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2.3. The review and specification of existing dynamic techniques of control by development of the enterprise and complexes of the enterprises.

Techniques of control existing nowadays enterprise development are techniques static, they consist in the fixed analysis of technical and economic activity of the enterprise. However existing techniques of the analysis of the enterprises too are incomplete.

They, in essence, consist in calculation of some the confirmed indexes, and in inspection of conformity of values of the received indexes to standard magnitudes. There is a question: these standard magnitudes whence undertake and whether is competent to evaluate any enterprise for them? The given magnitudes represent average indexes of group of the successful enterprises, that is the analysis of technical and economic activity of any enterprise consists in its comparison with other enterprises. On the basis of this analysis are set by some desirable values of parametres which the enterprise aspires to reach. Thus, enterprise activity is considered not in a complex, is not system, not as a single whole. Absolutely clearly, that in a reality any enterprise exists in dynamics. It does not mean, that it is necessary to refuse static methods of the analysis and control of enterprise development - they are undoubtedly important and necessary, but in connection with dynamic methods.

For the first time definition to static and dynamic theories of existence of the enterprise was given by Russian scientist N.D.Kondratyev. In [46, with. 215] he writes: « Under static we understand the theory which considers economic events in essence, out of a category of their change in time. On the contrary, under dynamic we understand that theory which studies economic events in time. According to it for the static point of view on the economic validity the concept of equilibrium of elements of this validity mutually linked among themselves is especially characteristic. On the contrary, for the dynamic point of view of the most typical there will be a concept of process of changes of economic elements and their links. The economic validity is dynamical on the most being ». Also in the same source [46] author underscores, that« the phenomena of an economic life can sometimes be more or less steady and as though come nearer to a static condition. But, strictly speaking, they never happen in such condition as there is no absolute rest in the world physical. From here - actually there is, in effect, only dynamics of the phenomena ».

The similar point of view is now certainly obvious, that underscores and the given author meaning that «it is impossible to speak seriously about the static phenomena and it is impossible protivopolagat a statics of the phenomena for their dynamics. If also it is possible that protivopolagat each other, not a statics and dynamics of the phenomena, and the static point of view on the phenomena and dynamic, or a statics and dynamics as for the theory». Further the given author underscores, that introducing of the economic validity in a statics though and is incorrect from the point of view of its full exposition, but it is necessary for search of links between system elements that it is much easier to make if it "is motionless". « Opening of these links, undoubtedly, gives rather many for understanding of the validity.... At all variability of an economic life its elements, not being never in a static condition, nevertheless detect known stability ». [46] Further the author [46] underscores, that the static theory« is powerless to clarify change of level of economic elements, and also the mechanism and a direction of their change.

That is why along with it by an economic life it is possible and should approach and from the dynamic point of view, that is think of it in the conditions of process of changes ».

On the basis of this position A.N, Bogatko builds the dynamic theory of development of the enterprise, on its fundamentals — a control system of enterprise development (SURP), It is stated in operation [9]. Its principal deficiency is that it considers the enterprise as cybernetic system with a feedback. As any enterprise has been displayed in subsection 1.3, especially difficult (as engineering) is system not cybernetic, and sinergeticheskoj as possesses all properties of similar systems.

The dynamic theory of development of the enterprise of the given author is under construction on dynamic model of a condition of equilibrium of the enterprise. The given model means three conditions of the enterprise:

The first condition reflects activity of the enterprise after its creation - production volume is accumulated, the cost price grows. Thus there is an accumulation of two funds - on an intensification of manufacture and on restoration (sinking fund). The Finite point of this condition - production price is equal to the cost price, i.e. the profit is not present.

The second condition reflects activity of the enterprise after change of its economy by it. The given change assumes full sale of all completely samortizirovannyh a fixed capital, purchase new (more perfect) and the beginning of production from an origin (repetition of the first condition), but with lower cost price.

The third condition reflects a dynamic equilibrium: for production it is not required any resources, the enterprise can let out infinitely great many of production and by that to achieve the object - to satisfy infinite necessities of a society. Certainly this condition admits the given author unattainable.

On the basis of this model conditions of reaching of a condition of a dynamic equilibrium of the enterprise are formulated:

The economy of the enterprise each time should be recreated so that the potential of its development was maximum and exceeded each last potential of its development.

It is necessary to realise economy building as fast as possible.

It is necessary to spend as much as possible economically, on the one hand, resources for manufacture of each plant of production, with another - each given plant of this production the enterprise should make with augmented speed.

It is necessary to support a minimum level of stores of resources, half-finished products and finished goods.

It is necessary to have possibility to shape demanded to it stabilisation and intensifikatsionnye funds.

