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1.2.1. Vegetative components of adaptic processes at students of high school

In the course of adaptation to academic loads there is a reorganisation of functions, their transition to new level of adjustment, raises toleyorantnost an organism to environment influence. The most reactive is the cardiovascular system (N.S.Andreeva and co-workers., 2004; Cat - taert e.a., 1982; Cal lister e.a., 1992; Tulen e.a., 1999).

Regulation сердечно*

, Vascular system and its reaction are closely bound with active 1ыо tsentralyonoj nervous system, vegetative nervous system and subcortical tsep -

• trov (V.V. Parii, F.Z Meereoi, 1965; P.A.Agadzhanjan and co-workers., 2000). Heart is rather sensitive indicator of all events occurring in an organism. A rhythm and the force of warm reductions regulated cheyorez sympathetic and parasympathetic departments vegetative nervous sisyotemy, it is very sensitive rea: irujug a pas any stressornye influences.

The concept about cardiovascular system as the indicator adaptatsiyoonnyh reactions of all organism has been stated in V.V. Larin, R.M.Baevskogo's work, IO.1I. Volkova and O.G.Gazsiko «Space cardiology» (P.A.Agadzhanjan and co-workers., 2000). Experience of researches in the field of the analysis variayobelnosti serdechnoju a rhythm (VSR) has been generalised in work as R.M.Baevskogo,

O.I.Kirilova and S.Z.Kletskina «the Mathematical analysis of changes seryodechnogo a rhythm at stress» (R.M.Baevsky and co-workers., 1984). The method of studying of matematiko-statistics of a warm rhythm has been creatively developed in D.I.Zhemajtite's (1989) works, Л.II. Bersenevoj (1991), 11. I.Shlyk (1991), I.G.Nidskkera (1993) and lr.

It is considered, that adaptation of an organism to factors emotional nayoprjazhenija is carried out by interaction sympathetic and parasimpayoticheskogo departments of vegetative nervous system (N.L.Agadzhanjan and co-workers., 1997; J.V.ShCherbatyh, 2000).

According to R.M.Baevskogo's concept (1979). The live organism can be surveyed as the multilevel homing system consisting of hierarchically bound two-level elements: the managing director (the higher, central), including central nervous sis - іему, the subcortical both vegetative centres, and controlled (the lowest, avtoyonomnogo) which structure includes the onorno-impellent apparatus and vnutyorennie organs. Taking into account a role of each of them transition from one funktsioyonalnogo conditions to another occurs as a result of changes of one of three properties of biosystem: 1) functioning level; 2) funktsioyonalnogo a reserve; 3) strain degrees reguljatornyh mechanisms. These contours continuously communicate on channels of a straight line and obyoratnoj communications. Soglasujushchim a link between them is the apparatus krovoobyorashchenija (R.M.Baevsky, Century 11. Kudryavtsev, 1975; R.M.Baevsky and co-workers., 1984, 1997). Level of functioning of physiological systems depends on degree of centralisation of management: the influence tsentralyonogo is stronger than a contour on independent, the above activity tse ііі raln§h mehanizyomov management, that above level of functioning of system as a whole. Usual level of functioning of physiological systems obespechivayoetsja at the minimum activation of the central mechanisms of management. Rising of level of functioning of an organism and its separate elemenyotov demands more active intervention of the central mechanisms in deja -

telnost the independent.

Thus, despite homeostasis conservation, adapyotivnoe the equilibration of an organism with medium occurs at the expense of growth nayoprjazhenija regulation processes.

Now definition VSR is recognised most informativyonym by a non-invasive method of a quantitative estimation of vegetative regulation of a warm rhythm. It is considered, that depression of indicators VSR svidetelstvuyoet about disturbance vegetativnoju the control of warm activity and neblagoyoprijatno for the forecast. Reduction of variability of intervals I-I along with augmentation of a pulse rate and rising of arterial pressure harakyoterizuet the situations bound to an emotional pressure, that usually accompanies cerebration (Sloan e.a., 1991; Madden, Savard, 1995; Delaney, Brodie, 2000).

Heart innerviruetsja the vegetative nervous system consisting of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Under the influence of a sympathetic nerve the CARDIAC CONTRACTIONS RATE is enlarged. Sympathetic nerves, stimulating bsta - adrenoreceptors sinusovoju knot, are displaced by drivers of a rhythm to cells with the highest avtomati cheskoj activity. The vagus nerve boring, in turn, stimulates M-holinoreneptory sinusovogo knot owing to what develops bradycardias. Sinusovyj and azrione_prikuljar - nyj knots are basically an iodine influence bluzhdajushcheju a nerve and, to a lesser degree, sympathetic, in go time as ventricles kontroliruyojutsja a sympathetic nerve. At young healthy people the high parasympathetic tonus is expressed.

