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a resistance of an organism of animals in the conditions of industrial complexes

Reproductive and adaptable ability of an organism of pigs provide their vitality and the basic biological properties of the kind, therefore the given animals are subject to cumulative pressure of natural and artificial selections.

Because these functions variate, not only in parallel, but also odnonapravleno, are represented possible and from the zootechnical point of view expedient to estimate them and at sows on indicators of efficiency taking into account intensity of use of the last and frequency of digenesis (Dunne H.W., 1975; Fisher G.W., 1975; Smirnov V, 2002.).

Svinovodstvo is the most precocious branch of animal industries, and tendency to receive, it is as much as possible production quite often leads to decrease in a natural resistance of an organism of pigs therefore they more often, than other kinds of animals, are exposed to various diseases. (Elaesser F., 1989; Arhipov N.I., 1992; Scherbaks P with soavt., 2002),

According to German scientists N Brendler, etc. (1998) annually perishes about 1 million pigs owing to selection on a tachyauxesis and high meat efficiency that leads to development of illnesses stressful miopatii.

Vital processes in an organism of mammals, including reproduction functions, it is regulated by the integrated

nejroendokrinnoimmunnoj system. Infringement in one of parts of this system can lead to distress of functional activity of reproductive members. This distress is bound to an overstrain and fall of potentialitys endokrinnoj systems, zashchitnoyoprisposobitelnyh and kompensatornyh reactions of an organism with infringement of metabolic processes (Ivanov D.P., 1982; Kuzmich R. G, 1987; Hinet O, 1989; Falconers., 1998; GrigorenkoV.L. With soavt., 1999; Mysin A, 2001).

Illnesses of a reproductive organs at sows of functional character are direct result of infringement of balance of the hormones supervising a sexual cycle, or are caused by the nervous control mechanism (Hansen R, 1971; Goncharov V. P, 1981; Sapov I.A., 1984; Krigge K.M., 1986; Ieffcjtt 1. V, 1996; Afanasev V, 1999).

Adaptitvnye reactions it, first of all conservation of the vital parametres of a homeostasis, or an internal environment, in conditions stresso yh the influences providing an organism by congenial existence (Brooks G. A, 1973; Arshavskij A.I., 1980; Herdy P.N., 1998; Kaufmann C.F., 1984; Baokagon V. S, 1988; Kamarov F.I., 1998).

Concept acclimatisation is always connected to action of stressful irritations which exists in two forms physiological and pathological. Response оргатізма, shown in the form of the general adaptation syndrome, is not unequivocal at one and other forms of stressful irritation: it also is ambiguous and has the specific features depending on age of an organism (Hodate K, 1981; Boyeux M, 1984; Wild boars of Century D with soavt., 1985; Bazhin M. M, 1994; Alarcon D.M., 1999).

In an organism of females in connection with stabilisation of physiologically high-grade majorant of pregnancy according to G.Sele (1960) there are conforming metabolic transformations, in which result the new state of a kislotno-alkaline homeostasis characterised by its alteration aside shchelochnosti is established, and if prevails sour, it invokes inhibition of a majorant of the pregnancy, which consequence depend on intensity of stressful irritation but if it remains former as at not pregnant animals it serves as a symptom either arising, or already arisen pathology (Hoffmann V, 1976; Balabolki »M.

N, 1989; Kozintsa G. K, 1992; Ilinskij A.G., 1999).

For vnutriutrobno an educing embryo and a fruit the high-grade majorant of pregnancy has great value. If it above a limen of brake thresholds in the central excitatory system of a pregnant female there is a new dominant state which in relation to the generated majorant of pregnancy is "stronger", i.e. Pathologically stressful and then it causes particulate or full inhibition gestatsionnoj majorants (Varganov A.I., 1971; Judge M.D., 1972; ponomarev N, 2001).

Action stress of factors is reflected on behaviour of sows in the season oporosa and lactations, in preparation to oporosu, during time oporosa and the subsequent lactation that negative impact on efficiency of sows (Breves G makes., 1999; Severina E.S., 2000).

So, pervooporoski, for the first time placed in oporosnuju a cage, restlessly behave within days and can not suppose pigs for a suction. Are analysed harmful consequences of several basic stresses-factors and forage changing it is necessary to spend gradually. It is necessary to consider, that the water lack makes strong impact on behaviour pervooporosok in summertime; rests in feeding laktirujushchih uteruses are inadmissible. At oporose (especially pervooporosok) it is necessary to apply tranquilizers (Bishop W.H., 1964; Voloshchik P. D, 1982; Chang S.F., 1983; Manag Hog Farm, 1984; Barenbojn G. M, 1986; Hart S.C., 1999).

It is known, that in case of excessive reaction of an organism on stressor, accompanied by high level of adaptive hormones in blood, it is necessary to relax it as thus there comes oppression of function of other hemadens (Spenser G.S., 1995; Foreigners of Century P, 1996).

There are the data specifying that at insufficiency of function of a thyroid gland at sows, leads to infringement of a sexual cycle and not to productive ability of females of advanced age in comparison with young (Blum J is more often. W., 2001).

Unfavorable factors choronomic and an organism internal environment, invoking changes gipotapamo-gipofizarnoj system and the general resistance, lead to development of dysfunction of sexual Ferri lactases, decrease in breeding effeciency and increase embrionalnyh and prenatal losses (Narizhnyj L.G. with soavt., 1999).

Early formation of cyclic activity of ovaries allows to create a normal hormonal background for end involjutsionnyh processes in generative organs of a female, provides transfer matochnyh Ferri lactases from a phase prolifiratsii in a secretion phase, accelerates self-cleaning of a uterus from microorganisms (Poljantsev N. I, 1990).

