety);
Organizational-technical (it is carried out by the organisation of material and financial maintenance of activity of system of economic safety, development of a special equipment, assistance in development of new technologies for special activity);
Scientifically-methodical (it is realised in scientific workings out on problems of maintenance of safety, and also methodical support of activity in this area);
Information-analytical (it is expressed in the tax, accumulation and the analysis of the information, concerning sphere of safety on the basis of modern information technologies).
Formation of own service EBP, as a rule, depends on the sizes of the enterprise, its economic, financial, is industrial - technical, information, intellectual, professional and other possibilities. Maintenance of economic safety of the enterprise - is labour-consuming and expensive process. By estimations of some experts-experts, expenses for formation of system of economic safety of the enterprise and its optimum performance can reach 25 % of expenses for all process of production (93).
The analysis of foreign practice has allowed to draw a conclusion that small enterprises use external specialised private structures more often.
The enterprises of the average sizes use in most cases mixed system of economic safety. It is caused by that, on the one hand, there is an objective necessity of reception of services from the external organisations, and with other — use of own possibilities with the purposes of maintenance of safety of activity.
Major concerns, as a rule, have only own security service. Activity of this service is headed and co-ordinated by one of directors. For development of offers and fulfilment of advisory functions there can be an advice on safety.
One of basic elements of system of economic safety of enterprise structure is the mechanism of maintenance of safety of the enterprise. The mechanism of maintenance EBP is characterised by set of rules of law, motives, stimulus, and also methods and methods with which help the subject of safety influences object of safety for achievement of economic stability of enterprise structure.
No doubt, the system of economic safety of the enterprise successfully functions only in the event that it is developed on the basis of certain principles. Main principles of construction of system of economic safety are in detail formulated in work (23).
Let's result some of them.
• Integrated approach or sistemnost. The principle assumes creation of such system which will supply security of the enterprise, its property, staff, the information, various lines of business from every possible dangers and threats.
Continuity. The safety system should be constructed so that it constantly would supply protection of economic interests of the enterprise in the conditions of risk.
Legitimacy. All work on maintenance of safety of the enterprise should be carried out on the basis of the current legislation.
Efficiency. The system of economic safety should function so that expenses for its creation were economically expedient. It assumes, that the cumulative result of activity of the enterprise should be more than expenses for maintenance of its safety, the economic sense of introduction of the system of economic safety differently is lost.
Interaction. For maintenance of safety of the enterprise it is necessary, that efforts of responsible persons, services, divisions have been co-ordinated, duplication was excluded. The given principle assumes an establishment of close contacts and the coordination of actions with the external organisations (law enforcement bodies, governing bodies etc.), capable to render the necessary help in maintenance of economic safety.
The condition of economic safety of the enterprise is characterised by set qualitative and quantity indicators, the major among which is level of economic safety.
Level of economic safety of the enterprise is a certain condition of the subject of the economic activities, characterised by corresponding degree (efficiency) of use of its corporate resources which supply to it stable and stable functioning. And in this sense most the effective utilisation of corporate resources (production factors) defines more a high level of economic safety of the enterprise, and, on the contrary, their less effective use - lower (23).
In this connection it is possible to speak about a concrete (certain) range of economic safety of the enterprise. We will underline, that each concrete enterprise owing to certain factors has that or other level of economic safety corresponding to the certain period of time (actual level EBP).
No doubt, level of economic safety of the enterprise is a condition which is not something to constants, it can be changed and be regulated from lower level of economic safety to higher on the basis of a various sort of preventive actions. To judge an indicator of safety of the enterprise it is possible in the event that correctly to answer only a question and what maximum permissible level of economic safety for the concrete separately taken enterprise is. Therefore, having compared these two indicators (actual and maximum permissible level EBP), it is possible to draw a certain conclusion on a situation in which there is a subject of managing.
The enterprise for the purpose of achievement most a high level of economic safety should carry out preventive actions for maintenance of the maximum safety of its structural links. Structural links (elements) of economic safety of the enterprise (financial, material, labour, intellectual, information resources) are characterised by own contents, a set of criteria and methods of maintenance.
It is necessary to notice, that maintenance of economic safety of the enterprise is the permanent cyclic process directed on realisation of functional strategy for the purpose of prevention of possible damages and achievement of a maximum level of economic safety of the enterprise. In turn realisation of each of functional strategy promotes achievement of a main purpose of economic safety of the enterprise. Each functional strategy has own struk -
To round podtselej, stipulated by functional expediency and an enterprise kind of work. In this connection formation of target structure EBP is the important component of process of maintenance of its economic safety.
Definition of level of economic safety on functional elements - a problem difficult enough and labour-consuming. In the literature (63, 64, 58) there are certain methodological approaches by definition of level of economic safety of the enterprise, as a rule, based on methods of expert estimations. The estimation of level of economic safety becomes complicated also that a spectrum of effects of factors of an environment on a separate functional component of economic safety in the conditions of risk wide enough, therefore not always it is possible to consider degree of influence of each of them. Nevertheless, importance of the given problem for effective functioning of the enterprise is very great (63).
For example, in work (58), in particular, it is offered to evaluate level of economic safety of the enterprise on the basis of the definition of cumulative criterion of the economic safety expected on the basis of opinions of qualified experts by private functional criteria of economic safety of the enterprise. Private functional criteria of economic safety of the enterprise for each of its components settle up on the basis of damages of economic safety of the enterprise and efficiency of preventive actions for their prevention.