On operation [9], the control system of enterprise development is a system of principles of control of enterprise development as development and shaping of a uniform organism. As he fairly marks, to name analogue such system hardly it is obviously possible, as any static theory on which all known systems of development of the enterprise are constructed, do not consider the enterprise as uniform system.

As it has been marked above, it considers the enterprise as cybernetic system with a feedback though considers some sinergeticheskie aspects. For example, its crisis point at which reaching the enterprise should change the economy, is similar to a bifurcation point, however it considers only one path of development from this point - positive whereas the synergetrics asserts, that these paths not less than two. It corresponds to real economic conditions, than the conjecture of the author of the given theory more.

On given author SURP consists from:

Control systems of enterprise building (SUSP);

Systems of an operational administration of the enterprise (SOUP);

Control systems of enterprise shaping (SUFP).

SURP in this theory it is grounded first of all on the analysis of last development of the enterprise, on these fundamentals of definition of the future development of the enterprise, it is impossible to disagree with it. He suggests to consider data only the analyzed enterprise in dynamics, without any comparison of the received results to standard indexes for deriving of a full picture of last development of the enterprise. However the enterprise condition on the present instant reflects its last development, whether the thorough analysis of its past therefore is so necessary is disputable.

Bogatko thoroughly considers and describes each of five principles of reaching of a condition of a dynamic equilibrium of the enterprise, reduces designed tables for the analysis, the big attention gives architectures of book keeping and financial streams in a control system of enterprise development. In whole its theory and the system developed by it do not reflect any strategic installations of development of the enterprise, or they are lost in mass of carefully worked trifles of reaching of the purpose. The question on enterprise modification as result of its interaction with an environment (the author recognises this deficiency) is not affected, questions of principles of management in its modern understanding are not affected. Thus, this theory speaks about the ideal enterprise in ideal market conditions (there are no competitors, demand for production is stable etc.) . However as a whole, despite all its deficiencies it is the unique operation devoted to a problem of creation of a control system by development of the enterprise as dynamic uniform system.

So, it is possible to select following merits and demerits of a control system of development of the enterprise, stated in operation [9]:

Virtues:

Enterprise consideration as uniform dynamic organism;

Definition of idea of a control system by enterprise development;

Definition of possible structure of a control system by development;

Thorough working out of methods of the account of the financial information in a control system of enterprise development;

Model building of a dynamic equilibrium of the enterprise;

Deficiencies:

Enterprise consideration as closed cybernetic system with a negative feedback;

Consideration only one possible path of development;

Impossibility of definition of the strategy and trajectory of development of the enterprise.

However to say that as sinergeticheskoj systems nobody was occupied by questions of dynamic development of the enterprise and a complex of the enterprises, incorrectly. Works [74, 90] are devoted this problem. Both these the author carried out researches with reference to the motor transportation enterprises, but nevertheless [90] it is possible to take operation for the fundamentals at system engineering of control by development of a complex of the enterprises of motor industry. This operation says that is more comprehensible to a complex of the enterprises sinergetichesky, instead of classical management.

Sinergetichesky management powers up management aspects (control instruments) at various conditions of the enterprises:

Evolutionary management — is applied in a condition of smooth development sinergeticheskoj systems, it is the least designed;

"Pulsing" management - is effective, when the system is in a precritical condition;

Management of economic catastrophes - is used, when the system is in a critical point, i.e. in a point lomki systems;

Resonance control - is used, when in a point of crisis (bifurcation) the system has passed to qualitatively new level of functioning [90].

Our problem consists in constructing such control system of development of a complex of the enterprises of motor industry which could to define a path of the further development of a complex with certain probability. In the course of realisation of this problem and control of functioning of a complex of the enterprises at realisation of the designed strategy of development the given aspects of management are applicable. Thus, it is possible to consider as the primal problem a problem of prediction of a path of development and development of administrative decisions by its results. For this purpose it is necessary to construct some mathematical model describing dynamics of functioning of a complex of the enterprises. The set of operations, for example, [2, 8, 14-16, 20, 22, 23-26, 29, 36, 38, 39, 43, 44, 51, 52, 55, 61, 68-70, 90, 106, 114, 118] is devoted questions of simulation of functioning of difficult systems.

Operation [90] contains working out of prediction of development of a complex of the enterprises as samoorganizujushchejsja systems on the basis of dynamic models. The mathematical models developed by the author, developments of a motor transportation complex describing dynamics are reduced. On the basis of the given models conditions of stability and a bifurcation of a motor transportation complex (ATK) are examined and possible variants of its development in the short-term and long-time periods are reduced.

Two most important estimate indexes of functioning of a motor transportation complex have been put in the fundamentals of construction of models: the income (gain) and expenditures for manufacture and realisation of transport production, and also derivatives from these indexes - profit and profitability.

