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Comparison ofbrief terms IJA and PJA at is formal-semantic level


In overwhelming majority of cases brief English terms have brief Russian equivalents (80 %); much less often to them there correspond compound Russian terms (20 %). In the present section we will carry out the comparative analysis of the internal form of brief terms IJA and PJA which, as a rule, form a basis for formation of the compound terms expressing patrimonial concepts.
In this respect it is impossible to speak about divergences in lexical structure or morfo-syntactic structure of the terms reflecting giper-giponimicheskie the relations. At the same time it is represented to us expedient and comparison of word-formation structure of brief units IJA and PJA: in our opinion, scientific interest represents a question, whether there is a communication between morphological structure of the term and features of its transfer.
Our material testifies that the majority of English terms-nouns with a root basis perevodshchsja the corresponding Russian term-word: asset - asset; market - the market; price - the price; right - the right; tax - the tax, etc., - which internal form also can be recreated only as a result of the etymological analysis.
Among Russian equivalents of English brief terms loan words and bases - in every fourth case are widely presented. As a rule, noted terms concern international lexicon and have the same origin speaking another language both in IJA, and in PJA, that is have been borrowed by these languages during previous epoch. Thus, and in these cases loss of the internal form is characteristic for terms of both languages.
In diahronicheskom the plan with reference to international terms it is possible to speak about a transcription and transliteration which represent the fact of drawing of the sound (alphabetic) form of the term speaking another language, allowing to avoid any distortions of a meaning while translating. In the synchronic plan to speak about availability of translational transformations already it is impossible, as the term origin emerges only as a result of the analysis of its etymology: term drawing has occurred several centuries ago and the form which has appeared in language as a result of a transcription or a transliteration, assimilated (that is expressed in a word-formation and morphological paradigm of borrowed language unit).
The significant part of the English and Russian terms presented in our sample (71 conformity - 20,7 % of all key terms), has the general speaking another language (as a rule, Latin, Greek, is more rare - French) an origin.
Following terms have the general Greek basis: analysis the-analysis; base - base; cycle - a cycle; method - a method; period - the period; risk - risk; strategy - strategy; theory - the theory and others.
From Latin language the majority of bases is borrowed: effect-effect (goes back to Latin effectus); contract - the contract (from an armour. contractus); director - the director (from an armour. director); line - a line (from an armour. Npea); instrument - the tool (from an armour. instrumentum); material - a material (from an armour.
materialis); pension - pension (from an armour. pensio); model - model (from an armour. modulus); client - the client (from an armour. cliens); factor - the factor (from an armour. factor); product - a product (from an armour. productum); project - the project (from an armour.
projectus or projectum); process - process (from an armour. processus), etc.
Many terms have Latin roots, but have come both to English, and in Russian from French (Old French): class - a class (through frants. classe from an armour. classis); finance - the finance (from frants. finances from an armour. finantia); plan - the plan (through frants. plan from an armour. planta); principle - a principle (from frants. principe from an armour. principium); reserve - a reserve (from frants. reserve from an armour. reservare); resource - a resource (from frants. res source from an armour. resurgere). Latin fundus (bottom) has acted as a basis for formation of an English word fund and French fonds; the last has been borrowed by Russian (fund).
Some terms have various sources of drawing in Russian and English languages. So, the English term portfolio has been borrowed in XVIII century from the Italian language (portafogli) [The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English: 1968] whereas to the Russian term the portfolio is attributed the French origin (portefeuille) [Fasmer: 1964-1973].
The borrowed terms set forth above exist in Russian some centuries; their significant part has been borrowed at Peter the Great, in the beginning of XVIII century. In the modern language these terms any more are not neologisms and are not perceived as borrowed.
The generality of an origin of these terms IJA and PJA creates preconditions for equivalence of transfer. Almost all borrowed terms transferred by us who have lost the internal form, are an example absolute - both formal, and semantic-conformity of units IJA and PJA. Only in single instances divergences of significances of terms are observed: so, terms balance and balance have been borrowed by Russian and English language from French to which the word balance has come from Latin: bilanx (the form of a genitive case-bilancis). However to the term balance in Russian there correspond terms the rest, balance whereas the Russian term the balance is translated into English as balance sheet, that is partial conformity of semantics of terms is observed. Further in the present section others are resulted also "false friends to the translator".
The transcription and transliteration remain productive enough methods of formation of terms and are actively used in modern Russian, promoting expansion and enrichment of structure of terminology of a financial accounting. Our sample contains more than two tens the terms borrowed from English language in the XX-th century simultaneously with corresponding economic concepts. One terms were included and into common lexicon, others are widely used only by experts and still perceived by the majority of carriers PJA as drawings and neologisms.