Activity of vegetative nervous system is under the influence of the central nervous system and of some humoral influences. Rhythmic activity of heart is influenced also by the impulses which are starting with warmly - aortalnoju, sinocarotid and other plexuses. Besides, among fakyotorov, influencing the cardiovascular centre, it is possible to allocate gumoralyonye changes of blood and hemorsneptornyj a reflex. On the CARDIAC CONTRACTIONS RATE render vlijayonie breath phases: an inspiration vnyvaeg ushetenie bluzhdajushcheju a nerve and zamedjae -

tsis warm activity. At the emotionally-strained mental work the pulse rate can increase considerably, showing sharp koleyobanija (Shapiro e.a., 1993; Butcher, Stocker, 1996).

Thus, the heart rhythm is organism reaction on razlichyonye borings of external and internal medium. Change of a rhythm of heart - universal operative reaction of an integrated organism in reply to any influence of an environment. In certain degree it characterises bayolans between a tonus of sympathetic and parasympathetic departments (AnaYOliz..., 1982; 2003).

The western researchers survey variability of a warm rhythm as an indicator of a condition sympathetic and parasympathetic otyodelov vegetative nervous system and investigate changes of their balance at various diseases and in the course of therapeutic, basically, pharmacological influences (Lombardi e.a., 1992; Malliani e.a., 1994; Heart..., 1996; Zipes, 1996). In Russia along with this direction there was a physiological understanding of variability of a warm rhythm, as protsesyosa activation various reguljatornyh the mechanisms providing podyoderzhanie of a cardiovascular homeostasis and adaptation of an organism to izmeyonjajushchimsja to conditions of environment (А.II. Beresneva, 1991; J.S.BaYolashov and co-workers., 1996; R.M.Basvski іі and co-workers., 1999; V.M.Mihajlov, 2002).

Variability of a rhythm of heart submits various zakonomernoyostjam which it is possible выявиіь and quantitatively to estimate (O.V.Korkushko and co-workers., 1991; V.M.Mihajlov, 2002; Discrtory e.a., 1996). These zakonomernoyosti can be shown variously and on time intervals various dlitelnoegn and under various conditions (the Analysis..., 1982; E.M.Katin and soyoavt., 1990; S.N.Ignatyev, N.V.Soloveva, 1996; E.B.Arushaijan. E.V.BejYoer, 1999; A.D.Nozlrachev, 1О.В. SHCHerbatyh, 2001; R.M.Baevsky and co-workers., 2004; Malik e.a., 1993; Mironov e.a., 1995).

The general pattern reflecting character of influence mental na§ruzki on an organism, activity rising simpaticheskoju is and

Depression of influence of parasympathetic department vegetative nervous sisyotemy (Kamada e.a., 1992; Kollai, Kollai, 1992; Lundqvist e.a., 1983). DlitelYOnaja mental work causes distinct augmentation of secretion noradreyonalina, that testifies to activation of a sympathetic link vegetativyonoj regulations (Miki, Sudo, 1997).

The mental load leads to increase of power of a spectrum in obyolasti low frequencies and to depression - in the field of high frequencies (Williams e.a., 1982; Sloan e.a., 1994), to depression of variability of a rhythm of heart and povysheyoniju frequencies of reductions of heart (Madden, Savard, 1995). At the same time, according to D. Laude e.a. (1997), during a unitary mental load pulse rate rising was accompanied by augmentation of variability of a warm rhythm.

According to researches of variability of a warm rhythm of N.I.Shlyk has come out with the assumption of genetically put in pawn type, «indiviyodualnom a portrait» mechanisms of vegetative regulation at the person, io usyotojchivosti type of mechanisms of vegetative regulation it is possible to judge level of health of the person and donozolognchesknh conditions (N.I.Shlyk. 1991, 1999; N.I.Shlyk, E.N.Sapozhnikova. 1999).

Among foreign authors the characteristic of separate components of a warm rhythm give Malik M, Saptpt A.J. (1993, 1995). In the present vreyomja the international community of cardiologists recommends standards of measurement and physiological interpreting of variability of a warm rhythm by which it is necessary to be guided at carrying out kardiologicheyoskih researches (Heart..., 1995, 1996).

The analysis of a warm rhythm, according to JAkovleva Б.II. And co-workers. (2003), allows obekgivno to supervise a mental load and analiziroyovat individual mental features of students at various stages of teaching and educational process.