The author receives two types of the models describing dynamics of development of a motor transportation complex. One type is represented systems of the differential equations:

P

P - and t

(2-1 3 = rh (2.2)

P = + г0) П1-

3 = R «z - where P - profit on realisation of transport services; 3 - expenditures for manufacture and realisation of transport services;

Г0 =1п

L „

П0 Both 30 - profit and expenditures in an initial instant; a0kro - initial values of rates of an increase of profit and expenditures; t - time.

These models describe development of the motor transportation complex operating in conditions when the disturbing forces calling fluctuation of elements do not operate. In it sduchae the trajectory of development and stability of an equilibrium condition of a motor transportation complex are completely defined by initial values of rates of an increase of profit and expenditures.

Decisions of the given set of equationses under conditions П0 ea 1 + 30 ^ f 0; at + and = p't + fi = 0 and П0 eat + 30 e? = 0; at + and = fit + ft = 0 have an appearance accordingly:

П=ПЛа\3 = ZUj:

(2.3) ъ+А)

(2.4)

1

L = LD/

3 = the Second type of models is presented by systems of the differential equations:

1

(2.5)

(1

(2.6)

P ' - ((/? 0 + г0) P + 0Х3) 3 ' = {р03 + ahp) 1

P = (and, P + рх3) 3 = (roses + ahp)

Where aj and/? / - operating parametres of factors of the self-organising, effecting accordingly on expenditures and profit.

These models consider the factors (forces) of self-organising calling fluctuations of elements of a motor transportation complex.

The first group of models describes development conditionally enough, but it is interesting to that under certain conditions the second type of models can be reduced to it. On the basis of the first group it is possible to examine influence of initial values of profit and expenditures and rates of their increase on character of development of a complex, on its stability, conditions of origin and aspects of bifurcations. The given author also offers phase portraits of development of a complex at various combinations of signs of rates of an increase of profit and expenditures.

Use of the differential equations is widely applied to the exposition of dynamic processes in all branches of knowledge, including in economy. There is a set of the works devoted to the theory differential and an integral calculus, and also their application for the exposition of economic processes and for prediction [4, 20, 61, 67, 73, 81, 82, 98-100, 105]. Many of them are similar to the considered equations, therefore we can take this technique for the fundamentals. avtomobilestroitelnyj the complex makes absolutely other, more difficult production, than transport, the cycle of manufacture is much longer. It differs from motor transportation complexity and variety of let out production, initial raw materials, manufacture of the material goods, instead of services and other features. Besides, the author [90] considers small enough, independent enterprises which are subject to self-organising processes. avtomobilestroitelnye complexes were initially created as a uniform organism with rigid technological structure as it has been displayed in chapter 1, therefore some parametres should be a little bit others, Recently and in the industry, in particular in motor industry the role of small enterprises increases, but for them it is very difficult to define self-organising potential as many of them are semilegal. Besides, in motor industry it is difficult enough to define springback from introduction of new technics that is necessary for competitive strength maintenance, special techniques are for this purpose developed.

Decisions of the given set of equationses can be checked up on stability, i.e. to determine, that the included tendency of development without influence of disturbing parametres will be saved as much as long time is how much true.

For this purpose the author of operation [90] uses Lyapunov's technique. It considers five possible decisions and, hence, so much possible phase portraits of the considered motor transportation complex. As a result of this decision it becomes clear, that character of development of a complex, an aspect of phase portraits depends on initial values of rates of an increase of profit and expenditures. Therefore it considers five possible combinations of their [90 signs, but does not consider often meeting case - when rate of an increase of profit is negative, and expenditures - is positive. Such situation is quite possible, she speaks about aggravation of functioning of the managing subject owing to a rise in prices for raw materials, falling of demand for production etc. Thus, we can add the phase portraits constructed by the author with one more, corresponding to the sixth case: а0 F the Rho> «about < 0, f>o> 0 (fig. 2.3., 2.4).

However in a reality on system the internal and external factors of self-organising calling fluctuations of its elements always effect. Development in this case is described by set of equationses of the second type. Thus character of development is defined not only values and rates of change of profit and expenditures, but also values of the operating parametres influencing factors of self-organising. Thus development can be as under scenarios of the first type of the equations, and cyclically with the certain period depending on values of operating parametres and initial values of rates of an increase of profit and expenditures.

The author reduces the modified models, which look like formulas (2.5, 2.6) in operation [90].

Drawing 2.3. A phase portrait of development of a complex of the enterprises of motor industry of hyperbolic type. Initial values of rates of an increase of profit and expenditures are not equal. Rate of an increase of profit is negative, expenditures - is positive. A singular point -

Unstable saddle

Hence, also it is possible to add bifurcation glow irises and phase portraits with one more glow iris of hyperbolic type:

Drawing 2.4. The bifurcation glow iris and a phase portrait: hyperbolic type. Initial values of rates of an increase of profit and expenditures are not equal. Rate of an increase of profit is negative, expenditures - is positive.

