<<
>>

Introduction

In studying of a cultural history and public thought value of centuries-old spiritual experience of the generations fixed in a written word, in literary monuments is invaluable. Best of them combining timeless universal value of the ideological maintenance with deep emotionally-aesthetic influence on contemporaries and descendants, especially on successors of culture of those people among which they were created and lived, reflecting their expectations and an inner world, should become today an active component of modern culture, including philosophical, its live, spiritualising tradition. Illness of the inspirituality which has amazed a considerable part of our society during an epoch of domination of totalitarian ideology sharply realised nowadays, has generated rough splash in interest to national history, culture sources, traditions and customs. This interest is shown in very wide range, whether it be monuments of culture or ancient manuscripts, multivolume compositions on history of the countries and the people or modest shedzhere (family trees) opening history of one sort. This interest to sources, national and patrimonial roots in our rough century of scientific and technical progress, an urbanization, all an accelerated rhythm of a life is natural and symbolical. He speaks requirement to comprehend an event in unity of consciousness of the person with national consciousness and through it - with the universal humanistic ideals which are finally original criteria of social progress. This requirement amplifies aspiration to fill the spiritual vacuum formed for last decades, to find and again to connect hidden threads, centuries connecting generations in a uniform chain. It not always accurately realised aspiration to search of an internal spiritual core is a moral imperative in intellectual sphere of ability to live both the whole people, and the separate person. Sharply increased interest of present generation to a historical science, historical subjects in the literature, to primary sources - one of certificates of the similar phenomenon. Addressing to our theme of cultures - nogo Middle Ages heritages, it is possible to give an example with the edition (for the first time after 1917) a remarkable monument of the bulgaro-Tatar culture - poems «Kyssa Jusuf» Kul Gali, at once after an appearance become rare book. As a matter of fact, it moreover two-three unique editions also limits for today the publication at the academic scientific level of literary monuments tjurko-tatarskoj1 cultures of an epoch of the Middle Ages, short of the limited manuals inaccessible to the wide reader intended for experts. And it at that huge "hunger" on a cultural heritage which was formed after replacement by a boundary of 20 and 30th of our century of the Arabian alphabet at first on a Latin, and then on Cyrillics, erected difficultly surmountable barrier in continuity of cultural traditions, and tragical destiny these years the tatarsko-Bashkir book on the basis of Arabian графики2. Now, after decades, we reap bitter fruits of the barbarous, thoughtless relation to the most valuable spiritual property of the people - the book, to its historical memory, historical experience of generations. Today much should be restored on remains, and much, probably, irreplaceably, it is lost irrevocably. But this work is very important not only for us, but also for our descendants as successive communication of generations is important, continuity of spiritual traditions.
Revealing, gathering, the scientific description and the publication of primary sources always were considered as the first condition of development of the humanities. But nowadays it and a source of satisfaction of spiritual needs, means of moral and aesthetic education of various strata of society. For neither textbooks on histories, nor scientific publications at all their importance cannot replace a live flesh of art monuments of the epoch. Therefore the scientific edition of most considerable of the written monuments which have reached up to now - a problem not especially academic, but socially necessary. With reference to history of the tjurko-Tatar culture art and historical monuments XI-XIX centuries, collected works Sh.mard - zhani, K.Nasyri, R.Fahrutdinova, other educators, poets, scientific, making a part of that universal spiritual treasury without which mastering it is impossible to speak about education of the harmonious person for each national culture is seriously wait for the hour Basis of culture universal. The publication of the most considerable compositions of the past will create also reliable istochnikovuju base for the generalising scientific researches devoted to social and spiritual history of the people, histories of their socially-philosophical thought. For today in the field of history of medieval public and philosophical thought of Volga region Turkis and, in particular, the Tatar people it is impossible to recognise our knowledge satisfactory. It is extremely poor not only istochniko - vaja, but also scientific base for ordering of this knowledge. It is enough to tell, that till now there is no