Studying level of a strain of an organism of the student in the course of training in pedagogical high school, using methods of the mathematical analysis of a rhythm
Hearts, anthropometry and psychophysiological testing, II.П. neveyorova and co-workers. (1996) have found out, that at 20-30 % of cases it is taped dostayotochno the expressed strain of adaptic mechanisms, which rastseyonivaetsja as adaptive to working conditions of students. neudovletvoyoritelnaja adaptation has been taped in rather small number sluyochaev (7-20 %). Authors consider, that now the condition fizicheyoskogo and mental health of students of pedagogical high school has no possibilities to optimisation.

Kazin E.M. and co-workers. (Problems..., 1999), analyzing personal osoyobennosti students with various degree adapted ™ serdechnoyososudistoj systems, have shown, that adaptation to training in high school goes not only as the adaptation to new activity, but also as adaptation to noyovoj to socially-psychological medium: it is established, that students, harakteyorizujushchiesja sociability, skill to communicate, the sensitive relation to people, easily adapt by new social medium and have small fiyoziologicheskuju a payment for адапіацию. In group with unsatisfactory adapyotatsiej mechanisms of vegetative regulation of cardiovascular system appreciable number of students are constrained, neuverenny, are inclined to complicate all and aspire to an avoidance of social contacts, expect from the future of every possible failures, At these students somatic projavleyonija disadaptations are bound to increase psychasthenic and shizoidnyh reactions.

In the literature there are data that in norm the emotional pressure is accompanied by prevalence of sympathetic reaction (V.V. Suvorov, 1975). Parasympathetic prevalence is characteristic for a various pathology, and first of all for neurosises. Observations trupyopy have shown to V.G.Ananeva, that shifts various physiological funkyotsy, observed at students during examinations, have protivopoyolozhnyj character. At overwhelming majority of students shifts aside giperfunktsionnrovanija (simpaticheskoju reactions) have been noted.

But at the same time there was an insignificant quantity of cases with change aside ginofunktsionirovanija (parasympathetic reaction). So, the disorder of sizes pulsovogo pressure and pulse rates in strained siyotuatsii sharply increased.

Agadzhanjan N.A. and co-workers. (2000) consider, that level depression simpayoticheskih influences, intensifying vagotonic and weakening central meyohanizmov regulations testify to the general depression of level aktivayotsii cardiovascular system, and return processes speak about utomyolenii an organism in a shock of studies.

The given literatures (S.N.Ignatyev, N.V.Soloveva, 1996) pokazyyovajut, that the mathematical analysis of a warm rhythm is important metoyodom studying of adaptic possibilities of an organism. The researches of interrelation carried out on students between indicators of variability of a warm rhythm, progress, a case rate and the psychological status, have allowed to establish, that uspevaemoyosti examinees with simiatotonicheskim and vagotonic types of vegetative regulation have shown the highest level. There was a progress at students with normotonic type of regulation much more low. The highest level zaboleyovaemosti has been fixed at students with this і ї аіотоиичсекнм hypom vegeyotativnoj regulations at a functional strain and neudovletvoriyotelnoj adaptations. At examinees with normotonic tinom regulations and satisfactory degree of adaptation case rate level was znayochitelno more low.

In the conditions of an intellectual strain as specifies V.V. SuYovorova (1975), character of vegetative reaction can be razlichyonym. An indicator of good adaptation to etressornym to influences be prevalence simpaticheskoju exaltations. It speaks that sympathetic excitation is bound e by activity gipofizarno - adrenal system, mobilizujushchej vital resources of an organism. Prevalence of parasympathetic excitation characterises pedosta -

Exact level of adaptation to stressornym to influences. This opinion podyoderzhivajut and a number of others avjurov (Adatatsija 1982; R.M.Baevsky and soyoavt., 1984; I.A.Agadzhanjan and co-workers., 1997; Jaraba Caballero e.a., 1999). They consider, that in adaptive reactions the leading part is played by the sympathetic nervous system which is carrying out implication of a syndrome of nonspecific adaptation. Opa provides interaction and correction of those elements of functional systems which form final useful effect

e (Functional..., 1987; Staden, 1977).

• Kazni E.M. and co-workers. (2002) have taped, that at students with strong and average force of nervous system more expressed shifts veyogetativnogo reactions to a mental load and psychoemotional stress aside simpaticheskoju pear irovanija become perceptible.

The analysis of results of research of S.N.Ignatevoj and N.V.Solovevoj (1996) has allowed to tap at students of a third year in winter ekzayomenatsionnoj sessions shifts in regulation of the warm rhythm caused by rising of a tonus of sympathetic department of vegetative nervous system. In the end of an academic year again there was an influence augmentation simpaticheyoskogo department of vegetative nervous system which was more vyrazhe -

. But at women. Authors consider, that changes of indicators variation iudeomegrii depend on the form and intensity of an academic load (obych -

• nye employment, examinations) also will be compounded with degree eituagnvion trevozhnoyosti and a psychoemotional condition.