Terms with a Latin basis are especially often borrowed: bonus a-bonus; deficit - deficiency; audit - audit; premium - the award. Among drawings of English words transliteration reception is shown by such terms - equivalents, as dividend - the dividend; forward - the forward; option - an option; spot - a spot; warrant - the warrant; transcription reception-futures - the future; swap - a swap and t.p. As shows our material, drawing of the English terms designating administrative concepts and concepts, concerning various financial transactions, securities tradings, a corporate governance is especially extended.
The phenomenon of internationalisation of terminology at the present stage developments of languages is studied by researchers as an objective language reality [Akulenko: 1972; Grinev: 1982; Lotte: 1982]. For development of languages synchronous development internatsionalizmov [Volodina at the present stage is characteristic: 1998, with. 183]. Total information of modern company supplies process of integration of knowledge which, according to M.N.Volodinoj, "is closely connected with internationalisation of terminology of various branches of a science and engineering" [Volodina: 1998, с.306]. In business society in the conditions of the international economic integration, probably, it is possible to speak about formation international terminofonda in which financial accounting terminology takes the major place. Development of scientifically - professional areas reflected in these terminosisteme, is realised in fast penetration of terms of this or that language reflecting new concepts, into various languages of the world.
Let's consider some laws of transfer of terms with a decomposable basis.
To English verbal terms with a suffix-tion, as a rule, there correspond the Russian terms-nouns formed from verbs by means of a suffix-eni (), typical for Russian terminoobrazovanija [Skorohodko: 1962, с.85]: acquisition - acquisition, absorption; administration - management; assumption - the assumption; disposition - placing; distribution - distribution; division - division; elimination - an exception; expansion - expansion; fluctuation - fluctuation; change. Every sixth verbal term containing a suffix-tion, has the Russian equivalent formed by means of a transliteration, and in PJA the suffix joins the borrowed basis-atsi (corresponding to English-tion: amortisation - amortisation; capitalisation - capitalisation; compensation - indemnification; consolidation-consolidation; corporation - corporation; correlation - correlation; organisation - the organisation.
-ing semantics of process is peculiar to a suffix: in this case the corresponding Russian term can represent a verbal noun: manufacturing — production. In modern economic and administrative terminology drawing of terms with a suffix-ing, designating economic events new to Russia and processes is productive enough: controlling, processing, etc. In our sample are presented following examples of a transcription: leasing - leasing; marketing - marketing; rating - the rating, etc. These terms have appeared in the Russian economy simultaneously with corresponding concept which cannot be precisely expressed any Russian term. So, the term marketing (marketing) means wider concept, than Russian terms market studying, a market grouping, working out of strategy of advancement of the goods and orientation of production to the consumer.
Not quite exact transfer of significance of the English term by Russian unit creates preconditions for drawing. So, the term recruiting can be transferred as hiring (staff); selection (shots), however it semanticheski is wider than each of Russian terms as designates purposeful activity on selection and hiring of shots of certain qualification. It is no wonder, that in Russian there was a term rekrutingovoe the agency, used on purpose to underline integrated approach and purposefulness of process of selection of the qualified experts in interests of this or that company.
Considering efficiency of drawings of terms with a suffix-ing, we recommend to apply transcription reception while translating bezekvivalentnogo the term outsourcing - the outsourcing, meaning absolutely new to management of the Russian companies concept: transfer of fulfilment of economic operation of other organisation (section 3.3 see).
Formation of terms in PJA from the borrowed basis by means of various affixes, as a rule, performing function corresponding English formantov is extended: financing financing, hedging - hedging (insurance upon losses); efficiency of a basis in the last example is confirmed with a word formation of other parts of speech: to hedge risks. The tendency of formation of terms from a basis speaking another language by means of Russian suffixes is shown and while translating terms of other morphological structure: liquidity - liquidity; investment - the investment, etc.
Above we marked efficiency of a suffix-og/eg, 3,5 % of terms participating in formation. The morphological structure of corresponding Russian equivalents also contains a suffix of the person: consumer - the consumer; customer - the consumer; the buyer; holder the-holder; manufacturer - the manufacturer; user - the user; supplier the-supplier.
The verbal nouns formed by means of a suffix - ity, usually cannot be transferred one Russian word, and their equivalents, as a rule, are compound terms: authority-government body; discontinuity - the activity termination. The Terms-nouns formed from adjectives by means of a suffix-ity, are in most cases transferred by the Russian term with a suffix-ost, characteristic for Russian terminoobrazovanija [Skorohodko: 1962, with. 87]: feasibility - practicability; liquidity-liquidity; profitability - profitability; sensitivity — sensitivity; volatility - variability.
To terms with other suffixes used at formation of key terms (-ment,-apse, etc.) there correspond Russian equivalents of various morphological structure, with various suffixes.