monography or the dissertation devoted to the problem or personal socially-philosophical analysis of an ideological heritage of the Middle Ages. The given work, called to meet to some extent this lack, is the first research on history of medieval public thought of the Tatar people, its socially-philosophical aspects. As to istoriko-philological works, it is possible to speak about statement in them of some general problems (humanism, a public ideal, the morally-ethical maintenance) analyzed products, especially poems Kul Gali, S.Sarai, Kutba, Muhammadjara to which monographic researches are devoted. Let's stop however, in more details on the characteristic istochniko - howl bases of our work and reflexion of its ideological maintenance in the scientific literature. Istochnikovaja the base of our research is defined by the largest, to some extent etapnymi monuments medieval tjurkojazychnoj literatures, recognised those from the point of view of their art maturity and the public importance in istoriko - cultural process of the medieval Volga region. The central, basic sources, allowing to track socially philosophical problematics of fiction XIII-XVI centuries, the basic currents of public and philosophical thought and the tendency of its development, the following is represented: 1. For domongolskogo a stage - a poem «Kyssa Jusuf» Kul Gali; 2. For zolotoordynskogo a stage - «« Kosrov-width hikajaty »Kutba,« Nahdzh M.Bulgari, «Dzhumdzhuma the Sultan» X.Кятиба, «Gu - listan bit Turkis» S.Sarai is scarlet-faradis »; 3. For the period of the Kazan khanate - poems Muhammadjara «Tuhfa mardan» and «Nury sodur». Certainly, the listed products do not open all riches and an originality of socially-philosophical searches in Tatar public thought XII-XVI centuries 3 However similar restriction in a choice of the basic sources, under condition of them reprezentativnosti, allows to concentrate on the main thing, characteristic for all a couple - rehvekovogo the period of its history. However, in the course of disclosing of those or other aspects of a theme we involve materials and other, written sources accessible to us who have reached up to now of historical compositions or their fragments, products of oral national creativity, monuments obshchetjurkskogo scale. Among the last special value for finding-out obshchetjurkskih sources of a socially-philosophical problematics of tjurko-Tatar literature XIII-XVI centuries have the largest monuments tjurkojazychnoj literatures XI-XII centuries - a poem «Kutadgu bilig» Jusufa Balasaguni and "Hikmety" the founder of a Turkic branch of Muslim mysticism, large poet-thinker Ahmad Jasavi. Their compositions laying at sources of all staropismennyh of Turkic literatures, two basic tendencies of development of public thought of the Middle Ages - secular and sufijskuju have reflected in the socially-philosophical maintenance, have anticipated an ideological problematics of fiction of the classical period of its development. The Socially-philosophical maintenance «Kutadgu bilig», which else waits for special research, is rich and is diverse, for the epoch entsiklopedichno. Last circumstance should predetermine, probably, bespretsendentnoe influence of this product on development of public and aesthetic thought of the Turkic world, on judgement in its cultural environment of a role of an art word, as mighty means of education of people, the tool of perfection of a society, the instructor and the wise adviser of all its members - from the powerful governor to the homeless dervisha. However, for the concrete analysis of influence «Kutadgu bilig» on a problematics tjurkojazych - nyh art monuments of the subsequent epoch as researchers of the composition of J.Balasaguni fairly specify, «studying and exact interpretation philosophical bases of a poem» first of all demand. It as it is already told, a theme of special research. For us it is important to track first of all world outlook parallels in the maintenance «Kutadgu bilig» as early Turkic monument with under volzhsko-Turkic literature XIII-XVI centuries for continuity finding-out obshchetjurkskih philosophical traditions in art creativity. This problem is facilitated by solid tradition of studying «Kutad - gu bilig» tjurkologami, last large contribution in which was the edition in 1983 of this monument in S.Ivanova's poetic translation on Russian with the developed istoriko-philological comments of academician A.Kononova and the author of transfer. Unfortunately, anything similar it is impossible to tell about a level of scrutiny of creativity of other largest representative tjurkojazychnoj philosophical poetry - Ahmad Jasavi (has died in 1166). On a twist of fate, this thinker using general popularity and huge authority at the contemporaries, has appeared practically forgotten in domestic tjurkologii and orientalistike while its poetry within many centuries served as spiritual food of our ancestors for it was created counting on broad masses of farmers, handicraftsmen, cattlemen. About popularity "Hikmetov" Jasavi speaks, in particular, and their prevalence in numerous hand-written lists among Tatars. Comparison of