For cyclic development of a motor transportation complex execution of the certain conditions defined in [90] is necessary:

The module of the sum of initial value of rate of an increase of profit and the operating parametre of the factor of self-organising effecting expenditures, should be less module of the sum of initial value of rate of an increase of expenditures and the operating parametre of the factor of self-organising effecting profit, i.e. |а0 + cti | < |p0+pi|.

Product of initial value of rate of an increase of expenditures and the operating parametre of the factor of self-organising effecting profit, should be negative, i.e. Rhoes *Pi 0 System is dissipative, development occurs spasmodically, and the development scenario can be both positive, and negative.

At development on an equiangular spiral in the conditions of instability the bifurcation of a motor transportation complex, that is spasmodic transition from one condition in another is possible. Bifurcations of similar type are bifurcations of the Hopf. The motor transportation complex, being explicated on a dispersing spiral, aspires to the limiting cycle representing a closed curve in the form of a circle.

The given property of a bifurcation of the Hopf says that the motor transportation complex both on macro - and on a microlevel, having reached any limit, will be explicated further on a limiting cycle in an auto-oscillation condition. And on this limiting trajectory the phase volume is magnitude of a constant. Change of operating parametres of factors of self-organising can lead to a new bifurcation which will lead again to a new limiting cycle, etc. [90].

The given positions are fair and for a complex of the enterprises of motor industry as the author does not render concrete operating parametres, and it is possible to accept the given outputs for further research,

The author of the given technique reduces the phase portraits of development of a motor transportation complex received by it, but, unfortunately, does not reduce in the analytical shape the decision of system of the differential equations of the second type. More low we will solve the given systems numerical methods.

So, it is possible to select following merits and demerits of a dynamic method of the exposition of development of a complex of the enterprises as samoorganizujushchejsja systems:

Virtues:

Consideration of a complex of the enterprises as sinergeticheskoj systems;

Selection of several alternative paths of development;

Possibility of definition of a trajectory and the development strategy;

Consideration of control actions on self-organising factors in system;

Possibility of adaptation to other branches of a national economy;

Deficiencies:

neprorabotannost the maintenance and methods of definition of operating parametres of factors of self-organising, and also control of them;

Absence of the formalized account of the probability factor of functioning of a complex;

- There is no account of probability performances of reaching by a complex of the enterprises of a desirable trajectory of development.

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A source: Zubkova Svetlana Vitalevna Sovershenstvovanie. Improvement of mechanisms of management of development of complexes of the enterprises of motor industry (the Synergetic approach): The dissertation of candidate of economic sciences: 08.00.05: Naberezhnye Chelny, 2004 159 p.. 2004

More on topic 2.3. The review and specification of existing dynamic techniques of control by development of the enterprise and complexes of the enterprises.:

  1. the purpose of dissertational operation is perfecting of control gears by development of complexes of the enterprises of motor industry for heightening of efficiency of their activity
  2. Zubkova Svetlana Vitalevna Sovershenstvovanie. of control gears development of complexes of the enterprises of motor industry (the Sinergetichesky approach): the Thesis kandidaia economic sciences: 08.00.05: Naberezhnye Chelny, 2004 159 c., 2004
  3. the concept and the system of the mechanism of transformations in the conditions of dynamic development of industrial enterprise
  4. 2.2. The concept and the system of the mechanism of transformations in the conditions of dynamic development of industrial enterprise
  5. 3.3. The substantiation of system of shift and structure of training of administrative staff of the enterprises in the conditions of dynamic development
  6. In the second chapter «the Control system of development of a complex of the enterprises of motor industry»
  7. 2.1. Dynamic model of development of industrial enterprise and feature orgupravlencheskoj works with model
  8. 2Л. Dynamic model of development of industrial enterprise and feature orgupravlencheskoj works with model
  9. 2.2. Strategy of development of an enterprise network of small enterprises franchajzingovogo type
  10. 2.2 Researches of existing evaluation procedures of competitiveness of the enterprises and working out of a complex technique of increase and an estimation of competitiveness for trade enterprises
  11. 2.5. A technique of control of development of a complex of the enterprises of motor industry as samoorganizujushchejsja systems
  12. Research of existing methods of valuation of competitiveness of the enterprises and working out of a complex technique of increase and an estimation of competitiveness for trade enterprises
  13. 1.2 Analysis of existing domestic approaches and techniques
  14. Features of existing designs of dynamic separators and a direction of their perfection
  15. the Analysis of existing techniques of calculations of processes at separation poroshkoobraznyh materials
  16. 3.1 Features of privatisation of the enterprises as property complexes
  17. 2. The CONTROL SYSTEM of DEVELOPMENT of the COMPLEX of the ENTERPRISES of MOTOR INDUSTRY
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