Above nie the general level of economic safety of the enterprise assumes realisation of the detailed, functional analysis of a condition of basic elements of economic safety of the enterprise. The given analysis has the purpose to reveal factors of increase of efficiency of preventive measures on maintenance of each of structural links of economic safety of firm. Besides it the functional analysis gives vozmozh -
nost to experts of firm to correct functional system of obes-baking of economic safety of the subject of managing according to conditions internal and an environment. Quite obviously there is a question on degree of influence of this or that functional element on a condition and level EBP as a whole.
For an estimation of degree of influence of functional elements on a condition and the general level of economic safety of the enterprise it is necessary to define:
Essence of a functional element of economic safety of the enterprise;
The major factors influencing a functional element;
The basic processes influencing maintenance of economic safety on a functional element;
The criteria reflecting level of economic safety of the enterprise for corresponding functional element;
Preventive actions for maintenance of the greatest possible level of economic safety of the enterprise for the given element.
In the course of the analysis it is necessary to allocate the factors influencing a condition of a functional element of economic safety of the enterprise, and it is expedient to allocate internal and external effects, subjects of these effects, and also methods which are used for maintenance of its economic safety (58).
Actually maintenance EBP represents difficult system of numerous directions, measures, methods and methods which the enterprises depending on a condition and environment factors are defined particularly on each of them separately.
Initially process of maintenance of economic safety of the enterprise begins with working out of its strategy. In strategy of economic safety of the enterprise are set quantitative and qualitative orien -
Shooting galleries of maintenance of functional components and as a whole a condition of safety of enterprise structure, the optimal scheme of use in these purposes of resources is provided, organizational-administrative actions and interaction of corresponding divisions are developed.
Working out of strategy of economic safety of enterprise structure includes following stages:
Definition of main objectives and problems of economic safety of the subject of managing;
Forecasting of negative factors of the external and internal environment of enterprise structure;
Creation of system and structure of economic safety of the enterprise; working out of its basic functions and the mechanism of maintenance of safety;
System engineering of criteria and indicators of economic safety of the enterprise; formation of system of methods of the analysis of economic risk;
Definition of the resource maintenance necessary with the purposes of maintenance of economic safety of enterprise structure;
Formation of the basic directions of maintenance of economic safety of the enterprise with allowance for changes of factors of the external and internal environment;
Estimation of economic efficiency of working out and realisation pre-ventivnyh actions for maintenance of economic safety of pre-acceptance.
As an intermediate result we will notice, that economic safety of the enterprise can be supplied, if will be defined vazh-nejshie strategic directions of safety of business, the accurate logic system of duly detection and liquidation of the possible is constructed
Dangers and threats, and also reduction of consequences of enterprise risk.
In domestic economy the enterprise, or an element institutsio-nalnoj social and economic structure, plays a special role. In planned, or command, enterprise economy were considered in quality strukturoobrazujushchego the factor of growth of economy. And in this aspect was considered, that formation of a favorable environment is a necessary and sufficient condition for transformation of the enterprises from slow and inefficient subjects of managing of a stage of planned management of economy in the mobile market structures adapted for organizational-legal and tehniko-technological innovations, orien-tirovannym on satisfaction of public requirements.
Therefore the emphasis has been made, first of all, on macroeconomic factors, and the enterprise as institutsionalnyj an element it has appeared out of market transformations. The developed social and economic and financial structure of the enterprises came in not a condition adequate to market relations, and liberalisation of conditions of their functioning has not led to development of productive forces.
From these items for restoration, preservations and national economy developments basic significance has the analysis of activity of enterprise structures in the system aspect, considering as their that-niko-technological, and vosproizvodstvennye functions, skontsentriro-bathrooms in space and distributed in time. The enterprise structure, being the basic cell of economy, represents difficult multilevel productive and economic system. Modern enterprise structures represent the uniform productive and economic and social complexes united by the primary goal - issue of a certain kind of production or rendering of a various sort of services. Thus the enterprise purpose consists in reception maksi -
malno possible profit by minimisation of the expenses connected with production and realisation of production.
In quality concerning independent functional elements (subsystems) of the enterprise, as a rule, are allocated: tehniko - technological; the industrial; credit and financial; the investment; the marketing; organizational-administrative, etc.
The analysis of the carried out research has shown, that results funktsio-nirovanija enterprise structure and character of firm is defined by efficiency and synchronism (coordination) of work of all elements (subsystems). At the same time in the conditions of system crisis a special role play not only the capacities presented by corresponding subsystems. Capacities of the enterprise, as a rule, are involved in a situation of the general negative background not completely. Both even not credit and financial and marketing. The cores are organizational-administrative decisions which are developed, introduced and realised in enterprise structure. Therefore scientifically reasonable methodology of formation and acceptance of administrative decisions directly defines successful functioning of each of subsystems of the enterprise both its place and a role in the market in modern conditions.
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A source: Kruglov Andrey Vjacheslavovich. METHODOLOGY of WORKING out And ACCEPTANCE of ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS In ENTERPRISE STRUCTURES. 2005

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  13. Ahmeds TIMUR CHINGIZOVICH. COUNTERACTION METHODS to WRONGFUL USE of the INSIDER INFORMATION And the MANIPULATION the MARKET In SYSTEM of MAINTENANCE of ECONOMIC SAFETY of the STATE. The DISSERTATION ON COMPETITION of the SCIENTIFIC DEGREE of the CAND.ECON.SCI. St.-Petersburg -, 2014 2014
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