two outstanding personalities of Turkic world XI-XII of centuries - the blossoming period tjurkojazychnoj cultures, comparison of their creative heritage reflects the indisputable fact: against a relative level of scrutiny of literary works of a secular orientation (though and not in all aspects) we see almost full oblivion so-called sufijskoj literatures, sufijskogo directions in formation of public thought. Such one-sided approach to cultural heritage studying has developed already in 20th years thanks to rectilinear vulgar-sociological "inventory" of this heritage therefore its considerable part has got under a category "religious-mystical" and, hence, unworthy attention of its "educated" successors, studying and judgement in a bosom atheistic, under the world outlook maintenance socialist, cultures. And meanwhile, this deepest layer of medieval culture one-sidedly characterised as religious-mystical, in huge degree influenced is art-aesthetic development of world around, on formation in public thought svetski focused socially-philosophical doctrines, secular culture, that we see and on a local example of development of medieval tjurko-Tatar culture, since «Kyssa Jusuf» Kul Gali and up to poets of the beginning of XX century G.Tukaja, Derdmenda, M.Gafuri. Out of sufizma, without an objective estimation of its ideological function and the socially-philosophical maintenance it is impossible to comprehend history of development of our literature, public thought as complete in the inconsistent unity cultural феномена4. If to address to history of textual and theoretical studying of the cores for our work of references we will see rather motley picture. "Has to the greatest degree carried" in this sense to the most popular among the Tatar people to composition Kul Gali «Kyssa Jusuf». Since time of the creation in the beginning of XXIII century the poem has extended among the Muslim population of the Volga region and Priuralja (under the name «Jusuf kitaby») in numerous hand-written lists which are found out and on this день5. Poem studying in domestic and foreign tjurkologii has polutoraveko - vuju the history shined in the scientific literature. Last word "jusufovedenija" was the edition in 1983 of the critical text «Kyssa Jusuf», executed on the basis of the long-term laborious textual analysis of numerous hand-written lists of a poem taking into account experience of the first critical text prepared by the Tatar scientist and the poet of G.Utyz Imjani. This text was issued in Kazan in 1834, and then tens times was republished before revolution of 1917 the Edition prepared by F.Faseevym, is supplied by the comment and the necessary explanatory notes helping studying of this remarkable monument in various aspects. Value of the edition for a wide range of experts increases a poem interlinear translation by Russian. Xорошим addition in this plan were the poetic translation which has left in 1985 on Russian, and in 1989 transposition on modern Tatar, having and independent research value in monument studying (18, 17). Unfortunately, «Kyssa Jusuf» Kul Gali is an exception on the general background of obviously insufficient textual and istoriko-philological level of scrutiny of other products tjurkojazychnoj literatures of the Volga region in a context of history medieval Tatar literatu - ry and cultures. In certain degree sources interesting us are studied in the linguistic relation though here again scientists are not unanimous in definition of stylistic and language features «Kys - sa Jusuf», «^osrov-width hikajaty», «Gulistan bit Turkis», «Mu - habbatname», is accurate atributirujushchih them in a historical and cultural context of certain region. In particular, the level of scrutiny «^osrov-width hikajaty» Kutba as the researcher of a life and creativity of this poet of XIV century X.Миннегулов notices, «in connection with literary process and a life of Golden Horde is especially weak». (129; 5). The considerable contribution to studying of creativity Kutba was brought by G.Tagirdzhanov who has devoted to research of a poem the dissertation (Tashkent, 1946) And further constantly coming back to this theme (161; 95-159; 159; 170-196). Special value for us is represented by supervision and the conclusions of the scientist following from the comparative analysis of poems by Bottoms and Kutba in historical, literary-aesthetic, ideological plans and finding-out of degree of originality tjurkojazychnoj of the version in connection with political realities modern Kutbe of the validity, its aesthetic tastes. In this plan represents the big interest the comparative analysis of degree of independence of creativity Kutba to monographies X.Миннегулова. As a result of this analysis X.Миннегулов comes to conclusion, that poem Kutba in relation to the great sample is partially transfer, partially original composition in which the Turkic poet, having borrowed a plot and the basic idea of product by Bottoms, has shown creative will, art skill, having given to a poem modern for the epoch and its socially-aesthetic inquiries sounding (129; 56-57). As to a textual level of scrutiny of a poem its other lists till now are not found out, except the only thing stored in National Parisian library. The most authoritative textual processing of this manuscript is prepared Polish tjurkologom A.Zajonchkovskim and published in 1958-1961 in three volumes its photocopy with a transcription and the dictionary. From other publications of a monument we will note the edition of the text of a poem under edition X.