Transfer of the brief terms formed by addition of bases, quite often shows a tracing example: part-delivery - part delivery.
Separately it would be desirable to note features of transfer of two terms formed by a composition. The term know-how - a know-how-was borrowed from English language by many languages of the world thanks to specificity of the significance (a nomination of concept unique, essentially new and absent in others languages) and a sound system; attempts to transfer its Russian terms a know-how; it is impossible to recognise scientific and technical workings out successful. The term goodwill - gudvil - is one of the last drawings of English financial terminology. Attempts to transfer the term by means of tracings (good will) were undertaken; then in standard documents there was the term business reputation close to English unit. However and in the special literature, and in reports of the foreign companies the borrowed term gudvil in Russian is often applied. Probably, the reason consists in aspiration of experts to supply absolute conformity of financial expression of the corresponding figure in text IJA and PJA, expected on various techniques in an accounting system of the Russian Federation and MSFO (see about it more in detail in section 3.1). But it is represented to us, that the reason also is certain discrepancy of lexical significance of Russian word-combination the business reputation underlying the internal form of the Russian term (it is underlined the moral characteristic) to its financial contents borrowed from foreign conceptual systems. Besides, the brevity and the phonetic form of the term gudvil promote formation of case forms (amortisation gudvila), that creates preconditions for fast assimilation of the term. Once again we will note, what exactly the transcription creates a minimum of problems at return transfer and understanding of the contents of the term as addresses a receptor to precisely certain concept for a long time used in the international financial accounting.
As a whole, according to results of our research, terms speaking another language are borrowed when with other means difficultly to supply exact transfer of significance of the term speaking another language. Practice shows, that economists, financiers, businessmen much ohotnee operate with exact terms speaking another language, than their relative equivalents: on the one hand, it supplies conceptual accuracy; with other - facilitates integration of the Russian financial and economic terminology with the international system of a financial accounting. Thus, the borrowed terms can make difficulty for perception of texts of the reporting the receptors which do not have the vocational education, owing to opacity of the internal form, but supply the big conceptual accuracy while translating from the point of view of participants of professional communications.
Speaking about a transcription and a transliteration, it would be desirable to note those cases when the loan word owing to the various reasons has acquired in PJA a little bit other significance and other specificity of the use. Our sample contains hardly less than 20 terms which can be carried to "false friends to the translator" - a special category of the terms which always were object of steadfast attention perevodovedov [Akulenko: 1969; Borisov: 2002; Budagov: 1971]:
indicator - an indicator (the term the indicator in Russian is used in macroeconomic);
calculation - account; count (the term accounting is used with reference to fixing of budget at planning); conversion - 1. Converting/transfer (units); 2. Converting/currency exchange (not conversion);
co-operation - Cooperation (not cooperation);
obligation - the obligation (the term cannot be transferred as the bond - the obligation kind, a valuable paper);
default - default from obligations (the term the default is used in modern Russian for a designation of macroeconomic crisis, default from obligations by the state);
holding - the property; possession (the term the holding in Russian corresponds on significance to the compound English term holding company), etc.
Separately it is necessary to tell about those cases when the term is borrowed owing to any extralinguistic reasons, despite availability in term-equivalent Russian (for example, bonus - a bonus; compensation; the award). In these cases the transcription and a transliteration of term IJA leads to occurrence in PJA a doublet of already existing term. This phenomenon is in more details considered in section 3.2.
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A source: Dovbysh Olga Vladimirovna. English financial terminology and the problems of its translation into Russian (on the material of the annual financial reports of foreign companies) Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Philological Sciences Moscow-2003. 2003

More on topic Comparison ofbrief terms IJA and PJA at is formal-semantic level:

  1. 2.2. The Is formal-semantic characteristic of English compound terms. The factors stipulating identity of the internal form of terms IJA and PJA
  2. the Chapter II. Comparison of terms of a financial accounting of English and Russian of languages at is formal-semantic level
  3. 2.2.1. The Is formal-semantic characteristic of compound terms IJA
  4. Terms IJA having some of alternative conformity in PJA, which availability it is caused sinonimiej terms PJA
  5. 2.3.3. Divergences of lexical and grammatical structure of terms IJA and PJA
  6. 2.3.2. Divergences in lexical structure of terms IJA and PJA
  7. Divergences in lexical significance of non-nuclear components of compound terms IJA and PJA
  8. the Chapter III. Comparison of terms of a financial accounting of English and Russian of languages at semasiological level
  9. 3.1. Divergences in exact volume of concept, vyrazhaemogoterminami IJA and PJA
  10. 2.2.2. Revealing identical terminoobrazovatelnyh models in IJA and PJA