Results of the researches spent on students of Gevorkjanom E.S. and co-workers. (2004), testify that at one-day educational on - ірузке is revealed 2 types of reaction kardiogemodinamicheskih pokazayotelej; 1 sympathetic (46,7 % of examinees) - IN, the CARDIAC CONTRACTIONS RATE, the GARDEN. DLD, pulsovoe pressure, systolic and minute volumes of blood synchronously raised to the extremity of educational day; II - parasympathetic (53,3 % ispyyotuemyh) - all investigated indicators authentically went down.

I.K.Berisheva (2004), studying variability serdechnoju a rhythm at
Emotional stress depending on temperament of students, has taped, that at the majority of students (45,8 % at young men and 44,4 % at girls) against training the prevalence of sympathetic department of vegetative nervous system that testifies to presence emotional naprjazheyonija which is more expressed during examinations at girls becomes perceptible.

Researches of structure of variability warm rityoma in the course of adaptation to M.V.Hvatovoj and N.V.Volkovoj's educational activity (2004) are carried out. It was revealed, that in an initial condition and after proyovedenija functional assays at students of Institute of physical culture and sporyota parasympathetic influences on variayobelnost a warm rhythm were authentically adequate. In students-physicists mental na§ruzka on the first year of training caused depression of sympathetic influences and, as consequence, excessive activity of parasympathetic department of nervous system and augmentation of influences of the prices gralnogo a contour. By fourth year of training the prevalence of sympathetic influences, dropping of activity independent and rising of the central contour of management serdechnoju a rhythm was observed. Researchers consider, that this adverse javleyonie, testifying to a strain of mechanisms of adaptation, in connection with depression of a motor performance and increased information nagruzyokoj.

Bulatetskij S.V. (2003) has found out, that in the conditions of coming umyostvennoj activity and at psychoemotional assay cadets with razyonoj success of vocational training have differences in reguyoljatsii a heart rhythm. The taped differences in functioning level re - gulirujushchih mechanisms it is possible to explain different level adaptirovanyonoe ™ a languor bios to a forthcoming kind of the activity accompanied by redistribution of power and plastic resources to systems which adequately situations get dominating value.

Timushkin A.V and Timushkina N.V. (2002) studied psihofiziologicheyoskoe a condition of students in intersessional certification and winter ek -

zamenatsionnoj sessions. The obtained data testified about povysheyonii a psychoemotional strain long before the beginning of examinations of students. Thus reguljatoryonyh organism systems first-year students had low potential possibilities. Researchers schiyotajut, that training in high school essentially raises a strain reguljatoryonyh systems of an organism of students, frames appreciable psihoemotsionalyonyj a background and causes a strain of adaptic mechanisms, sohranjajuyoshcheesja throughout the long period that reduces adaptive spoyosobnosti an organism.

The warm rhythm can be surveyed as a window in a brain through which ample opportunities for the control for functional soyostojaniem open, providing course of information processes in a brain (N.N.Danilov, 2000). Intensive intellectual activity not tolyoko raises activity of a brain, but also the metabolism, an organism condition in whole (I.S.Egor, V.P.Zagrjadsky, 1973 influences on reguljayotornye systems, heart work, a tonus of vessels, іемодинамнку; E.V.BeloYova from co-workers., 1987; B.M.Feodor, 1997; Cattacrt e.a., 1982; Callistcr e.a., 1992; Tulcn e.a., 1999). According to B.M.Fedorova (2001), for this purpose exists neyoskolko the reasons. One of them - emotional support in_ellektu - alnoj activity. Other reason of changes of a circulation during intensive mental work consists in requirement ascending goyolovnogo a brain in maintenance of nervous cells with oxygen and excision metayobolitov. Energegichesky maintenance and is correlative blood supply of the most active structures golovnoju a brain during intensive ums_ - vennoj works considerably increases.

Against appreciable number of the works devoted to the analysis and dynamics of parametres serdechnoju of a rhythm, attracts attention apparent defect of data about adaptic changes of structure of a warm rhythm an iodine influence of academic loads at the students trained on various obra - zovatel and і y m and rogram mA m.

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A source: GAVRILOVA Irina Nikolaevna. VEGETATIVE IMPLICATIONS of REACTIONS of URGENT And LONG-TERM ADAPTATION of STUDENTS To CONDITIONS of EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY. The DISSERTATION on competition of a scientific degree of a Cand.Biol.Sci. Perm. 2007

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