Усманова in publishing house KGU (19), and also its reduced variant in a transcription on the basis of the modern Tatar drawing in «Sources drevnetjurkskoj and the Tatar literature (6, 48-143). In the same manual other product zolotoordynskoj epoch,« Gulistan bit Turkis »S.Sarai, also created on the sample of a known poem"Gulistan"of the great Persian poet, the thinker-humanist of the medieval East M.Saadi6 is placed in a short form. Products Kutba and Sheds divides about half a century. One of them is written to the period of blossoming of Golden Horde (about 1342) Another - in its decline, in the end of HGU century the First opens the list of the largest monuments known to us zolotoordynskoj epoch, another - closes. This fact is especially remarkable, that it specifies in not stopping influence persojazychnoj literatures, its ideologically-aesthetic maintenance on Turkic throughout all zolotoordynskogo the period of its development, testifies to close interaction of two cultures, their representatives, ideologically-aesthetic continuity povolzhsko - the Turkic literature, its secular current with the best samples of the medieval literature of the Muslim East of an epoch of its blossoming. (188; 16-21). From this point of view creativity Kutba and S.Sarai is most indicative for representation about the basic sources and tendencies of development of socially-philosophical thought in H ^ century, about world outlook reference points and ideologically-aesthetic criteria of secular poets - of thinkers of an epoch of Golden Horde, expressing sights of its educated layer. S.Sarai's creativity is for a long time in sight of domestic and foreign tjurkologov (130; 159; 246-273) though its products have reached up to now only in two lists - lejdenskom which basic part is contained «by Gulistan bit Turkis», and kokands - a clod which includes a poem «Suhajl and Guldursun» and S.Sarai's some poems and its contemporaries. However, S.Sarai's creativity, as well as Kutba «is investigated only in the linguistic plan, and literary problems remained on the second plan... Separate scientists do not co-ordinate to the right degree creativity of the poet to history and literary process of the medieval East, with the tjurko-Tatar cultural development, that opens a way to subjectivity in research and estimations of creativity of the poet», (130; 21). In the same way research of creativity of the poet in connection with history, culture, ideology modern to it societies has paramount value for finding-out of the socially-philosophical maintenance of compositions of S.Sarai in a context of formation of the Tatar public thought of the Middle Ages. In H.Minnegulova's monography attempt to consider a life and S.Sarai's creativity in this context, though and with especially literary critic - cheskih positions is made. At this H.Minnegulov proves the thesis about law of studying of translation products within the limits of history of the literature of the people which component of culture were these products (130; 84). In this sense of composition Kutba, With. Sheds and to it similar take the place and in history of the Tatar public thought, opening, first, ways and character of mastering by its representatives of universal cultural wealth, and, secondly, own level of its development for any cultural loan assumes corresponding cultural soil in which it can take root. However, the secular compositions similar to poems Kutba and S.Sarai, probably, have not received in due time a wide circulation, remained property close to court yard of governors of the educated layer of a society. Among population broad masses compositions on the plots consecrated with religious tradition were popular. However, focused on religious feelings of weights, these compositions as we will see further, preached the same universal values though differed from secular in their world outlook judgement, in ways and ways of familiarising with these values. To this number of art monuments of the Middle Ages taking the place in history of the Tatar culture, products «Nahdzh concern is scarlet-faradis» Mahmuda is scarlet-bulgari experts-sheds and «Dzhum - dzhuma Cassocks» Hisama Kjatiba, written to second half XIV centuries. Unlike poems Kutba and S.Sarai, reached us in the individual lists which have been found out far outside of povolzhsko-urals - whom region, these compositions concern those original samples of national culture who were widespread among the Tatar population since time of their creation, became an integral part of their inner world, accompanying with the early childhood, since first days of training till the end of a life. Still S.Mardzhani who has made the first steps in studying «Nahdzh is scarlet - faradis», considered this composition