At the maintenance of pigs on complexes high concentration of animals which do not have physical exercise is marked, but surrounds a considerable quantity razdrazhitelej (stresses-factors) which can negatively influence uterus reduction, jajtsevodov, progression spermiev to ootids and on breeding effeciency of uteruses. The season of unproductive use of uteruses as a result increases. (Fjulgraff G with soavt., 1996).

Decrease in breeding effeciency and mnogoplodija sows at acervate their maintenance (on 30 goals and more in 1 machine tool) after insemination, according to authors, is bound by that in a critical period suporosnosti (from the first for 30-35 days after insemination) animals are especially exacting to optimum conditions of the maintenance (Okorokov A.N., 1997).

In sorts the excitatory system of animals is most acquisitive to various razdrazhiteljam and is sensitive to veterinary processings, and protective forces of an organism is exposed to stresses (Blum S.W., 1979; Palmer W. M, 1989; Malinkin N.P., 1994; Low G., 1999; Krapivina E.V., 1999; Arhipov

A., 2002) —

In the conditions of industrial technology preconditions to various infringements of flow of a puerperal period, long depression of function of ovaries are created. Therefore it is necessary to use artificial levers for the speed involjutsionnyh processes and terms of achievement of a state of readiness for a following cycle of reproduction (to Golubev G. V, 1978).

Consideration data about change of a functional state of all parts gipotalamo-gipofizarnoj deserve system which variates from a stage of a sexual cycle and a stage of a cycle of reproduction (Kovalenko

B., 1983; Pope W. E, 1985; Palmer W. M „1987; Marple D.N., 1987).

The hormonal status of animals is broken as a result of the broken metabolism owing to what, activity of hemadens (a pituitary body, a thyroid gland, a cortex of paranephroses), accompanied by decrease in synthesis of hormones decreases, and as consequence - the liver loses ability inaktivirovat steroid hormones. Besides, the resistance of a reproductive organs to pathogenic bacteriums, viruses, mushrooms (I., 1981 decreases; Sergienko A.I., 1984).

At pigs the basic hormones are the glucocorticoids developed by a cortex of paranephroses to them the hydrocortisone (Hidrocortizonum), kortizon and kortikostsron concerns. In an organism of animals glucocorticoids regulate albuminous and carbohydrate exchanges. The hydrocortisone raises-level glucose in blood and stores glikogena in a liver and muscles, and also reduces inflammatory reaction, depresses immune system.

At acervate the maintenance of sows after insemination there can be latent abortions and early embrionalnaja death rate because of infringement of implantation of oospores. Therefore an optimum mean of the maintenance are individual or melkogruppovoe (no more than 10 goals in 1 machine tool) the maintenance of sows after their insemination within 35 days. It will allow to raise mnogoplodie sows on 8-30 % in comparison with krupnogruppovym the maintenance (20 goals and more in one machine tool) (Sumin S.A., 1997).

In experiences on studying of the individual and group maintenance of the inseminated uteruses (1, 10, 20, 30, 40 goals) it has been established, that. Actual mnogoplodie was the highest at individual the maintenance of sows. In the second bunch actual mnogoplodie, in comparison with the first, has decreased on 1,8, in the third - on 8, in the fourth - on 16,1, and in the fifth bunch - for 31,7 % (Pomorova E.G. with soavt., 1999).

As there is an opinion, that single and is conditional-suporosnyh sows better to contain small bunches till 10-12 goals in the machine tool (Stepanov V. I with soavt., 1991).

For the purpose of preventive maintenance of the stresses caused by redistributions of animals, and increase of safety of young growth it is necessary to use sections on oporose no more than 20-30 stanko-msst. Duration oporosa at all technological bunch placed in isolated section, should not exceed three days (Merkulov G. A, 1991).

As a result of action on a sow of various external factors dynamics embrionalnoj death rates at uteruses during suporosnosti is observed. Principal causes of  destruction of fruits in the conditions of industrial complexes - a season of year, a thermal factor, conditions of cultivation of repair young growth are noted. Offer a number of pathes under the prevention and reduction embrionalnoj to death rate: optimum terms of the first insemination, rational modes of revealing of uteruses in hunting and their inseminations, microclimate enriching in premises, etc. (Betljaev R. O, 2000).

In large-scale enterprises traditional receptions of feeding, the maintenance and care of animals variate so considerably and quickly, that the organism of animal nanoseconds has time to adapt for new conditions of medium quickly. As a result animals have various force stresses that conducts to decrease in natural stability of an organism to choronomic influences and efficiency losses (Golubev G. V, 1978).

Realisation of stressful reaction demands complex interactions of various systems of an organism. In particular, the hormonal system, initiation factors of stress. However it is necessary to remember, that there where acclimatisation is observed, there were and stressory (Voloshchik P. D, 1982; Carps of Century A, 1990).

Diseases of ovaries, are caused by weakening of their reactance to action endogennyh gonadotropinov, that is observed at the enhanced synthesis gljukokortikoidnyh hormones in stressful situations (Ponomarev A.V., 1998).

It is known, that hormones supervise mitosises of cages, influence all processes descending in each cage, and in particular on biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, on membranous frames of cages. They can be carried to the factors defining key processes of ability to live of a cage, a member, and an organism in whole (Bergolts V. M with soavt., 1978).

In the conditions of industrial technology of cultivation in an organism of animals there are changes of adaptable character, as results, to development of diseases of a various aetiology (Scherbaks P, 2002).

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A source: GRIGORIEV Elena Nikolaevna. MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE GENITAL ORGANS AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE BLOOD OF SOWS IN THE POSTBIRTH PERIOD AND METHODS OF INCREASING THEIR FERTILITY. DISSERTATION on the degree of candidate of veterinary medicine. KOSTROMA - 2004. 2004

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