among such Tatars of books popular among ancestors as «Jusuf Kitaby» («Kyssa Jusuf»), «Kisek - bash», «Nasihat the expert-salihin», "Badavam", etc., carrying them to monuments bulgarskoj literatures, free on the language from extraneous influences (21; I, 13-14). G.Rahim and G.Gaziz considered «Nahdzh it is scarlet-faradis» one of five basic sources of studying bulgarskogo language during an epoch of Golden Horde (142; 4) 7. About original character of creativity of M.Bulgari-Sarai, its accessory to the bulgaro-Tatar culture modern researchers (59 write also; 208-216). For the first time monograficheski M.Bulgari's product investigated JAkub Kemal (107). Then the attention to the question on necessity of the edition of the critical text of product on the basis of four lists known at that time (107, 4) has been brought. However this question remains unresolved and for today in spite of the fact that the number of the found out lists has doubled since then. Following special research about «Nahdzh it is scarlet-faradis» B.Jafarova's who has considered it in a context dissertation bulgars - which cultures and literatures X-XIV centuries and the placed 31 fragment from this prosaic composition was. Fragments from «Nahdzh it is scarlet-faradis» are published also in the manual 1963г. « Boryngy Tatars edebijaty »(5; 226-249). All these researches are practically inaccessible to a wide range of readers. Business with istochnikovoj a basis of studying of other original composition of the tjurko-Tatar literature of an epoch of Golden Horde - a poem« Dzhumdzhuma the sultan »X.Кятиба (1370) is a little bit better is. For the first time the poem has been published in 1881 8, almost completely it has entered in« Boryngy Tatars edebijaty »and, at last, in 1970 the critical text on the basis of the Arabian alphabet (10) has been published. On the popularity among the Tatar population (various variants of hand-written lists of a monument are found out till now), to ideologically-aesthetic function, language, depth of influence on a spiritual life of the people« Dzhumdzhu - ma the sultan », as well as« Nahdzh it is scarlet-faradis », in history of the Tatar culture takes a visible place. However, despite rather good istochnikovuju base of the composition, it did not become while object of special monographic research. One of the reasons of it is gospodsto - vavshee until recently judgement about similar products as religious-mystical and consequently not worthy, standing as though on a roadside of historico-literary process of the Middle Ages, established in 20th years of ours столетия9, in many respects caused condition of a level of scrutiny of history of the composition as a whole. And even creativity of the large poet, the thinker-humanist of an epoch of the Kazan khanate Muhammadjara, filled with the progressive public maintenance, secular ideals, sympathy to oppressed, has started to be studied seriously only about 50th of our century though for the first time attention to it has turned Russian orientalist I.N.Berezin in the middle of the last century. The beginning in creative heritage development Mu - hammadjara was necessary to a new stage S.Abilova's who has prepared later to the publication of his composition dissertation. Finishing the short review of sources, it is necessary to allocate still the mentioned book «Boryngy Tatars edebijaty» in which in the systematised form samples of folklore and the written literature with domongolskogo the period till XVIII century Stages of literary process of the Middle Ages are presented are anticipated here survey analytical articles. In the grant are presented in the modern Tatar drawing and fragments of many compositions making istochnikovuju base of our work, and a particular, product Kul Gali, Xорезми, X.E ^ - tiba, M.Bulgari-Sarai, Muhammadjara. In 1981 in publishing house KGU left prepared X.Усмановым the manual «Sources of trees - of not Turkic and Tatar literature» (6), considerably expanding chronological frameworks of studying of history of the tjurko-Tatar literature. In the grant fragments obshchetjurkskih monuments, since orhono-Yenisei are presented. Inclusion in the book of extensive sections from «^osrov and Width» Kutba, «Gulistan bit Turkis» S.Sarai meets corresponding lacks in hrestomatii 1963 Scientifically-istochnikovaja base of studying of history tjurkojazychnoj cultures and literatures povolzhsko-kamskogo region, along with the general historical, folkloristic works mentioning a wide range of problems of a cultural heritage of the Middle Ages, have created a solid reserve for a complex, regular statement of history of the medieval Tatar literature, carried out by the big collective of authors in 1 volume six-volume «Histories of the Tatar literature», issued in 1984 (159). This capital work which has generalised long-term experience of researches, gives complete representation about the Tatar literature of the Middle Ages, in the ratio it obshchetjurkskogo, regional and actually national аспектов10. In other words, the history of the Tatar literature reveals here in indissoluble unity of its formation as component staropismennyh Turkic literatures with their general sources, and its originality as mirrors of spiritual culture of that part of the Turkic world which successor of culture are also the modern Tatar people. In the foreword to shestitomniku, at the characteristic of methodological principles ana - liza historico-literary process, position about indissoluble communication of this process with history of the people, its public life, sociopolitical struggle is underlined. In turn, «and the literature actively participated in people struggle, was his soul and struggle echo. And consequently, it not only a mirror of its spiritual life, but also the spiritual weapon» (159; 15). So, the first volume shestitomnika is also the first experience of the collective analysis of the medieval Tatar literature as syncretic form of the spiritual culture which has united is art-aesthetic functions with informative, world outlook, political. Certainly, not all these aspects are reflected equally in the maintenance of I volume including period XIII-XVI interesting us centuries especially told concerns the socially-philosophical maintenance, public and philosophical function of the literature of the Middle Ages. And business not only and is not so much that it literaturovedcheskoe the research executed in basic historians of the literature. Till now there is no monography or the dissertation devoted to the historico-philosophical analysis of any medieval monument of Volga region region or outlook of someone from founders of cultural values of this epoch. However, in literaturovedcheskih researches world outlook aspects of analyzed compositions are to some extent mentioned, but it becomes fragmentary, on a course of the decision of the basic literaturovedcheskih problems. We will not stop now on separate supervision or the statements of questions of world outlook character meeting in these researches. Their attraction in the course of illumination of problems of our theme in corresponding sections of work is represented to more expedient. We will notice only, that various aspects of the historico-philosophical maintenance of medieval compositions (in a general plan or in the form of separate supervision, hypotheses, question statements), following from the concrete analysis of the ideological maintenance of analyzed texts, contain in S.Abilova, G.Ta-'s works girdzhanova, G.Khusainov, H.Minnegulova, A.Harisova, N.Hisamova, H.Usmanova, R.Kuzeeva, A.Halikova, M.Usmanov, etc. philologists and historians. Special value for us have philosophical, historical, literaturovedcheskie works in which methodological problems of studying of public and philosophical thought of the Muslim Middle Ages of the East on a wide social and economic, political, historical and cultural background of development of the countries of this region are considered. In this plan of work of E.Beljaeva, E.Bertelsa, I.Braginskogo, S.Grigorjana, A.Gurevicha, N.Konrada, Z.kuli-back, A.Loseva, A.Metsa, I.Petrushevskogo, F.Rouzentalja, A.Sagadeeva, M.Stepanjants, E.Frolovoj, M.Hajrullaeva, V.Chalojana, B.Shajmuhambetovoj, other orientalists-historians, kultorologov, philosophers, and also the collective works devoted to problems of formation of medieval public and philosophical thought of separate regions and the people, roles of cultural traditions, to ideological currents, were the important methodological and general scientific base of the decision of corresponding problems of our research. Importance of these works in the methodological plan is defined first of all by working out degree in them of key problems of the largest, the general for all medieval Muslim East of philosophical and ideological currents (east peripatetizm, sufizm, kalam, etc.) And the brightest names, philosophical, scientific and which art creativity has defined spiritual potential of a medieval Muslim society and solving impact on a course of the further development of culture of the Muslim world has made at all features of this development in its separate regions. These are such names as it is scarlet-farabi and Ibn-Sina, it is scarlet-kindi and Ibn Rushd, it is scarlet-gazali and Ibn it is scarlet-arabi, outstanding representatives arabo - Persian and tjurkojazychnoj literatures from Firdousi and Balasaguni to J. Rumi and A.Navoi. At the same time refraction of influence of philosophical and ideological currents in a scientific and art heritage of separate regions, including in medieval literature XШ-XVI centuries of the povolzhsko-Ural region as it was already marked, did not become till now a subject of historico-philosophical generalisation. Meanwhile, the file of source study works saved up to the present time on a medieval cultural heritage of Volga region region gives the basis to judge about it as the richest source of studying of history of public and philosophical thought of the corresponding periods. In historical and cultural plan XIII-XVI centuries appear as the period of the developed knizhno-written culture of the tjurko-Muslim people of region. Creativity of the largest of prehundred - concerns this period vitelej tjurkojazychnoj literatures of the medieval Volga region from Kul Gali (XIII century) to Muhammadjara (XVI century). At all variety of historical conditions of a life of ancestors of the Tatar people in predmongols - ky the period, zolotoordynskuju an epoch and the period of the Kazan khanate the literary heritage of these centuries is characterised by a cultural and world outlook integrity. It were centuries classical tjurkojazychnoj the literature of region developing as a component of a spiritual life of that world which in a context of certain type of a human civilisation it is accepted to name Muslim. From this point of view in the ideological maintenance of written heritage XIII-XVI centuries it is possible to allocate world outlook problems, characteristic for all period, moreover, being its uniting socially-philosophical core. In detail on a methodological problem of the historico-philosophical maintenance of analyzed monuments in the ratio it obshchefilosofskogo (ontologic, gnoseological) and socially-philosophical components we will stop in dissertation chapter 1. Here only we will notice, that in the modern philosophical literature the attention on integrativnuju socially-philosophical function of written culture of a pre-capitalistic epoch which «consists that it acts as the legislator of the general for all state of rules, norms, samples of actions is fairly paid... And socially-moral ideals» (136; 96). At the same time in wide chronological frameworks of uniform cultural process of the specified centuries researchers allocate large stages of its development - domongolsky, zolotoordynsky, kazansko-that - tarsky, corresponding to stages of social development of region, each of which differs the features. These features cause also an originality of the world outlook maintenance of the medieval literature tjurkojazychnogo the Volga region, in particular, refraction of the general for the Muslim East of that epoch of socially-philosophical problems on concrete soil of historical and cultural traditions of the population Volga Bulsharii, Golden Horde, the Kazan khanate. Revealing of this originality, all social and philosophical problematics of written heritage XIII-XVI centuries rather actually and in the light of a problem of reconstruction of history of the Tatar public thought of the Middle Ages, its socially-philosophical basis remaining to infusion - shchego of time almost absolutely not not studied. Starting with izlozhenogo, a research main objective is reconstruction of the socially-philosophical maintenance of investigated monuments obshchetjurkskogo both regional character and finding-out of their role in history of the Tatar public thought of an epoch Volga Bulgarii, Golden Horde and the Kazan khanate (XIII - serhu! Centuries) Achievement of this purpose has caused of the decision of following primary goals: 1. To define and realise in work a technique of the analysis of the sources, providing a reconstruction of an integral and clear picture of development of public and philosophical thought in extensive and diverse on historical conditions a time range of research. 2. To reveal a cultural-world outlook context of formation of the tjurko-Tatar public thought XIII - the middle of XVI centuries and, in particular, its philosophical and ideologically-aesthetic sources in obshchetjurkskom and obshchemusulmanskom tsivilizatsionnom aspects. 3. To reveal a problematics, the basic currents and tendencies of development of socially-philosophical thought of the investigated period and their reflexion in the largest monuments of an epoch Volga Bulgarii, Golden Horde and the Kazan khanate. 4. To open obshchefilosofskie (ontologic, gnoseological, aksiologicheskie) the bases of the socially-ethical ideals embodied in ideological soderzhaniii of analyzed sources. 5. To shine historical and sotsiokulturnye conditions of formation of public thought during an epoch Volga Bulgarii, Golden Horde and the Kazan khanate from this point of view the purposes and research problems. 6. To allocate in the socially-philosophical maintenance of analyzed monuments the mediated embodiment of scientifically-philosophical thought of time. 7. To reveal an originality of the socially-ethical maintenance of analyzed compositions as forms of display "practical", that is the social philosophy addressed to broad masses. These primary goals have predetermined structure of the book and its heads, and also the technique of research which is synthesis of the problem analysis of a written heritage of the Middle Ages with chronologically coherent studying of the maintenance of certain groups of monuments on the historical periods of their creation. In the spent research in the light of an object in view and problems the big file tjurkojazychnyh the sources which most part remains today tekstologicheski not studied and not entered into a scientific turn. This circumstance has caused necessity of preliminary research work on revealing of a circle of the compositions stored in various archival and hand-written funds, their textual studying, selection and transfer of corresponding fragments. Research is the first experience of complex reconstruction of the socially-philosophical maintenance tjurkojazychnyh monuments of region from middle H! Centuries, including compositions obshchetjurkskogo J.Balasaguni and A.Jasavi's scale, to the middle of XVI century. In domestic and foreign tjurkologii for today there are analogues similar kospleks - nogo no analysis. The author of the book proves presence of two basic currents in the socially-philosophical maintenance of analyzed monuments svetsko - rationalistic and is religious-sufijskoj orientations with revealing of their philosophical roots and ideological sources. In the course of the analysis of these currents in the dissertation it is opened not only distinction of world outlooks of their representatives, but also close interrelation in real development of public thought, in the ideological maintenance of monuments that has allowed to overcome the simplified treatment of socially-philosophical function of compositions taking place in the scientific literature secular and sufijskoj orientations. In research the problem of purposeful illumination of social and economic and cultural preconditions of development of knizhno-written culture of region in its unity and successive character since an epoch Volga Bulgarii before falling of the Kazan khanate is carried out. During the decision of research problems we will carry out the analysis of socially - ethical maintenance of the big group of the most considerable literary monuments obshchetjurkskogo, regional and actually national character in a historical and cultural context of the period of their creation. Along with disclosing of dominating socially-philosophical function of analyzed sources in work are revealed and investigated ontologic, gnoseological, aksiologicheskie the bases of socially-ethical ideals of thinkers of the Middle Ages fixed in their compositions. Notes: 1 Under a word-combination "tjurko-Tatar" hereinafter we mean interrelation obshchetjurkskogo (or regional) character of written monuments of the Middle Ages with their consideration in a context of history of the Tatar culture. 2 Only one example characterising the then relation to cultural values. Rizaetdin Fahrutdinov, all life devoted to preservation and augmentation of these values, with a pain wrote those days about destroy nii invaluable hand-written books which in a large quantity were brought on paper factories. In 1932 he writes the letter to Academy of sciences in which asks it to take under the protection a destroyed spiritual heritage. The scientist lists in the letter of library of rural schools of the different districts containing unique manuscripts of scientists of the Muslim East, whose funds are sent by the Village Soviets as paper for recycling. Mountains of these books at paper factories, are transferred by R.Fahrutdinov according to the eyewitness, surpass in the sizes a building of Spiritual Management. 3 On the other hand, many of them as monuments of regional, international scale, are beyond actually Tatar art culture. 4 More low we will in detail stop on «Kutadgu bilig» J.Balasaguni and «Hik - metah» A.Jasavi as sources of formation of two currents in the Tatar public thought of the Middle Ages. 5 The detailed bibliographic description of the fixed lists «Kys - sa Jusuf» is available in last academic publication of a poem. 6 The full text «Gulistan bit Turkis» on the Arabian alphabet, the prepared H.Usmanovym, left in publishing house KGU in 1980 (34). 7 They consider as other sources "Muhhabbatname" Horezmi, epigraficheskie monuments, «the Code kumanikus» and hanskie labels. 8 Hikajate, emzh; eme soltan. - Kazan high fur boots tabgyhanese, 1881. 9 So, G.Rahim and G.Gaziz considered, that «... The religion and sufizm throughout all history of Tatars of a feudal epoch remained dominating ideology of ruling classes», defining a spiritual life of the people (142; 35). Absolutization of influence of dominating ideology for a spiritual life of the people conducted to ignoring of ideas of the social protest and humanistic motives in the maintenance of religious compositions under the form and even to their negation as literary works as a whole. So, some literary critics of 20th, including G.Sagdi, in general excluded the period of XVI century from history of the ancient Tatar literature (149). 10 In 1990 analytical work of the Bashkir scientists in which this heritage is analyzed in a context of history of the Bashkir literature was issued.
<< | >>
A source: R.M. Lmirhanov. the Tjurko-Tatar philosophical thought of the Middle Ages (XIII-XVI centuries). The dissertation... The Monography. - Kazan: Publishing house «Mas - rubbed-lajn». — 262 with.. 2001

More on topic Introduction:

  1. in introduction
  2. INTRODUCTION
  3. INTRODUCTION
  4. 10.1. Introduction
  5. INTRODUCTION
  6. approbation and introduction of results.
  7. Introduction
  8. Introduction
  9. INTRODUCTION
  10. INTRODUCTION
  11. Introduction
  12. Introduction
  13. INTRODUCTION
  14. Instead of Introduction …
  15. PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION OF RESULTS OF WORK
  16. 5. Attention strengthening to questions of legal introduction.
  17. Introduction
  18. Introduction